Oral Epic Traditions in China and Beyond

Download Oral Epic Traditions in China and Beyond PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000529843
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oral Epic Traditions in China and Beyond by : Chao Gejin

Download or read book Oral Epic Traditions in China and Beyond written by Chao Gejin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-31 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the masterpiece of Chao Gejin, one of the best-known Chinese scholars of Epic studies, representing his most influential works on the change of the nature of the Epic across the twentieth century. The discussion ranges from Homeric and Indo-European epics to renewed discoveries of age-old African and Asian epics. The author details developments in research from Parry and Lord’s work on Serbo-Croat oral poetry to his own research on the Mongol heroic epic. The book traces the formation of theoretical systems such as Oral Formulaic Theory, Ethnopoetics and Performance Theory, and ends with the author’s explorations of the 20th-century Mongolian bard Arimpil’s singing of his native epic poetry. Using methods that previous scholars used to demonstrate the fundamentally oral nature of the Homeric epic, Chao brings to light the poetic richness of the still-living Mongol oral epic tradition. Students and scholars of epic studies, literature, folklore and anthropology will find this an essential reference.

Oral Epic Traditions in China and Beyond

Download Oral Epic Traditions in China and Beyond PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781003258001
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (58 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oral Epic Traditions in China and Beyond by : Coġjin

Download or read book Oral Epic Traditions in China and Beyond written by Coġjin and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-31 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This volume is the masterpiece of Chao Gejin, one of the best-known Chinese scholars of Epic studies, representing his most influential works on the paradigm shift of the Epic across the twentieth century. The discussion ranges from Homeric and Indo-European epics to renewed discoveries of age-old African and Asian epics. The author details developments in research from Parry and Lord's work on Homeric epics and Serbo-Croatian oral poetry to his own research on the Mongol heroic epic. The book traces the formation of theoretical systems such as Oral Formulaic Theory, Ethnopoetics and Performance Theory, and ends with the author's explorations of the 20th-century Mongolian bard Arimpil's singing of his native epic poetry. By combining Chinese traditions and Western theories and methods to demonstrate the fundamentally oral nature of the Homeric epic, Chao brings to light the poetic richness of the still-living Mongol oral epic tradition. Students and scholars of epic studies, literature, folklore and anthropology will find this an essential reference"--

Oral Traditions in Contemporary China

Download Oral Traditions in Contemporary China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1793645140
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (936 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oral Traditions in Contemporary China by : Juwen Zhang

Download or read book Oral Traditions in Contemporary China written by Juwen Zhang and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-11-08 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Oral Traditions in Contemporary China: Healing a Nation, Juwen Zhang provides a systematic survey of such oral traditions as folk and fairy tales, proverbs, ballads, and folksongs that are vibrantly practiced today. Zhang establishes a theoretical framework for understanding how Chinese culture has continued for thousands of years with vitality and validity, core and arbitrary identity markers, and folkloric identity. This framework, which describes a cultural self-healing mechanism, is equally applicable to the exploration of other traditions and cultures in the world. Through topics from Chinese Cinderella to the Grimms of China, from proverbs like “older ginger is spicier” to the life-views held by the Chinese, and from mountain songs and ballads to the musical instruments like the clay-vessel-flute, the author weaves these oral traditions across time and space into a mesmerizing intellectual journey. Focusing on contemporary practice, this book serves as a bridge between Chinese and international folklore scholarship and other related disciplines as well. Those interested in Chinese culture in general and Chinese folklore, literature, and oral tradition in particular will certainly delight in perusing this book.

The Epic World

Download The Epic World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000912167
Total Pages : 661 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Epic World by : Pamela Lothspeich

Download or read book The Epic World written by Pamela Lothspeich and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-01-30 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reconceptualizing the epic genre and opening it up to a world of storytelling, The Epic World makes a timely and bold intervention toward understanding the human propensity to aestheticize and normalize mass deployments of power and violence. The collection broadly considers three kinds of epic literature: conventional celebratory tales of conquest that glorify heroism, especially male heroism; anti-epics or stories of conquest from the perspectives of the dispossessed, the oppressed, the despised, and the murdered; and heroic stories utilized for imperialist or nationalist purposes. The Epic World illustrates global patterns of epic storytelling, such as the durability of stories tied to religious traditions and/or to peoples who have largely "stayed put"; the tendency to reimagine and retell stories in new ways over centuries; and the imbrication of epic storytelling and forms of colonialism and imperialism, especially those perpetuated and glorified by Euro-Americans over the past 500 years, resulting in unspeakable and immeasurable harms to humans, other living beings, and the planet Earth. The Epic World is a go-to volume for anyone interested in epic literature in a global framework. Engaging with powerful stories and ways of knowing beyond those of the predominantly white Global North, this field-shifting volume exposes the false premises of "Western civilization" and "Classics," and brings new questions and perspectives to epic studies.

Chinese Thought in a Multi-cultural World

Download Chinese Thought in a Multi-cultural World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000818411
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chinese Thought in a Multi-cultural World by : YUE Daiyun

Download or read book Chinese Thought in a Multi-cultural World written by YUE Daiyun and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reflecting on the “clash of civilizations” as its point of departure, this book is based on a series of sixteen of the author’s interconnected, thematically focused lectures and calls for new perspectives to resist imperialistic homogeneity. Situated within a neo-humanist context, the book applies interactive cognition from an Asian perspective within which China can be perceived as an essential “other,” making it highly relevant in the quest for global solutions to the many grave issues facing humankind today. The author critiques American, European, and Chinese points of view, highlighting the significance of difference and the necessity of dialogue, before, ultimately, rethinking the nature of world literature and putting forward interactive cognition as a means of “reconciliation” between cultures. Chinese culture, as a frame of reference endowed with traditions of “harmony without homogeneity”, may help to alleviate global cultural confrontation and even reconstruct the understanding of human civilization. The book will be essential reading for scholars and students of Comparative Literature, Chinese Studies, and all those who are interested in cross-cultural communication and Chinese culture in general.

Literature and Power

Download Literature and Power PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000879453
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Literature and Power by : Zhu Guohua

Download or read book Literature and Power written by Zhu Guohua and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-06-19 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With references to the theoretical framework of Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu, this book offers a critical investigation into such epic issues as the end of art and the inherent laws of literature’s evolution, while conflating the two into one major argumentation. The book proceeds from Hegel's claim of "the end of art" to tackle the universal yet essential problem of literature: its legitimacy in a sociological sense. It invests Bourdieu’s sociological terms -- power, capital, habitus, field, etc. into the study of literature and art while taking on other theoretical enquiries, particularly the Marxist exploration into ideology, as well as aspects of economics and communication studies. This book will be a valuable resource for students and scholars of the sociology of literature, cultural studies, and those with specific interests in Chinese literature, literary and art theory.

Dual Narrative Dynamics

Download Dual Narrative Dynamics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000812812
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dual Narrative Dynamics by : Dan Shen

Download or read book Dual Narrative Dynamics written by Dan Shen and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combining narratological and stylistic methods, this book theorizes dual narrative dynamics consisting of plot development and covert progression and demonstrates the consequences for the interpretation of literary works. In narratives with such dynamics, writers work simultaneously with overt and covert trajectories of signification, establishing a range of relationships between them. The two parallel narrative movements may complement, contradict or even subvert each other, and these relationships significantly influence readers’ understanding not just of events but also of characters, themes, and aesthetic values. The book provides a systematic theoretical account of such previously neglected dual narrative dynamics, substantiated and enriched by the textual analysis of works by Ambrose Bierce, Kate Chopin, Franz Kafka, and Katherine Mansfield. The study explores the many ways that these authors have used dual dynamics to increase the power of their narratives. In addition, the book identifies the challenges such dual dynamics present not only for narratology but also for stylistics and translation studies, and it develops sound and provocative proposals for meeting those challenges. In taking an interdisciplinary approach, this book will appeal to scholars and students in the fields of narrative and literary theory, literary criticism, literary stylistics, and translation studies.

After Postmodernism

Download After Postmodernism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000604543
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis After Postmodernism by : Wang Ning

Download or read book After Postmodernism written by Wang Ning and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-07-19 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book engages with the critical decline of postmodernism and newer currents of thinking that have come to the fore, including postcolonialism, feminism, and cultural studies, constituting an exploration of the cultural landscape after the heyday of postmodernism in the West and its profound influence on the Chinese cultural scene. Topics discussed include the prevalent theoretical trends and cultural phenomena in the West in the wake of postmodernism, how these developments have influenced contemporary Chinese literary and cultural criticism, and how Chinese scholars can have an equal dialogue with the dominant Western theorists. The chapters examine critical issues and figures in the fields, including postmodernity and globalization, as well as the theories of Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, Homi Bhabha, and Judith Butler. Taking a comparative and cross-cultural perspective, especially between China and the West, the title also sheds light on the imprint of Western theoretical trends on the literature and culture of contemporary China, exemplified in diasporic writing, cinema, women’s literature, popular culture, and the overall orientation of contemporary Chinese literature. The book will be a critical reference for all levels of reader interested in postmodernism, critical theory, postcolonialism, feminism, cultural studies, comparative and world literature, and contemporary Chinese literature and culture.

A Thematic Exploration of Twentieth-Century Western Literature

Download A Thematic Exploration of Twentieth-Century Western Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000514811
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Thematic Exploration of Twentieth-Century Western Literature by : Jiang Chengyong

Download or read book A Thematic Exploration of Twentieth-Century Western Literature written by Jiang Chengyong and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-12-28 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The twentieth century witnessed dramatic changes in terms of the structure of society, economics, politics, science, and technology, driving a change in Western literature from traditional to modern: old value systems were shattered; writing approaches and aesthetics changed; writers began to explore the psychological world and expand the discussion of humankind and modern civilization. This title takes classic literature by European and American authors of the twentieth century as research objects in order to comprehensively explore their thoughts, values, aesthetics, and narratives. Six major themes are used as units for analysis—existential meaning, self-identity, war and human nature, growing confusion, love and marriage, and anti-utopia. The authors argue that the six themes extend the themes of traditional literature and epitomize the unique characteristics of twentieth-century Western literature. The book will be of interest to students and scholars of literature, especially Western literature and twentieth-century literature.

A Study of the Urban Poetics of Frank O’Hara

Download A Study of the Urban Poetics of Frank O’Hara PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000588750
Total Pages : 281 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Study of the Urban Poetics of Frank O’Hara by : Wang Xiaoling

Download or read book A Study of the Urban Poetics of Frank O’Hara written by Wang Xiaoling and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-05-30 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the poetry and cultural practice of Frank O’Hara, the great urban poet of the New York School during the 1950s and 1960s, this books explores the interwoven relationship between his urban poetics and the urban culture of New York, seeking to shed light on poetic concept and its cultural relevance. The poetry of Frank O’Hara is deeply rooted in and nourished by his urban experience as a metropolitan and an active participant in the vibrant cultural scene of New York. Therefore, an investigation into the interactive dynamics between his poetry and the urban culture he helped shape serves as a starting point for further study on the literary representation of European and American urban culture. Across eight chapters, the authors look into the genesis, theoretical constitution, the interface with culture and aesthetics of O’Hara’s urban poetics and also their philosophical foundations, literary ethics, special expression and representation as well as his reception of modernity and postmodernity. The title will appeal to scholars, students and general readers interested in American literature, poetry and urban culture, especially Frank O’Hara and the New York School.

THE EPICS OF CHINA

Download THE EPICS OF CHINA PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : American Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1631816608
Total Pages : 508 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis THE EPICS OF CHINA by : Rinchindorji

Download or read book THE EPICS OF CHINA written by Rinchindorji and published by American Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-02-05 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Epics of China introduces selected epic traditions of China, providing information about them, insights into their literary traditions, and theories concerning their origins, historical development, cultural context, structure, bards, and audiences. The book deals with both historical epics and contemporary “living” epic traditions. Examples are drawn from several of China’s fifty-five official ethnic minority peoples, focusing on epics from various historical or present-day Mongol subgroups of North China, most notably Tibetan and Kirgiz, as well as epics from peoples of Southwest China, such as the Zhuang, Yi, Miao, Dong, and Dai. Several chapters deal, too, with the early Turkic epics that once circulated in parts of northern China and Central Asia. On the whole, the book’s chapters are grouped into three sections: early epics, small and medium-length epics, and the great heroic epics Jangar and Manas. Epics from the North are mainly heroic narratives focusing on the exploits of martial heroes. They feature story lines centered on bride-kidnapping, trials undergone by the suitor, and encounters with multi-headed demons (Mongol mangus), one-eyed giants, and female demons of the underworld. Southern epics focus on tales of how early deities created the sky, earth, water and land forms, and living beings, often listing specific plants, animals, and local tribes. Some of these epics involve female creator figures, and many play out in a dynamic process that moves through phases of initial creation, destruction by fire, a second creation, a destructive flood, and the ultimate re-creation of the world as we now know it. There are also heroic epics from southern China, most notably from the Yi, Dai, and Miao.

The Eternal Storyteller

Download The Eternal Storyteller PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136108505
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (361 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Eternal Storyteller by : Vibeke Boerdahl

Download or read book The Eternal Storyteller written by Vibeke Boerdahl and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-11 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinese storytelling has survived through more than a millennium into our own time, while similar oral arts have fallen into oblivion in the West. Under the main heading of 'The Eternal Storyteller', in August 1996 the Nordic Institute of Asian Studies hosted an International Workshop on Oral Literature in Modern China. To this meeting, the first of its kind in Europe, five special guests were invited - master tellers from Yangzhou: Wang Xizotang, Li Xintang, Fei Zhengliang, Dai Buzhang and Hui Zhaolong. The volume derived from this meeting includes an introductory article written by John Miles Foley entitled 'A Comparative View on Oral Traditions'. Thereafter, a wide range of topics relating to Chinese oral literature is covered under the headings: 'Historical Lines', 'A Spectrium of Genres', 'Studies of Yangzhou and Suzhou Story- telling' and 'Performances of Yangzhou Storytelling'. However, the present volume does more than include papers derived from the meeting. It is also lavishly illustrated in word and picture from performances by the guest-storytellers. In so doing, the world of Chinese story telling is not just described and analysed - it is also brought to life.

The Columbia History of Chinese Literature

Download The Columbia History of Chinese Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231109857
Total Pages : 1369 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Columbia History of Chinese Literature by : Victor H. Mair

Download or read book The Columbia History of Chinese Literature written by Victor H. Mair and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2010-02-22 with total page 1369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive yet portable, this account of the development of Chinese literature from the very beginning up to the present brings the riches of this august literary tradition into focus for the general reader. Organized chronologically with thematic chapters interspersed, the fifty-five original chapters by leading specialists cover all genres and periods of poetry, prose, fiction, and drama, with a special focus on such subjects as popular culture, the impact of religion upon literature, the role of women, and relationships with non-Sinitic languages and peoples.

Memory Making in Folk Epics of China

Download Memory Making in Folk Epics of China PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781621966647
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (666 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Memory Making in Folk Epics of China by : Anne Elizabeth McLaren

Download or read book Memory Making in Folk Epics of China written by Anne Elizabeth McLaren and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This is the first book-length study in the West on the folk epics of the Han Chinese people, who are the majority population of China. These folk epics provide an unparalleled resource for understanding the importance of "the local" in Chinese culture, especially how rice-growing populations perceived their environment and relational world. The folk epics were sung by illiterate farmers while working in the rice paddy or boating along the waterways. It was believed that singing promoted crop fertility and that the rice-plant embodied a female rice spirit whose growth and development paralleled that of human sexuality and procreation. Regarded as "vulgar" due to its erotic content, this song tradition was marginalized and little understood. The erotic content is often removed in editions directed at a national readership. Employing perspectives from memory studies, eco-criticism, and the study of oral traditions, this book examines in detail five iconic folk epics. The author draws on interviews with contemporary song transmitters and ethnologists from the Lake Tai region, as well as a collection of singer transcripts and unedited song material"--

Space, Time, Myth, and Morals: A Selection of Jao Tsung-i’s Studies on Cosmological Thought in Early China and Beyond

Download Space, Time, Myth, and Morals: A Selection of Jao Tsung-i’s Studies on Cosmological Thought in Early China and Beyond PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004522573
Total Pages : 366 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Space, Time, Myth, and Morals: A Selection of Jao Tsung-i’s Studies on Cosmological Thought in Early China and Beyond by : Tsung-i Jao

Download or read book Space, Time, Myth, and Morals: A Selection of Jao Tsung-i’s Studies on Cosmological Thought in Early China and Beyond written by Tsung-i Jao and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2022-09-12 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The articles assembled in this volume present an important selection of Professor Jao Tsung-i’s research in the field of the early Chinese intellectual tradition, especially as it concerns the human condition. Whether his focus is on myth, religion, philosophy or morals, Jao consistently aims to describe how the series of developments broadly associated with the Axial Age unfolded in China. He is particularly interested in showing how early China had developed its own notion of transcendence as well as a system of prediction and morals that enabled man to act autonomously, without recourse to divine providence.

The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature

Download The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231526733
Total Pages : 661 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature by : Victor H. Mair

Download or read book The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature written by Victor H. Mair and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2011-05-03 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature, two of the world's leading sinologists, Victor H. Mair and Mark Bender, capture the breadth of China's oral-based literary heritage. This collection presents works drawn from the large body of oral literature of many of China's recognized ethnic groups including the Han, Yi, Miao, Tu, Daur, Tibetan, Uyghur, and Kazak and the selections include a variety of genres. Chapters cover folk stories, songs, rituals, and drama, as well as epic traditions and professional storytelling, and feature both familiar and little-known texts, from the story of the woman warrior Hua Mulan to the love stories of urban storytellers in the Yangtze delta, the shaman rituals of the Manchu, and a trickster tale of the Daur people from the forests of the northeast. The Cannibal Grandmother of the Yi and other strange creatures and characters unsettle accepted notions of Chinese fable and literary form. Readers are introduced to antiphonal songs of the Zhuang and the Dong, who live among the fantastic limestone hills of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; work and matchmaking songs of the mountain-dwelling She of Fujian province; and saltwater songs of the Cantonese-speaking boat people of Hong Kong. The editors feature the Mongolian epic poems of Geser Khan and Jangar; the sad tale of the Qeo family girl, from the Tu people of Gansu and Qinghai provinces; and local plays known as "rice sprouts" from Hebei province. These fascinating juxtapositions invite comparisons among cultures, styles, and genres, and expert translations preserve the individual character of each thrillingly imaginative work.

Oral Literature in the Digital Age

Download Oral Literature in the Digital Age PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1909254304
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oral Literature in the Digital Age by : Mark Turin

Download or read book Oral Literature in the Digital Age written by Mark Turin and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thanks to ever-greater digital connectivity, interest in oral traditions has grown beyond that of researcher and research subject to include a widening pool of global users. When new publics consume, manipulate and connect with field recordings and digital cultural archives, their involvement raises important practical and ethical questions. This volume explores the political repercussions of studying marginalised languages; the role of online tools in ensuring responsible access to sensitive cultural materials; and ways of ensuring that when digital documents are created, they are not fossilised as a consequence of being archived. Fieldwork reports by linguists and anthropologists in three continents provide concrete examples of overcoming barriers -- ethical, practical and conceptual -- in digital documentation projects. Oral Literature In The Digital Age is an essential guide and handbook for ethnographers, field linguists, community activists, curators, archivists, librarians, and all who connect with indigenous communities in order to document and preserve oral traditions.