PART - Student Consult for Textbook of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rheumatology2

Download PART - Student Consult for Textbook of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rheumatology2 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0723437793
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (234 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis PART - Student Consult for Textbook of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rheumatology2 by : Raashid Luqmani

Download or read book PART - Student Consult for Textbook of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rheumatology2 written by Raashid Luqmani and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Trauma at a Glance

Download Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Trauma at a Glance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118713605
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (187 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Trauma at a Glance by : Catherine Swales

Download or read book Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Trauma at a Glance written by Catherine Swales and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-20 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Trauma at a Glance is the newedition of The Musculoskeletal System at a Glance. The booknow includes not just basic anatomy, but also features presentingcomplaints and patient examination and reflects the increasedcoverage of rheumatology, making it relevant for students at alllevels. Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Trauma at a Glance Expands its coverage of rheumatology to include all majortopics on the medical student curriculum Includes fully illustrated chapters on examination of each partof the musculoskeletal system Provides self-assessment case studies to test knowledge andprovide clinical context Consolidates all information relating to the musculoskeletalsystem in one title Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Trauma at a Glance isideal for all medical students studying the musculoskeletal systemor taking an orthopaedics or rheumatology rotation.

Surgical Treatment of Orthopaedic Trauma

Download Surgical Treatment of Orthopaedic Trauma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Thieme
ISBN 13 : 160406630X
Total Pages : 979 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Surgical Treatment of Orthopaedic Trauma by : James P. Stannard

Download or read book Surgical Treatment of Orthopaedic Trauma written by James P. Stannard and published by Thieme. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 979 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of First Prize in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology at the 2008 British Medical Association Medical Book Competition Winner of Association of American Publishers Best Book in Clinical Medicine, 2007This landmark multimedia reference presents the most current information on surgical treatments of a wide range of injuries, from complex pelvic and spinal trauma to periarticular fractures and knee dislocations. For each injury, the authors guide the reader from the clinical evaluation, through the decision-making process, and to the surgical procedure. Each chapter provides a thorough review of surgical anatomy, streamlined discussion of the classification of the injury, the non-operative treatments available, and the indications for surgical treatment. Concise, step-by-step descriptions of surgical techniques are supplemented by carefully edited videos of surgical procedures on four accompanying DVDs, containing over 18 hours of video footage. Highlights of the book: Tips and Tricks summarize key points of each procedure for rapid review in preparation for surgery Exam Pearls describe injuries, incidence, indications for surgery, and possible complications and are ideal for board preparation More than 1,400 photographs, radiographs, and drawings illustrate techniques New Techniques sections cover the latest innovations for surgical management A separate table of contents for the four DVDs and shaded text boxes throughout the book enable convenient book-to-video reference Highlights of the DVDs: Narrated videos of entire surgical procedures provide a window into the operating room--an invaluable resource for residents and general orthopedic surgeons who do not perform trauma procedures regularly Coverage of state-of-the-art techniques such as locked plating, minimally invasive fracture fixation, advanced intramedullary nailing strategies, staged reconstruction of periarticular fractures, new techniques for hip hemiarthroplasty, surgical management of knee dislocation, including double bundle ACL and PCL knee reconstruction, and the use of temporary postoperative hinged external fixation Each DVD has been professionally produced and features high-quality audio, special effects, and multiple camera angles for each procedure Authoritative and comprehensive in its scope, this landmark text will be an invaluable asset in libraries of all orthopedic surgeons, residents, or specialists seeking a comprehensive and didactic reference.

ABC of Orthopaedics and Trauma

Download ABC of Orthopaedics and Trauma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118561201
Total Pages : 672 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (185 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis ABC of Orthopaedics and Trauma by : Kapil Sugand

Download or read book ABC of Orthopaedics and Trauma written by Kapil Sugand and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-08-27 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully illustrated throughout with a wide range of scans, images and line drawings, ABC of Orthopaedics and Trauma provides practical guidance on the diagnosis, treatment and management of orthopaedic conditions, and assists with the initial assessment based on common presentations. Written by a team of renowned expert orthopaedic surgeons and rheumatologists, it includes coverage of the current national guidelines from NICE and professional bodies. Twenty-four chapters cover all the major areas of this vast speciality using a digestible and reader-friendly approach, including sections on fractures, joint replacements, rheumatological disorders, osteoarthritis, emergencies, and post-operative care. Introduction to specialist topics like metabolic bone disease, peripheral nerve injury, paediatric orthopaedics and tumours are also featured. Topics consist of history and examination, investigation and initial management of common orthopaedic trauma and elective presentations. In addition, this full-colour, user-friendly reference guide offers readers a look at the day-to-day clinical practice of a speciality that will affect at least half of the global population at some point, covering further chapters on epidemiology, biomechanics, common procedures, future developments and education. ABC of Orthopaedics and Trauma is an excellent resource for all healthcare professionals caring for patients with musculoskeletal and orthopaedic related disorders. This will be a valuable reference to orthopaedic trainees, sports physicians, physiotherapists, nurses, occupational therapists, clinical researchers and student doctors.

Orthopaedic Hand Trauma

Download Orthopaedic Hand Trauma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1496372751
Total Pages : 632 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (963 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Orthopaedic Hand Trauma by : Adam Eltorai

Download or read book Orthopaedic Hand Trauma written by Adam Eltorai and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2019-01-25 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publisher's Note: Products purchased from 3rd Party sellers are not guaranteed by the Publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product. This practical quick reference covers all aspects of acute care of the hand. Structured and formatted for easy, efficient comprehension of up-to-date material, Orthopaedic Hand Trauma helps you assess, evaluate, and treat (including the use of surgical interventions) injuries of the bone, tendon, and nerve that are commonly encountered in the emergency room or urgent care clinic. Each chapter is designed to help you manage patients in an acute care setting.

100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology

Download 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1444149962
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (441 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology by : Parminder Singh

Download or read book 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology written by Parminder Singh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-03-30 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 24-year-old woman attends rheumatology outpatients with an eight-week history of painful hands. On examination she is tearful and thin. You are the medic on duty...100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology presents 100 scenarios commonly seen by medical students and junior doctors in orthopaedic and rheumatology clinics, or in the emergency depa

Trauma and Orthopaedics at a Glance

Download Trauma and Orthopaedics at a Glance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118802519
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trauma and Orthopaedics at a Glance by : Henry Willmott

Download or read book Trauma and Orthopaedics at a Glance written by Henry Willmott and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-03-31 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trauma and Orthopaedics at a Glance is an easy-to-read, highly visual guide to orthopaedics. It comprehensively covers relevant basic science and clinically-oriented anatomy of the musculoskeletal system, and the diagnosis and management of trauma, sports injuries, paediatric orthopaedics, degenerative disease, and musculoskeletal tumours. Although primarily aimed at junior doctors and senior medical students, it is also useful for physiotherapists and nurse practitioners. Trauma and Orthopaedics at a Glance: • Provides thorough coverage of diagnosis, investigation and contemporary treatment options of commonly encountered orthopaedic conditions; • Features a section on what to expect as a Foundation doctor in orthopaedics, including how to present cases in trauma meetings, essential information to survive ‘on-call’ shifts and tips for efficient clerking of trauma admissions; • Unique ‘how to’ section, comprising guidance on key practical procedures such as aspirating joints, manipulating fractures and applying plaster casts. • Includes a companion website at ataglanceseries.com/tando featuring 120 multiple-choice questions and 10 case studies This brand new title presents an overview of all the information relating to diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal conditions, and is ideal while on rotation or revising key concepts.

Operative Techniques: Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery E-Book

Download Operative Techniques: Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323547982
Total Pages : 736 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (235 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Operative Techniques: Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery E-Book by : Emil Schemitsch

Download or read book Operative Techniques: Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery E-Book written by Emil Schemitsch and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2019-08-17 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of the practical, highly illustrated Operative Techniques series, this fully revised book from Drs. Emil H. Schemitsch and Michael D. McKee brings you up to speed with must-know surgical techniques in today’s technically demanding orthopaedic trauma surgery. Step-by-step, evidence-based guidance walks you through both common and unique cases you’re likely to see in your practice, including upper extremity, lower extremity, spine, pelvis, and acetabulum trauma. Practical features such as pearls of wisdom, key points, and potential pitfalls detailed by the authors in order to successfully manage patients with complex fracture patterns have all been reinforced in this new edition. Includes all-new chapters on Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries, Sternoclavicular Joint Open Reduction and Internal Fixation, Intramedullary Fixation of Clavicle Shaft Fractures, Use of the Reamer Irrigator Aspirator (RIA) for Bone Graft Harvesting, Fractures of the Posterior Tibial Plateau, Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Proximal Humerus Fractures, and many more. Features high-quality line drawings, diagnostic and intraoperative images, and radiographs alongside expert technical guidance on instrumentation, placement, step-by-step instructions and more – all supported by best evidence. A bulleted, highly templated format allows for quick understanding of surgical techniques. Outlines positioning, exposures, instrumentation, and implants to equip you to be more thoroughly prepared for every procedure. Offers post-operative management guidelines and discussions of expected outcomes to help you avoid mistakes and offer quality, patient-focused care.

Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing

Download Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199569800
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (995 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing by : Rebecca Jester

Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedic and Trauma Nursing written by Rebecca Jester and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2011-04-07 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing busy practitioners with the information they need to deliver care, and nursing students with a clear overview of the field, this handbook is an easily accessible, practical, and comprehensive guide to all aspects of practice.

Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rheumatology

Download Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rheumatology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780443068492
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (684 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rheumatology by : Andrew D. Duckworth

Download or read book Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rheumatology written by Andrew D. Duckworth and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new publication in the highly-regarded Churchill's Pocketbook series covering the essentials of orthopaedics, trauma and rheumatology suitable for medical students and Foundation doctors . A useful on-the-ward pocketbook for clinical medical students and Foundation doctors providing valuable on the spot coverage of all three topics . The book has a unique authorship - a Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, a Professor of Rheumatology and a Foundation doctor - ensuring complete accuracy of information tailored perfectly to the needs of the trainee . The book's user-friendly quick reference format aids rapid access to information on the busy ward . It includes a distinctive and concise chapter on anatomy, providing the perfect level of detail for the trainee . The pharmacology of commonly used drugs and a handy pharmacopoeia are also included . The book will help improve a reader's diagnostic skills and inform about current treatment options . It is ideal for clinical placements in orthopaedics, A&E, rheumatology and general practice, as well as for revision during a musculoskeletal anatomy course.

Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma

Download Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0198569580
Total Pages : 657 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (985 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma by : Gavin Bowden

Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Orthopaedics and Trauma written by Gavin Bowden and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2010-09-02 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook provides easily accessible information on orthopaedics and trauma, clearly presenting the salient features of a range of conditions and their treatment, and enabling junior doctors and students to confidently apply the knowledge to clinical activities.

Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System

Download Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 9780683074994
Total Pages : 750 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (749 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System by : Robert Bruce Salter

Download or read book Textbook of Disorders and Injuries of the Musculoskeletal System written by Robert Bruce Salter and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 1999 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an introduction to the basic sciences pertaining to the musculoskeletal tissues as well as to the clinical practice, i.e., diagnosis and treatment of the wide variety of disorders and injuries from which these tissues may suffer. Its scope includes the "surgical" subjects of orthopaedics and fractures as well as the "medical" subjects of rheumatology, metabolic bone disease and rehabilitation. Compatibility: BlackBerry® OS 4.1 or Higher / iPhone/iPod Touch 2.0 or Higher /Palm OS 3.5 or higher / Palm Pre Classic / Symbian S60, 3rd edition (Nokia) / Windows Mobile™ Pocket PC (all versions) / Windows Mobile Smartphone / Windows 98SE/2000/ME/XP/Vista/Tablet PC

Apley and Solomon’s Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma

Download Apley and Solomon’s Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429534205
Total Pages : 1674 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Apley and Solomon’s Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma by : David Warwick

Download or read book Apley and Solomon’s Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma written by David Warwick and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-12-06 with total page 1674 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apley & Solomon's Concise System of Orthopaedics and Trauma is firmly established as the leading introductory textbook of orthopaedic practice and the principles of fracture and trauma management. Praised in previous editions for the systematic approach, balanced content and easy-to-read style, this fifth edition has been brought fully up to date under the direction of the new and distinguished authorial team, while remaining true to the teaching principles of Alan Apley and his successor Louis Solomon. Key features: Focused – on diseases and clinical signs with additional detail on anatomy where appropriate International – enhanced coverage of 'global orthopaedics' reflect the changing pattern of musculoskeletal disease and trauma around the world Relevant – provides helpful guidance on simple procedures without unnecessary operative detail Readable – increased emphasis on concise presentation Current – updates reflect developments in molecular biology, genetics and imaging technology This fifth edition remains the first choice for medical students, trainee surgeons and other health professionals seeking a convenient introduction to this large and complex subject and is a natural precursor to the more detailed coverage offered by its larger parent, Apley & Solomon's System of Orthopaedics and Trauma.

100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology

Download 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1444117947
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (441 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology by : Parminder J Singh

Download or read book 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology written by Parminder J Singh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-03-30 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 24-year-old woman attends rheumatology outpatients with an eight-week history of painful hands. On examination she is tearful and thin. You are the medic on duty... 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology presents 100 scenarios commonly seen by medical students and junior doctors in orthopaedic and rheumatology clinics, or in the emergency department. A succinct summary of the patient's history, examination and initial investigations, with clinical and/or imaging photographs, is followed by questions on the diagnosis and management of each case. The answer includes a detailed discussion on each topic, with further illustration where appropriate, providing an essential revision aid as well as a practical guide for students and junior doctors. Making clinical decisions and choosing the best course of action is one of the most challenging and difficult parts of training to become a doctor. These cases will teach students and junior doctors to recognize important symptoms and signs and, where appropriate, their relationship to other medical conditions, and to develop their diagnostic and management skills.

Rheumatology and Orthopaedics

Download Rheumatology and Orthopaedics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780723433507
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (335 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rheumatology and Orthopaedics by : Annabel Coote

Download or read book Rheumatology and Orthopaedics written by Annabel Coote and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study tool covers all of today's most essential knowledge in rheumatology and orthopaedics-in a bright, colorful, easy-to-use format that facilitates mastery of the material. Basic science and clinical informa¬tion are thoroughly integrated throughout. And, plentiful illustrations, tables, boxes, and bulleted lists make the content simple to absorb. A bulleted outline format expedites review. "Hints and Tips" boxes present advice on how to remember key facts. 2-color line drawings make concepts easy to grasp. Differential diagnosis boxes assist in the identification of common diseases and disorders. "Comprehension Check" boxes help readers to assess their understanding. Self-assessment content facilitates exam practice. Part I (symptom-based) to be more concise with differential diagnosis boxes for common diseases and disorders Comprehension Check Boxes in Part III making books extra-efficient as both quick reference and revision tool New junior authors from broader base makes series more responsive to differences in undergraduate clinical training More self-assessment means more exam practice FACULTY ADVISORS Michael Snaith, Senior Clinical Lecturer in Rheumatology, University of Sheffield and Honorary Consultant Rheumatologist, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield; and Andrew Hamer, Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield. SERIES EDITOR Daniel Horton-Szar, GP Principal, Canterbury, Kent, UK.

100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology

Download 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1444117947
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (441 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology by : Parminder J Singh

Download or read book 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology written by Parminder J Singh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-03-30 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 24-year-old woman attends rheumatology outpatients with an eight-week history of painful hands. On examination she is tearful and thin. You are the medic on duty... 100 Cases in Orthopaedics and Rheumatology presents 100 scenarios commonly seen by medical students and junior doctors in orthopaedic and rheumatology clinics, or in the emergency department. A succinct summary of the patient's history, examination and initial investigations, with clinical and/or imaging photographs, is followed by questions on the diagnosis and management of each case. The answer includes a detailed discussion on each topic, with further illustration where appropriate, providing an essential revision aid as well as a practical guide for students and junior doctors. Making clinical decisions and choosing the best course of action is one of the most challenging and difficult parts of training to become a doctor. These cases will teach students and junior doctors to recognize important symptoms and signs and, where appropriate, their relationship to other medical conditions, and to develop their diagnostic and management skills.

Miller's Review of Orthopaedics E-Book

Download Miller's Review of Orthopaedics E-Book PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323390420
Total Pages : 960 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Miller's Review of Orthopaedics E-Book by : Mark D. Miller

Download or read book Miller's Review of Orthopaedics E-Book written by Mark D. Miller and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2015-11-27 with total page 960 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For nearly a quarter century Miller’s Review of Orthopaedics and the accompanying annual Miller Review Course (www.MillerReview.org) have been must-have resources that residents and practitioners have turned to for efficient and effective exam preparation. This 7th Edition continues to provide complete coverage of the field’s most-tested topics, now reorganized to be more intuitive, more user-friendly, and easier to read. Numerous study aids help you ace your exams: a superb art program, including full-color tables, images, and pathology slides; improved concise, bulleted text design; "testable facts" in every chapter; multiple-choice review questions written by experts in the field; and much more. Content and topic emphasis are fully aligned with the ABOS (American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery) and OITE (Orthopaedic In-Service Training Exam) exams, giving you the confidence you need to prepare for certification and recertification. Completely revised sections on anatomy, spine, and tumors, along with input from many new authors, keep you fully up to date. An increased emphasis on imaging, along with the most current results and techniques, ensure that you’re prepared for today’s exams. Includes new coverage of femoroacetabular impingement, spine trauma, common medications used in orthopaedics, and recent advances in basic sciences.