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Optimization Of Slow Sand Filtration To Remove Plant Pathogens From Irrigation Runoff Water
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Book Synopsis Optimization of Slow Sand Filtration to Remove Plant Pathogens from Irrigation Runoff Water by : Michael Alan Harris
Download or read book Optimization of Slow Sand Filtration to Remove Plant Pathogens from Irrigation Runoff Water written by Michael Alan Harris and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California is tremendously dependent on water for a highly productive agricultural industry, growing commercial and industrial sectors, and the human population. In the next 15 years, the population is expected to grow dramatically, which will only put more pressure on an already tight water supply. Effective, low cost, simple, and reliable water treatment methods need be developed to alleviate this pressure. Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of slow sand filters (SSFs) to remove plant pathogens from water to be reused for irrigation. The first experiment evaluated three increasing loading rates to determine if SSFs maintain efficacy. The second experiment was a field study in which SSFs that were initially exposed to Phytophthora capsici were then used to treat stream water known to contain numerous Phytophthora spp. A third experiment examined the effect of chilling and agitation on the recovery rate of P. capsici. Very low numbers of colony forming units were recovered below the sand surface during the fall trial of the slow sand filtration optimization experiment. Chilling and agitation of P. capsici propagules reduced the recovery of colony forming units. Slow sand filters are very effective at removing more than 99% of plant pathogen propagules from water and there was little difference in the removal rate between the slowest loading rate (0.15 m/hr) and the fastest (0.50 m/hr). In colder temperatures, the medium (0.25 m/hr) and fast loading rates caused the filters to foul. Slow sand filters established in the presence of P. capsici can remove other Phytophthora spp., however frequent fouling occurred due to turbidity of the creek water. Slow sand filtration is a simple, low cost, low maintenance, effective and reliable technology that can be used by nurseries to reduce water consumption.
Book Synopsis Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes by : Rolf Gimbel
Download or read book Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes written by Rolf Gimbel and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2006-03-31 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Slow sand filtration is typically cited as being the first "engineered" process in drinking-water treatment. Proven modifications to the conventional slow sand filtration process, the awareness of induced biological activity in riverbank filtration systems, and the growth of oxidant-induced biological removals in more rapid-rate filters (e.g. biological activated carbon) demonstrate the renaissance of biofiltration as a treatment process that remains viable for both small, rural communities and major cities. Biofiltration is expected to become even more common in the future as efforts intensify to decrease the presence of disease-causing microorganisms and disinfection by-products in drinking water, to minimize microbial regrowth potential in distribution systems, and where operator skill levels are emphasized. Recent Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes provides a state-of-the-art assessment on a variety of biofiltration systems from studies conducted around the world. The authors collectively represent a perspective from 23 countries and include academics, biofiltration system users, designers, and manufacturers. It provides an up-to-date perspective on the physical, chemical, biological, and operational factors affecting the performance of slow sand filtration (SSF), riverbank filtration (RBF), soil-aquifer treatment (SAT), and biological activated carbon (BAC) processes. The main themes are: comparable overviews of biofiltration systems; slow sand filtration process behavior, treatment performance and process developments; and alternative biofiltration process behaviors, treatment performances, and process developments.
Book Synopsis Slow Sand Filtration by : Nigel Jonathon Douglas Graham
Download or read book Slow Sand Filtration written by Nigel Jonathon Douglas Graham and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Optimizing Filtration in Biological Filters by : Peter M. Huck
Download or read book Optimizing Filtration in Biological Filters written by Peter M. Huck and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2000 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Slow Sand Filtration Treatment of Agriculturally-Impacted Water by : Weixin Chen
Download or read book Slow Sand Filtration Treatment of Agriculturally-Impacted Water written by Weixin Chen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural runoff and influence to surface water is a widely experienced problem across the world, particularly in treating that water for potable consumption. Although many effective methods have been researched, there are few that can be considered suitable for rural regions, in-home and on-site water treatment, and extremely smallscale design without requiring significant chemical use, operator skills and sophistication, and large-scale to be economically viable. This research focuses on the use of slow sand filtration (SSF) as one of the most effective methods for potable water treatment that can meet all of the above criteria. The experiments were designed using rapid small scale column testing theory, which is a directly scalable approach to developing a robust and effective system for treating water. The SSF laboratory experiments were divided into two parts: preliminary experiments and full-scale experiments. The preliminary experiments were designed to test the removal efficiency of agriculturally-associated concentrations of orthophosphate and iron. The full-scale experiments were design simulate the realistic SSF plant which can test the removal efficiency with different concentration of additive in raw water. Raw water samples were collected from Wascana Lake as representative of complex water quality associated with both rural and urban contamination and agricultural influence. In the experiments, these raw water samples are subjected to several operational, water quality and environmental factors, including temperature, pH and filtration rate, to determine the impacts on removal efficiency and overall performance of the SSFs. The results of the preliminary experiments indicate that 25°C and alkaline conditions had the most significant impact on orthophosphate removal. Factors such as lower temperature (5°C) and acidic condition created an inhibited impact on the results, leaving higher concentration of orthophosphate in the effluent. For iron removal, the pH, temperature and filtration rate were all noted to impact removal efficiency. Higher temperature (25°C), increased alkalinity, and higher filtration rate resulted in higher effluent concentrations of iron. The results of the full-scale experiments indicate the interaction of phosphate, nitrate, iron and humic acids in SSF. The data show that increasing phosphate and nitrate in the raw water can slightly improve the performance of nitrate and phosphate removal but no obvious effect in humic acids and iron removal. The higher iron concentration can help improve humic acids removal. The experimental results clearly demonstrate that temperature and pH control in water treatment design are essential for high performance and robust and reliable production of high quality potable water.
Book Synopsis Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes by : Nobutada Nakamoto
Download or read book Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes written by Nobutada Nakamoto and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a state-of-the-art assessment on a variety of biofiltration water treatment systems from studies conducted around the world. The authors collectively represent a perspective from 23 countries and include academics/researchers, biofiltration system users, designers, and manufacturers. Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes - Further Developments and Applications offers technical information and discussion to provide perspective on the biological and physical factors affecting the performance of slow sand filtration and biological filtration processes. Chapters were submitted from the 5th International Slow Sand and Alternative Biological Filtration Conference, Nagoya, Japan in June 2014. Authors: Nobutada Nakamoto, Shinshu University, Japan, Nigel Graham, Imperial College London, UK, M. Robin Collins, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA and Rolf Gimbel,Universität Duisburg, Essen, Germany.
Author :American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Slow Sand Filtration Publisher :American Society of Civil Engineers ISBN 13 : Total Pages :244 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (29 download)
Book Synopsis Slow Sand Filtration by : American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Slow Sand Filtration
Download or read book Slow Sand Filtration written by American Society of Civil Engineers. Task Committee on Slow Sand Filtration and published by American Society of Civil Engineers. This book was released on 1991 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarises current practice regarding slow sand filtration in the US. It examines topics such as the biological and physical mechanisms, appropriate water quality, micro-organisms removal, filter design, construction, operation, maintenance, costs and pilot studies.
Book Synopsis Water Filtration Practices by : Gary S. Logsdon
Download or read book Water Filtration Practices written by Gary S. Logsdon and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2011-01-12 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water operators will find a wealth of hands-on information on the operation and maintenance of pretreatment, rapid-rate granular media filtration, slow-sand filtration, and diatomaceous-earth filtration systems in this book. This practical guide provides recommended procedures for operating, monitoring, and maintaining all types of filters used for conventional water treatment. These procedures are tested and time-proven by hundreds of water utilities and filtration experts to provide high filter efficiency, excellent water quality, long filter runs and minimum downtime. The book also gives advice on what not to do-and why-so you can avoid water quality problems, filter damage, and treatment problems in the future.
Book Synopsis Slow Sand Filters Effectively Remove Phytopthora Capsici from Plant Leachate After a Simulated Pump Failure by : Eric Lee
Download or read book Slow Sand Filters Effectively Remove Phytopthora Capsici from Plant Leachate After a Simulated Pump Failure written by Eric Lee and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Slow sand filtration has been shown to effectively reduce Phytophthora zoospores and Fusarium oxysporum spores in irrigation water. This experiment tested the reduction of Phytophthora capsici numbers by slow sand filtration systems without pre-exposure to the pathogen and the resilience of the system to a short period without water, as might be caused by a pump failure. The slow sand filtration system greatly reduced Phytophthora colony forming units and transmission without prior exposure to the organism. In addition, Phytophthora reduction by the slow sand filter was equally effective before and after a simulated pump failure. The results suggest that slow sand filters are effective at reducing larger organisms, such as Phytopthora zoospores, without special preparations while reduction of smaller spores from Fusarium requires special treatment.
Book Synopsis Slow Sand Filtration by : American Water Works Association
Download or read book Slow Sand Filtration written by American Water Works Association and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sustainable Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities Using Multistage Slow Sand Filtration [electronic Resource] by : Cleary, Shawn A
Download or read book Sustainable Drinking Water Treatment for Small Communities Using Multistage Slow Sand Filtration [electronic Resource] written by Cleary, Shawn A and published by University of Waterloo. This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Slow sand filtration is a proven and sustainable technology for drinking water treatment in small communities. The process, however, is sensitive to lower water temperatures that can lead to decreased biological treatment, and high raw water turbidity levels that can lead to premature clogging of the filter and frequent cleaning requirements, resulting in increased risk of pathogen breakthrough. Multistage filtration, consisting of roughing filtration followed by slow sand filtration, can overcome these treatment limitations and provide a robust treatment alternative for surface water sources of variable water quality in northern climates, which typically experience water temperatures ranging down to 2C̊. Prior to this study, however, multistage filtration had yet to be systematically challenged in colder climates, including testing of its performance under increased hydraulic loadings and elevated influent turbidity together with cold water conditions. The primary goal of this research was to demonstrate the reliability of multistage filtration for small communities in northern climates with reference to the Ontario Safe Drinking Water Act. In this research, testing was conducted on two different pilot multistage filtration systems and fed with water from the Grand River, a municipally and agriculturally impacted river in Southern Ontario. One system featured pre-ozonation and post-granular activated carbon (GAC) stages, and shallower bed depths in the roughing filter and slow sand filter. The other system featured deeper bed depths in the roughing filter and slow sand filter, two parallel roughing filters of different design for comparison, and a second stage of slow sand filtration for increased robustness. Removal of turbidity, total coliforms, and fecal coliforms under a range of influent turbidities (1 to>100 NTU), water temperatures (~2 to 20C̊), and hydraulic loading rates (0.2 to 0.8 m/h) were investigated. In addition, the slow sand filters in each pilot system were challenged with high concentrations (~10¡ oocyst/L) of inactivated Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. The performance of both pilot multistage filtration systems was highly dependent on the biological maturity of the system and its hydraulic loading rate. In a less mature system operating in cold water conditions (5C̊), effluent turbidity was mostly below 0.5 NTU during periods of stable influent turbidity (no runoff events) and a hydraulic loading of 0.4 m/h, however, runoff events of high influent turbidity (50 NTU), increased hydraulic loadings (0.6 m/h), and filter cleaning occasionally resulted in effluent turbidity above 1 NTU. Furthermore, in a less mature system operating during runoff events of high turbidity, reducing the hydraulic loading rate to 0.2 m/h was important for achieving effluent turbidity below 1 NTU. However, in a more mature system operating in warm water conditions (19-22C̊), effluent turbidity was consistently below 0.3 NTU at a hydraulic loading rate of 0.4 m/h, and below 0.5 NTU at 0.8 m/h, despite numerous events of high influent turbidity (>25 NTU). It remains to be seen whether this performance could be sustained in colder water temperatures with a fully mature filter. Removal of coliform bacteria was occasionally incomplete in a less mature multistage system, whereas, in a more mature system operating in warm water conditions (>9C̊), removal was complete in all measurements. Furthermore, the average removal of Cryptosporidium was greater than 2.5 logs in both systems (with hydraulic loading rates ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 m/h) and improved with increased filter maturity. Each individual stage of the multistage system was an important treatment barrier in the overall process of turbidity and pathogen removal. The roughing filter was not only important for protecting the slow sand filter from solids loading and increasing its run length, but was also a significant contributor to coliform removal when the system was less mature. Removal of turbidity was significantly improved when the roughing filter was more mature, suggesting that biological treatment was an important treatment mechanism in the roughing filter. Although pre-ozonation was used mainly for the removal of organic carbon and colour, it achieved complete removal of coliform bacteria and was also suspected to be important for enhanced removal of turbidity. The second slow sand filter in series provided additional robustness to the process by reducing effluent turbidity to below 1 NTU during cold water runoff events of high turbidity and increased hydraulic loadings (0.6 m/h), while achieving effluent below 0.3 NTU during normal periods of operation. It also provided additional removals of coliforms under challenging operating conditions, and contributed an additional average removal of Cryptosporidium of 0.8 logs, which resulted in cumulative removal of 3.7 logs, approximately 1 log greater than all the other challenge tests. Collectively, the entire multistage system performed well with water temperatures ranging down to 2C̊, limited filter maturity, elevated raw water turbidities, and increased hydraulic loading rates. Its ability to meet the current Ontario turbidity regulations and greater than 2 log removal of Cryptosporidium over a range of operating conditions, with little or no process adjustment, is a testament to the robustness and minimal maintenance requirements of the process, which are desirable attributes for small water systems that are often located in rural areas. While this research demonstrated the performance of multistage filtration using pilot scale testing, it is important to note that full-scale plants tend to produce significantly better results than pilot facilities, due to long term biological maturation of the system. Overall, multistage filtration is a sustainable and cost-effective technology that, through this research, appears to be a safe, reliable, and robust treatment alternative for small and non-municipal water systems in North America and the developing world. Further, based on its performance with challenging influent water quality and cold water conditions, multistage filtration holds particular promise for small communities in northern climates that are required to meet safe drinking water regulations, but are dependent on surface water sources of variable water quality and temperatures.
Book Synopsis Manual of Design for Slow Sand Filtration by :
Download or read book Manual of Design for Slow Sand Filtration written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Bacteria Removal Mechanisms in Slow Sand Filters by : Monroe Lee Weber-Shirk
Download or read book Bacteria Removal Mechanisms in Slow Sand Filters written by Monroe Lee Weber-Shirk and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development and Implementation of Household Level Intermittent Slow Sand Filters for Rural Areas to Mitigate Water-related Diseases by : Sangya-Sangam Kumari Tiwari
Download or read book Development and Implementation of Household Level Intermittent Slow Sand Filters for Rural Areas to Mitigate Water-related Diseases written by Sangya-Sangam Kumari Tiwari and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Intermittent Slow Sand Filters by : Magdalena Pachocka
Download or read book Intermittent Slow Sand Filters written by Magdalena Pachocka and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As many as 500,000 people in developing countries rely on an intermittent slow sand filter, called the BioSand filter to provide safe drinking water. However, it has been shown that BioSand filters do not remove all of the pathogens. The mechanisms of water purification in slow sand filtration have not been clearly understood until this day. In order to successfully influence intermittent slow sand filters performance we need to have a full understanding of removal processes that govern their efficiency. In the first part of this study pathogen removal mechanisms in intermittent slow sand filtration were investigated. In the second part of this study the effect on pathogen removal of a zero-valent iron-sand mixed layer, placed at the bottom of an intermittent slow sand filter was investigated. A series of experiments was performed on sand columns ripened with creek water. It was shown that the majority of E.coli was removed during filtration through the schmutzdecke, while the residence time in the biologically active layer did not have a significant effect on its removal. Quite to the contrary, the majority of MS-2 virus was removed with the residence time in the biologically active layer while the filtration through the schmutzdecke did not have significant affect on its removal. Clearly, two different mechanisms govern bacteria and virus removal in intermittent slow sand filtration. The EDX analysis of the schmutzdecke material revealed that it was primarily composed of O, C, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, and Mn. The zeta potential analysis showed that the schmutzdecke was neutral in charge and was composed of positively, neutrally and negatively charged particles. It was determined that a flocculation process was not a likely mechanism of either E.coli or MS-2 removal in intermittent slow sand filtration. The disturbance of the schmutzdecke had a significant impact on E.coli removal but only a slight effect on MS-2 removal. The intricate internal structure of the schmutzdecke might affect bacteria removal by an increase in rate of collisions. The disturbance of the schmutzdecke may cause the water to bypass the treatment in the schmutzdecke "network" of polymeric strands. It was concluded that an additional treatment step is needed in order to efficiently remove viruses; that the residence time in the schmutzdecke affects the quality of the effluent.; that the disturbance of the schmutzdecke might lead to a significant compromise in water quality and thus should be avoided; and that the addition of Al or Fe into the filter influent might benefit the pathogen removal efficiency. In the second part of the study an intermittent slow sand filter was amended with a zero-valent iron-sand mixture at the bottom of the column in order to improve its performance, especially virus removal. In the first challenge experiment the ZVI amended filter removed 100% of both E.coli and MS-2. Although, in the second challenge experiment the zero-valent iron-sand layer caused a decrease in E.coli/MS-2 concentration for unknown reasons, both E.coli and MS-2, exhibited breakthrough in the effluent. The ZVI powder can be obtained by sieving iron filings which are a waste byproduct of iron industry. Therefore, it is readily available to communities in developing countries. It was shown that use of ZVI in an intermittent slow sand filter can greatly improve its safety. However, the mechanisms responsible for this benefit and limitations of ZVI are not yet explained and deserve to be investigated.
Book Synopsis Slow Sand Filtration by : Horticultural Development Council (Great Britain)
Download or read book Slow Sand Filtration written by Horticultural Development Council (Great Britain) and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Optimization of Slow Sand Filtration Design by Understanding the Influence of Operating Variables on the Physical Removal Mechanisms by : Agustina Kiky Anggraini
Download or read book Optimization of Slow Sand Filtration Design by Understanding the Influence of Operating Variables on the Physical Removal Mechanisms written by Agustina Kiky Anggraini and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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