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Origin And Evolution Of Telomeres
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Book Synopsis Origin and Evolution of Telomeres by : Jozef Nosek
Download or read book Origin and Evolution of Telomeres written by Jozef Nosek and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-05-26 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linear chromosomes represent an evolutionary innovation associated with the origin of eukaryotic cells. This book describes how linear chromosomes and primordial pathways for maintaining their terminal structures, telomeres, emerged in early eukaryotes.Telomeres, derived from the Greek meaning terminal part, were first described by Hermann Muller i
Book Synopsis Origin and Evolution of Telomeres by : Jozef Nosek
Download or read book Origin and Evolution of Telomeres written by Jozef Nosek and published by . This book was released on 2008-07 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Telomeres written by Titia De Lange and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An up-to-date survey of the current exciting state of telomere biology. Telomeres – specialized structures found at the ends of chromosomes – are essential for maintaining the integrity of chromosomes and their faithful duplication during cell division. Chapters in this volume cover telomere structure and function in a range of organisms, focusing on how they are maintained, their roles in cell division and gene expression, and how deficiencies in these structures contribute to cancers and other diseases and even aging.
Book Synopsis Telomeres in Ecology and Evolution by : David Gómez Blanco
Download or read book Telomeres in Ecology and Evolution written by David Gómez Blanco and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studying life history strategies is crucial for understanding the diversity among organisms. The trade-offs in traits related to survival, self-maintenance and reproduction play an important role in the variation of life histories and can be adjusted in response to environmental and physiological factors. Telomeres, which are repetitive DNA sequences found at the ends of chromosomes, can serve as molecular markers linking these factors and ultimately fitness. Telomeres naturally shorten with age and stress, such as diseases, and when they become too short, they trigger cellular senescence and ageing. However, some telomere restoration mechanisms can counteract this process. In this thesis, first I have adopted a theoretical approach to review the telomere research field and develop hypotheses for future exploration. Then, I also included an empirical section that aimed to evaluate and test some of these hypotheses' general patterns using data from a wild population of the polygynous bird species, the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus). I have taken advantage of the longitudinal study conducted for 40 years at Lake Kvismaren that have collected a comprehensive dataset on life history, behaviours and fitness components, along with a sampling of all the bird born and breeding in the area. I measured telomere length using the quantitative PCR method, and to investigate the ecological and evolutionary implications of parasites, I used the multiplex PCR method to detect the presence of avian malaria parasites in the birds' blood. In the first part of this thesis, I and my collaborators present a summary of telomere hypotheses that apply to the fields of ecology and evolution. We also classify and group these hypotheses based on their research context and hierarchical similarities. Furthermore, we identify gaps in the knowledge, such as the lack of hypotheses that can clarify telomere elongation patterns in the wild. As a result, we propose and expand on a novel hypothesis that highlights the significance of elongation patterns and encourages further exploration in this area of telomere dynamics. The second section of the thesis aimed to test some of the assumptions made in the previous hypotheses. The studies were focused on examining the existence of a lower threshold for telomere length and I revealed that individuals with critically short telomeres disappeared from the population at a greater rate than those with longer telomeres. Furthermore, life stressors such as infections had an impact on these selection patterns. In this thesis, I also found that even in early-life a considerable percentage of individuals can display a net increase in telomere length (telomere elongation), and this prospect was dependent on factors like infection and the current telomere length. Finally, this thesis demonstrates that various factors including age, malaria status, and harem size can predict the dynamics of telomere length in male and female great reed warblers. These sex-specific telomere dynamics could potentially provide indications of the individual's phenotypic quality. In summary, this thesis has contributed to our understanding of telomere dynamics in the wild, particularly concerning the complex interactions between telomere length, infections and life history trade-offs. It has addressed some gaps in our knowledge of telomere biology and provided insights into important yet under-explored areas, like telomere elongation patterns. The thesis highlights the need for further research into telomere elongation events, the impact of short telomeres on individual life histories, and the potential use of telomeres as a biomarker for individual quality or as a measure of environmental stressors faced.
Book Synopsis Telomere Territory and Cancer by : Parvin Mehdipour
Download or read book Telomere Territory and Cancer written by Parvin Mehdipour and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-13 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Timing, racing, combating, struggling and targeting are some actions through which cellular fate could be reflected and evaluated. Interaction between cell territory and environment occur during pre-embryonic, fetal development, and post-natal periods. What the researchers observe as the outcome of telomeres behavior is only the peak of an ice mountain within a stormy ocean. Cellular life depends on programmed behavior of telomeres, capable to surprise the cells. Telomeres provide an introduction to the history of our cells which govern the quality of life and status of health. Telomeres as the cooperative territory are capable of stabilizing the chromosomal territory. The status of telomeres reflects the key information, announcing the real age of individuals, and may be a valuable marker for prognosis and predicting cancer. Telomere territory is characterized with a multi-disciplinary manner. Therefore, this book is aimed to offer a wide range of chapters, hoping to be useful for diverse audiences, including hematologists-oncologists, radiotherapists, surgeons, cancer researchers, and all the sectors who affect the macro- and micro- environmental domains. Finally, telomeres are sensitive, cooperative, and trustable targets. It is worth to state that ‘telomeres are messengers of NATURE’, let’s to know them as they are.
Download or read book Mobile DNA II written by Nancy L. Craig and published by Amer Society for Microbiology. This book was released on 2002 with total page 1204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An extension of the original volume, reflecting the latest advances in understanding these elements. This title is published by the American Society for Microbiology Press and distributed by Taylor and Francis in rest of world territories.
Book Synopsis Advanced Ecological Theory by : J. McGlade
Download or read book Advanced Ecological Theory written by J. McGlade and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-04-01 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advanced Ecological Theory is intended for both postgraduate students and professional researchers in ecology. It provides an overview of current advances in the field as well as closely related areas in evolution, ecological economics, and natural-resource management, familiarizing the reader with the mathematical, computational and statistical approaches used in these different areas. The book has an exciting set of diverse contributions written by leading authorities.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Plant Genomics and Proteomics by : Christopher A. Cullis
Download or read book Plant Genomics and Proteomics written by Christopher A. Cullis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-01-20 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant research has stood at the forefront of the genomics revolution. One of the first genome projects, the sequencing of the commonly used model organism Arabidopsis, has already yielded important results for the study of a broad array of crops such as corn and soybeans. With crop and food bioengineering only in its infancy, the need to understand the fundamental genetic mechanisms of plants will only become more pressing. A comprehensive guide to this fascinating area of genomics, Plant Genomics and Proteomics presents an integrated, broadly accessible treatment of the complex relationship between the genome, transcriptome, and proteome of plants. This clearly written text introduces the reader to the range of molecular techniques applicable to investigating the unique facets of plant growth, development, and response to the environment. Coverage includes: Functional and structural genomics addressed within the context of current techniques and challenges to come How to utilize DNA and protein sequence data Practical considerations for choosing and employing the most commonly available computer applications A review of applications for biotechnology, including genetic modification and defense against pathogens Bioinformatics tools and Web resources Numerous examples from the latest research throughout Assuming no specialized knowledge of plant biology on the part of its reader, Plant Genomics and Proteomics provides an invaluable resource for students and researchers in biotechnology, plant biology, genomics, and bioinformatics.
Book Synopsis Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer by : Keiko Hiyama
Download or read book Telomeres and Telomerase in Cancer written by Keiko Hiyama and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-03-18 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomeres and endows eukaryotic cells with immortality, was first discovered in tetrahymena in 1985. In 1990s, it was proven that this enzyme also plays a key role in the infinite proliferation of human cancer cells. Now telomere and telomerase are widely accepted as important factors involved in cancer biology, and as promising diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets. Recently, role of telomerase in “cancer stem cells” has become another attractive story. Until now, there are several good books on telomere and telomerase focusing on biology in ciliates, yeasts, and mouse or basic sciences in human, providing basic scientists or students with updated knowledge.
Book Synopsis The Origins of Life by : David W. Deamer
Download or read book The Origins of Life written by David W. Deamer and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Life arose on Earth more than three billion years ago. How the first self-replicating systems emerged from prebiotic chemistry and evolved into primitive cell-like entities is an area of intense research, spanning molecular and cellular biology, organic chemistry, cosmology, geology, and atmospheric science. Written and edited by experts in the field, this collection from Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology provides a comprehensive account of the environment of the early Earth and the mechanisms by which the organic molecules present may have self-assembled to form replicating material such as RNA and other polymers. The contributors examine the energetic requirements for this process and focus in particular on the essential role of semi-permeable compartments in containment of primitive genetic systems. Also covered in the book are new synthetic approaches for fabricating cellular systems, the potentially extraterrestrial origin of life's building blocks, and the possibility that life once existed on Mars. Comprising five sections Setting the Stage, Components of First Life, Primitive Systems, First Polymers, and Transition to a Microbial World it is a vital reference for all scientists interested in the origin of life on Earth and the likelihood that it has arisen on other planets
Book Synopsis Patterns of Telomere Length Change with Age in Aquatic Vertebrates and the Phylogenetic Distribution of the Pattern Among Jawed Vertebrates by : Christopher Izzo
Download or read book Patterns of Telomere Length Change with Age in Aquatic Vertebrates and the Phylogenetic Distribution of the Pattern Among Jawed Vertebrates written by Christopher Izzo and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of all vertebrate chromosomes, naturally undergo changes in length. These changes in telomere lengths may be a "molecular clock" by providing a counting mechanism of DNA replication events. In populations of jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes), telomere length has been shown to change with age; and thus measurements of telomere lengths may provide a novel means of determining the ages of free-living animals. Determinations of the age structure of populations of aquatic vertebrates (teleosts, chondrichthyans and marine mammals) are vital for sustainable management and conservation efforts. Yet, the commonly applied increment based ageing techniques are limited by the subjectivity of increment patterning and destructive sampling. I aimed to assess the application of telomere length as an age determinate for populations of aquatic vertebrates and to evaluate the biological implications and evolutionary origins of this trait amongst the gnathostomes. Telomere length change with age was investigated in an exemplar chondrichthyan, teleost and marine mammal species, to determine whether aquatic gnathostomes share the general pattern of declining telomeres with age, as found in terrestrial mammals. Chapter Two provides the first assessment of telomere length change with age in a chondrichthyan species, the Port Jackson shark. Four types of tissues from Port Jackson sharks, ranging in age from 0 to 17 years, were sampled and telomere length were estimated using three measurement methods: (i) relative quantitative PCR (qPCR); (ii) absolute qPCR; and (iii) the terminal restriction fragment (TRF) analysis. No relationship between telomere length and age was found for any of the tissues, using any method. In Chapter Three, telomere length was measured in specimens of the common carp from two tissues using the absolute qPCR method. Telomere length measurements were then correlated with ages estimated from otolith increment counts and length-at-age calculations. Measurements of telomere length were highly variable in both muscle biopsies and fin clips; however, telomeres from muscle biopsies significantly increased in length - in contrast to the more generalised pattern of telomere length attrition and marking the second reported case of an increase in telomere length with age in vertebrates. In terrestrial mammals telomere shortening is negatively correlated with donor age. In Chapter Four, I tested whether this pattern of declining telomere lengths was found in a pinniped species, the Australian sea lion. Telomere lengths were measured in flipper clips from specimens by absolute qPCR and compared between three age classes: pups, juveniles, and adults. Mean telomere lengths of the adults were significantly smaller than the juvenile and pup classes confirming that the Australian sea lion shares the general mammalian pattern of telomere length attrition. Relationships between the rate of telomere length change with age and species longevity have been observed in birds and mammals, suggesting that the rate of telomere length change is an informative measure of ageing. In Chapter Five, using a data set of 20 teleost and chondrichthyan species, I tested whether fishes showed a similar pattern. I found that the rate of telomere length change with age is significantly different between species of fishes and that these rates of change are inversely correlated with longevity. The findings of Chapters Two, Three & Four indicated that telomeres do not provide a suitable means of determining the ages of individuals and at best are limited to assigning broad age classes. This is largely due to the high degree of variability of telomere lengths between individuals within all age classes. In addition, these Chapters (2, 3 & 4) also highlight that patterns of telomere length change with age are highly variable within the gnathostomes; and thus, telomere length change cannot be characterised by a single pattern for all lineages. In fact, three patterns of telomere length change with age in the gnathostomes were found: (i) declining telomere lengths; (ii) increasing telomere lengths; and (iii) no significant change in telomere length with age. However, identifying the selective factors responsible for the assignment of patterns of telomere length change is hampered by a lack of the understanding of the evolutionary origins of these patterns. Therefore, in Chapter Six I sought to outline the phylogenetic distribution of patterns of telomere length change with age in the gnathostomes to determine the evolutionary origin(s) of this trait. Two alternative hypotheses for the evolution of telomere length change were tested by ancestral state reconstruction in a set of 40 gnathostomes, for which I have significantly expanded the sampling of chondrichthyans and teleosts. The most likely/parsimonious pattern of telomere length change in the common gnathostome ancestor suggested that telomere length change with age was not present ancestrally and has since evolved independently. I was also able to elucidate the evolutionary history of transitions to and between the three patterns of telomere length change within the available gnathostome lineages, with the birds and teleosts displaying the highest rates of evolutionary lability of patterns of telomere length change with age. The macro-evolutionary analysis (Chapter 6) identified relatively rapid evolutionary patterns of telomere length change with age in two gnathostome clades. However, as highlighted by the variability of telomere lengths among individuals within all age classes, furthering an interpretation of the causes and consequences of variable patterns of telomere length change will require a focus at the species level and a shift to following individuals through out their lifetime.
Download or read book Telomere Biology written by Jerome Fucile and published by . This book was released on 2015-03-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book extensively discusses the biology of telomere with the help of advanced information. Developments in telomere researches have provided an interrelation of telomere dysfunction with cellular aging and several age-related human diseases. Some new findings and studies have further widened our knowledge of telomere functions, where telomeres have been demonstrated to be essential for microbial pathogen virulence and telomere proteins have significant non-telomeric cellular functions. This book presents current opinions on selected areas of telomere research and their implication, in the hope of benefitting interested individuals in their future studies and enhancing their research progress.
Book Synopsis Mammalian Protein Metabolism by : H.N. Munro
Download or read book Mammalian Protein Metabolism written by H.N. Munro and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 783 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mammalian Protein Metabolism, Volume IV is an 11-chapter text that describes the regulation of protein metabolism in mammals, both at the subcellular level and at the level of the intact organ and of the whole animal. The first two chapters deal with the fundamental control mechanisms in the synthesis and turnover of proteins, followed by chapters on the mode of action of hormones on protein metabolism and on the role of free amino acid pools in regulation. These topics are followed by discussions on the regulation of individual amino acid pathways and the diurnal rhythms in protein metabolism. The final chapters explore the regulation of protein metabolism in four major organs and tissues of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, and musculature. This book will be of great benefit to biologists, researchers, and biology students.
Book Synopsis The Mechanisms of DNA Replication by : David Stuart
Download or read book The Mechanisms of DNA Replication written by David Stuart and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-02-20 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DNA replication is a fundamental part of the life cycle of all organisms. Not surprisingly many aspects of this process display profound conservation across organisms in all domains of life. The chapters in this volume outline and review the current state of knowledge on several key aspects of the DNA replication process. This is a critical process in both normal growth and development and in relation to a broad variety of pathological conditions including cancer. The reader will be provided with new insights into the initiation, regulation, and progression of DNA replication as well as a collection of thought provoking questions and summaries to direct future investigations.
Book Synopsis Quantitative Genetics in the Wild by : Anne Charmantier
Download or read book Quantitative Genetics in the Wild written by Anne Charmantier and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers the expertise of 30 evolutionary biologists from around the globe to highlight how applying the field of quantitative genetics - the analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits - aids in the study of wild populations.
Download or read book Rebel Cell written by Kat Arney and published by BenBella Books. This book was released on 2020-10-20 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why do we get cancer? Is it our modern diets and unhealthy habits? Chemicals in the environment? An unwelcome genetic inheritance? Or is it just bad luck? The answer is all of these and none of them. We get cancer because we can't avoid it—it's a bug in the system of life itself. Cancer exists in nearly every animal and has afflicted humans as long as our species has walked the earth. In Rebel Cell: Cancer, Evolution, and the New Science of Life's Oldest Betrayal, Kat Arney reveals the secrets of our most formidable medical enemy, most notably the fact that it isn't so much a foreign invader as a double agent: cancer is hardwired into the fundamental processes of life. New evidence shows that this disease is the result of the same evolutionary changes that allowed us to thrive. Evolution helped us outsmart our environment, and it helps cancer outsmart its environment as well—alas, that environment is us. Explaining why "everything we know about cancer is wrong," Arney, a geneticist and award-winning science writer, guides readers with her trademark wit and clarity through the latest research into the cellular mavericks that rebel against the rigid biological "society" of the body and make a leap towards anarchy. We need to be a lot smarter to defeat such a wily foe—smarter even than Darwin himself. In this new world, where we know that every cancer is unique and can evolve its way out of trouble, the old models of treatment have reached their limits. But we are starting to decipher cancer's secret evolutionary playbook, mapping the landscapes in which these rogue cells survive, thrive, or die, and using this knowledge to predict and confound cancer's next move. Rebel Cell is a story about life and death, hope and hubris, nature and nurture. It's about a new way of thinking about what this disease really is and the role it plays in human life. Above all, it's a story about where cancer came from, where it's going, and how we can stop it.
