Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. IV

Download Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. IV PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag
ISBN 13 : 3990121901
Total Pages : 548 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. IV by : Michael Hüttler

Download or read book Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. IV written by Michael Hüttler and published by Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. This book was released on 2016-05-23 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book series “Ottomania” researches cultural transfers between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, with the performing arts as its focus. In Ottoman Empire and European Theatre, vol. IV: Seraglios in Theatre, Music and Literature, the series continues to explore one of the most popular subjects of eighteenth-century art: the seraglio and its harem. This volume provides a deeper understanding of the seraglio's various manifestations in the artworks, music and theatre of the Austrian/ Habsburg and central European regions, including interconnections with Italy and France, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. The studies examine descriptions of the seraglio by European diplomats, the seraglio's visual traces in European artworks, and depictions of the seraglio in eighteenth-century Austrian Singspiele. They also consider seraglios from the Ottoman point of view and investigate the music of the seraglio in eighteenth-century opera.

Lettre de Bession, substitut de l'agent national du district de la campagne de Commune-Affranchie, aux municipalités et comités révolutionnaires du même district, pour annoncer une circulaire du Comité de salut public qui enjoint aux communes de rappeler dans leur correspondance administrative leur ancien nom avec le nouveau

Download Lettre de Bession, substitut de l'agent national du district de la campagne de Commune-Affranchie, aux municipalités et comités révolutionnaires du même district, pour annoncer une circulaire du Comité de salut public qui enjoint aux communes de rappeler dans leur correspondance administrative leur ancien nom avec le nouveau PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lettre de Bession, substitut de l'agent national du district de la campagne de Commune-Affranchie, aux municipalités et comités révolutionnaires du même district, pour annoncer une circulaire du Comité de salut public qui enjoint aux communes de rappeler dans leur correspondance administrative leur ancien nom avec le nouveau by :

Download or read book Lettre de Bession, substitut de l'agent national du district de la campagne de Commune-Affranchie, aux municipalités et comités révolutionnaires du même district, pour annoncer une circulaire du Comité de salut public qui enjoint aux communes de rappeler dans leur correspondance administrative leur ancien nom avec le nouveau written by and published by . This book was released on 1793 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. I

Download Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. I PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag
ISBN 13 : 3990120670
Total Pages : 1200 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. I by : Michael Hüttler

Download or read book Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. I written by Michael Hüttler and published by Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. This book was released on 2013-06-15 with total page 1200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first volume of the book series Ottoman Empire and European Theatre focuses on the period between 1756 and 1808, the era of W. A. Mozart (1756-1791) and Sultan Selim III (1761-1808). These historical personalities, whose life-spans overlap, were towering figures of their time: Mozart as an extraordinary composer and Selim III as both a politician and a composer. Inspired by the structure of opera, the forty-four contributions of Volume I are arranged in eight sections, entitled Ouverture, Prologue, Acts I-V and Epilogue. The Ouverture includes the opening speeches of diplomats, politicians, and scholars as well as a memorial text for the "Genius of Opera", Turkish prima donna Leyla Gencer (1928-2008). The Prologue, "The Stage of Politics", features texts by distinguished historians who give an historical overview of the Ottoman Empire and Europe in the late eighteenth century, from both Turkish and Austrian points of view. Act I features texts concerning "Diplomacy and Theatre", and Act II takes the reader to "Europe South, West and North". Act III has contributions concerning theatre in "Central Europe", while Act IV deals with "Mozart" and the world of the seraglio. Act V turns our attention to the Ottoman "Sultan Selim III", and the Epilogue considers literary and theatrical adventures of "The Hero in the Sultan's Harem". Contributions by Metin And, Emre Araci, Tülay Artan, Esin Akalin, Thomas Betzwieser, Annemarie Bönsch, Emil Brix, Christian Brunmayr, Bertrand Michael Buchmann, Aysin Candan, Helga Dostal, Erich Duda, Wolfgang Greisenegger, Heidemaria Gürer, Matthew Head, Caroline Herfert, Bent Holm, Frank Huss, Michael Hüttler, Nadja Kayali, Hans-Peter Kellner, Alexandre Lhâa, Isabelle Moindrot, Ilber Ortayli, Zeynep Oral, Cemal Öztas, William F. Parmentier, Matthias J. Pernerstorfer, Gabriele C. Pfeiffer, Walter Puchner, Günsel Renda, Mustafa Fatih Salgar, Ulrike Schneider, Selin Ipek, Käthe Springer-Dissmann, Suna Suner, Marianne Travén, B. Babür Turna, Derek Weber, Mehmet Alaaddin Yalçinkaya, Selim Yenel.

Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. III

Download Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. III PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag
ISBN 13 : 3990120735
Total Pages : 861 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. III by : Michael Hüttler

Download or read book Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. III written by Michael Hüttler and published by Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. This book was released on 2015-08-05 with total page 861 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On 3 May 1810 George Gordon, Lord Byron, swam like the mythic Leander from Sestos on the European side of the Hellespont to Abydos on the Asian shore. The hero of his poem "Don Juan" has lived in “feminine disguise” in the sultan's harem for more than a century. To commemorate Byron's Don Juan, the third volume of the "Ottoman Empire and European Theatre" series focuses on the image of the harem in literature and theatre. Nineteen international contributors explore historical conceptions of the Ottoman harem and seraglio in British, French and South East European sources from the late seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. Contributions by Jennifer L. Airey, Gönül Bakay, Michael Chappell, Anne Greenfield, Isobel Grundy, Bent Holm, Michael Hüttler, Hans Peter Kellner, Emily M. N. Kugler, Andreas Münzmay, Domenica Newell-Amato, Walter Puchner, Marian Gilbart Read, Käthe Springer, Stefanie Steiner, Laura Tunbridge, Himmet Umunc, Hans Ernst Weidinger, Mi Zhou.

Ottoman Empire and European Theatre

Download Ottoman Empire and European Theatre PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9783990121917
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (219 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ottoman Empire and European Theatre by : Michael Hüttler

Download or read book Ottoman Empire and European Theatre written by Michael Hüttler and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. II

Download Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. II PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag
ISBN 13 : 3990120700
Total Pages : 977 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. II by : Michael Hüttler

Download or read book Ottoman Empire and European Theatre Vol. II written by Michael Hüttler and published by Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. This book was released on 2014-06-30 with total page 977 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Time of Joseph Haydn: From Sultan Mahmud I to Sultan Mahmud II (r.1730-1839), the second volume of Ottoman Empire and European Theatre, explores the relationship between Western playwrights, composers and visual artists of the eighteenth-century and Turkish-Ottoman culture, as well as the interest of Ottoman artists in European culture. Twenty-seven contributions by renowned experts shed light on the mutual influences that affected society and art for both Europeans and Ottomans. Successor to the first volume of the series, The Age of Mozart and Sultan Selim III (1756-1808), this book examines the compositions of Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) and his contemporaries along with events in the Ottoman political era during the time span from Sultan Mahmud I (b.1696, r.1730-1754) to Sultan Mahmud II (b.1785, r.1808-1839). Taking Haydn's Türkenopern ('Turkish operas') Lo speziale (1768) and L'incontro improvviso (1775) as the departure point, the articles collected in this publication reflect the growth of research in the area of cultural transfers between the Ottoman Empire and non-Ottoman Europe, as expressed in theatre, music and the visual arts. Contributions by: Emre Aracı, Annemarie Bönsch, Reinhard Buchberger, Bertrand Michael Buchmann, Necla Çıkıgil, Caryl Clark, Matthew Head, Caroline Herfert, Bent Holm, Michael Hüttler, Hans-Peter Kellner, Adam Mestyan, Isabelle Moindrot, Walter Puchner, Günsel Renda, Geoffrey Roper, Orlin Sabev, Çetın Sarıkartal, Käthe Springer-Dissmann, Suna Suner, Frances Trollope, Hans Ernst Weidinger, Daniel Winkler, Larry Wolff, Mehmet Alaaddin Yalçınkaya, Netice Yıldız, Clemens Zoidl.

Ottoman Empire and European Theatre V

Download Ottoman Empire and European Theatre V PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag
ISBN 13 : 3990120751
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ottoman Empire and European Theatre V by : Michael Hüttler

Download or read book Ottoman Empire and European Theatre V written by Michael Hüttler and published by Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. This book was released on 2019-05-22 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book series "Ottomania" researches cultural transfers between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, with the performing arts as its focus. The fifth volume of the sub-series Ottoman Empire and European Theatre focuses on The Turkish Subject in Ballet and Dance from the seventeenth century to the time of Christoph W. Gluck (1714-1787). The Turkish theme was a popular topic on European ballet stages throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and most influential choreographers had 'Turkish' ballets in their repertoire. Taking as its departure point Ch. W. Gluck and Gasparo Angiolini (1741-1803), succesful composer and choreographer of ballets at the French theatre in Vienna, this publication discusses the topic from a historical perspective, presents new findings, and introduces the latest scholarly achievements of the research field. Contributions by Emre Aracı, Bruce Alan Brown, David Chataignier, Sibylle Dahms, Vera Grund, Bert Gstettner, Bent Holm, Michael Hüttler, Evren Kutlay, Dóra Kiss, Laura Naudeix, Strother Purdy, Katalin Rumpler, Käthe Springer-Dissmann, Dirk Van Waelderen, Hans Ernst Weidinger

Imagined, Embodied and Actual Turks in Early Modern Europe

Download Imagined, Embodied and Actual Turks in Early Modern Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag
ISBN 13 : 3990121251
Total Pages : 555 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Imagined, Embodied and Actual Turks in Early Modern Europe by : Bent Holm

Download or read book Imagined, Embodied and Actual Turks in Early Modern Europe written by Bent Holm and published by Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. This book was released on 2021-07-23 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The confrontation between European countries and the expanding Ottoman Empire in the early modern era has played a major role in numerous fields of history. The aim of this book is to investigate the European-Ottoman interrelations from three angles. One deals with the circumstances: How did the Europeans meet the Turks in pragmatic and diplomatic connections? Another concerns imagery: how were the Turks depicted in literature and art? The third examines performativity: how were the Turks inserted into plays, operas and ceremonies? This book confronts mental, visual and embodied images with historical positions and conditions. The focus, therefore, is on the dynamic interactive processes of experience, embodiment and imagination in context. Bringing together Turkish and European scholars, it applies a number of research strategies used by historians to the history of art, literature, music and theatre. Contributions by Pál Ács | Robert Born | Asli Çirakman | Anne Duprat | Kate Fleet | Bent Holm | Marcus Keller | Maria Pia Pedani | Mogens Pelt | Mikael Bøgh Rasmussen | Günsel Renda | Pia Schwarz Lausten | Charlotte Colding Smith | Suna Suner | Dirk Van Waelderen

Culture and Diplomacy

Download Culture and Diplomacy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag
ISBN 13 : 3990125516
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Culture and Diplomacy by : Reinhard Eisendle

Download or read book Culture and Diplomacy written by Reinhard Eisendle and published by Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. This book was released on 2023-12-22 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diplomats had multiple tasks: not only negotiating with the representatives of other states, but also mediating culture and knowledge, and not least elaborating reports on their observations of politics, society, and culture. Culture, according to the studies featured in this book, is defined as a complex sphere including aspects like systems of communication, literature, music, arts, education, and the creation of knowledge. This edition containing contributions from six conferences held in Vienna and Istanbul by the Don Juan Archiv Wien focuses on the complex diplomatic and cultural relations between the Ottoman Empire and Europe from the time of the early embassies to Istanbul up to "Tanzimat".

Music Preferred

Download Music Preferred PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag
ISBN 13 : 399012403X
Total Pages : 1000 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Music Preferred by : Lorraine Byrne Bodley

Download or read book Music Preferred written by Lorraine Byrne Bodley and published by Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. This book was released on 2018-05-28 with total page 1000 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions to this Festschrift, honouring the distinguished Irish musicologist Harry White on his sixtieth birthday, have wide repercussions and span a broad timeframe. But for all its variety, this volume is built around two axes: on the one hand, attention is focussed on the history of music and literature in Ireland and the British Isles, and on the other, topics of the German and Austrian musical past. In both cases it reflects the particular interest of a scholar, whose playful, sometimes unconventional way of approaching his subject is so refreshing and time and again leads to innovative, surprising insights. It also reflects a scholar, who – for all the broadening of his perspectives that has taken place over the years – has always adhered to the strands of his scholarly preoccupations that have become dear to him: the music of the 'Austro-Italian Baroque', and Irish musical culture first and foremost. An international cast of authors announces the sustaining influence of Harry White's wide-ranging research. Professor Dr Thomas Hochradner Chair of the Department of Musicology University of Music and Dramatic Arts Mozarteum Salzburg

Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World

Download Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780857420442
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (24 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World by : Suraiya Faroqhi

Download or read book Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World written by Suraiya Faroqhi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Celebration, Entertainment and Theatre in the Ottoman World gathers twenty-four original essays exploring a broad range of historical performances in the Ottoman Empire. Offering a reappraisal of research on Ottoman festivities, celebrations and entertainment, the volume also examines the European-style theater that flourished in Istanbul during the last decades of the Ottoman Empire. Contributors address issues such as the use of Istanbul's public space in celebrations, the possibilities for "having fun" in a small Aegean town, and the role of the Ottoman Sultans in promoting both art forms and public amusement. Other essays focus on the connections between puppet theater and early Ottoman comedies, the performance of Ottoman and foreign-style music in Istanbul and the everlasting problems of the sultans' censors. By exploring festivals, ceremonies, and entertainments in their historical context, these essays provide a new approach to historical performances in the age of the Ottoman Empire.--Amazon.com.

Theatre and Modernity

Download Theatre and Modernity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag
ISBN 13 : 3990942425
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Theatre and Modernity by : Ayşın Candan

Download or read book Theatre and Modernity written by Ayşın Candan and published by Hollitzer Wissenschaftsverlag. This book was released on 2024-03-22 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study aims to disclose the inner dynamics of the rich and diverse milieu within the Ottoman-Turkish society that created its unique hybrid forms through the scenic arts against an understanding of modernity in terms of a simple import or imitation of Western cultural forms. In the 19th century Armenians pioneered this process with melodramas, necessitating the presence of female performers on the stage; Armenian women thus went onstage with patriotic motives. Among the two leading figures of the Turkish Republic period are Nazim Hikmet, the most prolific but severely censured Turkish dramatist and Muhsin Ertugrul, who founded the subsidised theatres of Ankara and Istanbul. A later phase of modernisation arrives in the sixties with a social awakening towards the conditions of the rural society: Ankara becomes the seat of "popular" theatre after the founding of Ankara Art Theatre, in 1961. Mehmet Ulusoy's work in France in the 1970–1980s crowns the final synthesis.

The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922

Download The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521839105
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 by : Donald Quataert

Download or read book The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922 written by Donald Quataert and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-08-11 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Second edition of an authoritative text on the Ottoman Empire.

The Accidental Palace

Download The Accidental Palace PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 0271094265
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Accidental Palace by : Deniz Türker

Download or read book The Accidental Palace written by Deniz Türker and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2023-01-03 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book tells the story of Yıldız Palace in Istanbul, the last and largest imperial residential complex of the Ottoman Empire. Today, the palace is physically fragmented and has been all but erased from Istanbul’s urban memory. At its peak, however, Yıldız was a global city in miniature and the center of the empire’s vast bureaucratic apparatus. Following a chronological arc from 1795 to 1909, The Accidental Palace shows how the site developed from a rural estate of the queen mothers into the heart of Ottoman government. Nominally, the palace may have belonged to the rarefied realm of the Ottoman elite, but as Deniz Türker reveals, the development of the site was profoundly connected to Istanbul’s urban history and to changing conceptions of empire, absolutism, diplomacy, reform, and the public. Türker explores these connections, framing Yıldız Palace and its grounds not only as a hermetic expression of imperial identity but also as a product of an increasingly globalized consumer culture, defined by access to a vast number of goods and services across geographical boundaries. Drawn from archival research conducted in Yıldız’s imperial library, The Accidental Palace provides important insights into a decisive moment in the palace’s architectural and landscape history and demonstrates how Yıldız was inextricably tied to ideas of sovereignty, visibility, taste, and self-fashioning. It will appeal to specialists in the art, architecture, politics, and culture of nineteenth-century Turkey and the Ottoman Empire.

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century

Download The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191542393
Total Pages : 801 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century by : Judith Brown

Download or read book The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume IV: The Twentieth Century written by Judith Brown and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 1999-10-21 with total page 801 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford History of the British Empire is a major new assessment of the Empire in the light of recent scholarship and the progressive opening of historical records. From the founding of colonies in North America and the West Indies in the seventeenth century to the reversion of Hong Kong to China at the end of the twentieth, British imperialism was a catalyst for far-reaching change. The Oxford History of the British Empire as a comprehensive study allows us to understand the end of Empire in relation to its beginnings, the meaning of British imperialism for the ruled as well as the rulers, and the significance of the British Empire as a theme in world history. Volume IV considers many aspects of the 'imperial experience' in the final years of the British Empire, culminating in the mid-century's rapid processes of decolonization. It seeks to understand the men who managed the empire, their priorities and vision, and the mechanisms of control and connection which held the empire together. There are chapters on imperial centres, on the geographical 'periphery' of empire, and on all its connecting mechanisms, including institutions and the flow of people, money, goods, and services. The volume also explores the experience of 'imperial subjects' - in terms of culture, politics, and economics; an experience which culminated in the growth of vibrant, often new, national identities and movements and, ultimately, new nation-states. It concludes with the processes of decolonization which reshaped the political map of the late twentieth-century world.

Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700

Download Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135365911
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (353 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700 by : Rhoads Murphey

Download or read book Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700 written by Rhoads Murphey and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-06-19 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the Ottoman military machine and its successes in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East in a period when they were feared by western European states and the focus of much military concern. The book is intended for undergraduate courses in early modern history, Ottoman history, history of the Middle East and North Africa, and for military historians.

The Singing Turk

Download The Singing Turk PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804799652
Total Pages : 505 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Singing Turk by : Larry Wolff

Download or read book The Singing Turk written by Larry Wolff and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2016-08-30 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While European powers were at war with the Ottoman Empire for much of the eighteenth century, European opera houses were staging operas featuring singing sultans and pashas surrounded by their musical courts and harems. Mozart wrote The Abduction from the Seraglio. Rossini created a series of works, including The Italian Girl in Algiers. And these are only the best known of a vast repertory. This book explores how these representations of the Muslim Ottoman Empire, the great nemesis of Christian Europe, became so popular in the opera house and what they illustrate about European–Ottoman international relations. After Christian armies defeated the Ottomans at Vienna in 1683, the Turks no longer seemed as threatening. Europeans increasingly understood that Turkish issues were also European issues, and the political absolutism of the sultan in Istanbul was relevant for thinking about politics in Europe, from the reign of Louis XIV to the age of Napoleon. While Christian European composers and publics recognized that Muslim Turks were, to some degree, different from themselves, this difference was sometimes seen as a matter of exotic costume and setting. The singing Turks of the stage expressed strong political perspectives and human emotions that European audiences could recognize as their own.