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On The Contribution Of Leaf Surface Wetness Leaf Size And Leaf Longevity To Variation In Leaf Water And Carbon Balance
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Book Synopsis On the Contribution of Leaf Surface Wetness, Leaf Size and Leaf Longevity to Variation in Leaf Water and Carbon Balance by : Kevin Allen Simonin
Download or read book On the Contribution of Leaf Surface Wetness, Leaf Size and Leaf Longevity to Variation in Leaf Water and Carbon Balance written by Kevin Allen Simonin and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is widely recognized that many aspects of plant form and function are coupled to variation in water availability. This is because plant persistence is ultimately dependent upon the process of carbon fixation and it is physically impossible for a plant to transport CO2 to the sites of photosynthetic metabolism inside the leaf without, at the same time, loosing water to the surrounding atmosphere. How the efficiency of water use changes as leaves differ in size and longevity, and where leaves acquire their water from, are often times not well defined. In general, the water lost to the atmosphere by leaves is thought to originate from the soil via uptake by roots. However, previous research has shown that water deposited on leaf surfaces is often available for use via direct foliar uptake. Using field observations and a greenhouse experiment I show that leaf water interception can represent an overlooked water source for leaves that temporarily, but significantly, decouples leaf-level water and carbon relations from variation in soil water availability (Chapter 1). Additionally, within a particular environment water loss per unit leaf area is expected to increase with leaf size. Recent research suggests the construction cost of a leaf also increases with size and/or longevity. If leaves have maximized the ability to transport water to surfaces for energy and gas exchange in order to maximize CO2 uptake from the atmosphere, then vascular network efficiency (Leaf hydraulic conductance) should be size invariant. Using a survey of 60 angiosperm species I show that leaf hydraulic conductance is maximized for a given surface area (Chapter 2). By extension, if the lifetime return (carbon gain) on dry-mass invested in leaf area (construction cost plus maintenance respiration per unit leaf area) is maximized, then leaf hydraulic conductance per unit leaf dry mass should scale isometrically with leaf lifespan. Using plants from a common garden and previously published values of leaf lifespan and leaf hydraulic conductance for species inhabiting a broad range of vegetation types and climate, I explored the relationship between leaf longevity and leaf hydraulic conductance per unit leaf mass. I observed a negative correlation between leaf hydraulic conductance per unit leaf mass and leaf lifespan. Further, the slope of the relationship describing the covariation between leaf hydraulic conductance per unit mass and leaf lifespan is not significantly different from one. Isometric scaling (slope = 1) provides strong support for a constant net carbon gain per leaf despite significant variation in leaf size, longevity and environment. Therefore, variation in gross primary productivity is a function of the number of leaves a plant maintains over a given unit of time (Chapter 3).
Book Synopsis Ecology of Leaf Longevity by : Kihachiro Kikuzawa
Download or read book Ecology of Leaf Longevity written by Kihachiro Kikuzawa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-21 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leaf longevity is a fundamental process underlying patterns of variation in foliar phenology and determining the distinction between deciduous and evergreen plant species. Variation in leaf longevity is associated with a wide array of differences in the physiology, anatomy, morphology and ecology of plants. This book brings together for the first time information scattered widely in the botanical literature to provide a clear and comprehensive introduction to the nature and significance of variation in leaf longevity. It traces the development of ideas about leaf longevity from the earliest descriptive studies to contemporary theory of leaf longevity as a key element in the function of leaves as photosynthetic organs. An understanding of variation in leaf longevity reveals much about the nature of adaptation at the whole plant level and provides fundamental insights into the basis of variation in plant productivity at the ecosystem level. The analysis of leaf longevity also provides a process-based perspective on phenological shifts associated with the changing climate. Readers will find this an informative synthesis summarizing and illustrating different views in a readily accessible narrative that draws attention to a central but too often unappreciated aspect of plant biology. The nature and causes of seasonal patterns in the birth and death of individual plant leaves are essential to the understanding of the health of plant communities, biomes, and consequently our planet.
Book Synopsis Control of Leaf Growth by : N. R. Baker
Download or read book Control of Leaf Growth written by N. R. Baker and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1985 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1985, this book covers the physiological and environmental factors that regulate leaf growth. It opens with a consideration of the importance to the plant of leaf size, form and development, and then divides naturally into two sections: the first covers the intrinsic factors within the leaf that influence development, including solute and hormonal status, cellular components, and energy transducing systems; the second considers the role of some major environmental variables in the regulation of leaf growth, including temperature, light, water and nutrients, atmospheric influences and the interactive effects of climatic variables.
Book Synopsis Ecophysiological Significance of Leaf Surface Wetness for Terrestrial Plants by : Carol A. Brewer
Download or read book Ecophysiological Significance of Leaf Surface Wetness for Terrestrial Plants written by Carol A. Brewer and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Leaf Longevity by : Kihachiro Kikuzawa
Download or read book Leaf Longevity written by Kihachiro Kikuzawa and published by . This book was released on 2009-09-01 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Significance of the Leaf Surface During Drought by : Christian Henry
Download or read book The Significance of the Leaf Surface During Drought written by Christian Henry and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The leaf surface is the locus of a multitude of physiological processes important in determining plant performance including responses to the environment. In my dissertation research, I identified specific adaptive and functional roles and constraints on stomata and trichomes. My approach utilized physiological experiments on diverse species native to California with potential applications toward understanding and improving plant drought tolerance. First, I clarified the mechanistic basis for leaf level drought response and the regulatory factors by which a stomatal safety-efficiency trade-off arises across diverse woody angiosperms. Second, I quantified foliar water uptake across diverse pairs of native California tree, shrub, and vine species with contrasting trichome densities adapted to a wide range of aridity. Lastly, I tested whether trichome presence was associated with differences in light-saturated gas exchange, water use efficiency, and climatic variables across diverse California species. This work highlighted underlying factors influencing water relations and gas exchange, including constraints on stomatal function and the key role of leaf trichomes, providing a clearer picture of the importance of these structures in species evolution and ecology.
Book Synopsis A climatology of leaf surface wetness by : O. Klemm
Download or read book A climatology of leaf surface wetness written by O. Klemm and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Soil, Fertilizer, and Plant Silicon Research in Japan by : Jian Feng Ma
Download or read book Soil, Fertilizer, and Plant Silicon Research in Japan written by Jian Feng Ma and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2002-08-09 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Silicon (Si) plays a significant role in the resistance of plants to multiple stresses including biotic and abiotic stresses. Silicon is also the only element that does not damage plants when accumulated in excess. However, the contribution of Si to plant growth has been largely ignored due to its universal existence in the earth's crust. From numerous intensive studies on Si, initiated in Japan about 80 years ago, Japanese scientists realized that Si was important for the healthy growth of rice and for stability of rice production. In a worldwide first, silicon was recognized as a valuable fertilizer in Japan. The beneficial effects of Si on rice growth in particular, are largely attributable to the characteristics of a silica gel that is accumulated on the epidermal tissues in rice. These effects are expressed most clearly under high-density cultivation systems with heavy applications of nitrogen. Si is therefore recognized now as an ''agronomically essential element'' in Japan. Recently, Si has become globally important because it generates resistance in many plants to diseases and pests, and may contribute to reduced rates of application of pesticides and fungicides. Silicon is also now considered as an environment-friendly element. The achievements of Si research in Japan are introduced in this book, in relation to soils, fertilizers and plant nutrition.
Book Synopsis Ecosystem and Large-scale Climate Impacts of Plant Leaf Dynamics by : Marlies Kovenock
Download or read book Ecosystem and Large-scale Climate Impacts of Plant Leaf Dynamics written by Marlies Kovenock and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vegetation modifies Earth's climate by controlling the fluxes of energy, carbon, and water. Of critical importance is a better understanding of how vegetation responses to climate change will feedback on climate. Observations show that plant leaf traits respond to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations. These leaf trait responses have the potential to modify plant functioning and competitive dynamics, and could therefore alter carbon cycling and surface energy fluxes with implications for regional and global climate. Yet the climate impacts of changes in leaf structural traits - such as increases in leaf mass per area and leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio - in response to elevated carbon dioxide are not included in most climate projections and remain to be tested and quantified. Here we show that one leaf trait response to elevated carbon dioxide - a one-third increase in leaf mass per area - significantly impacts climate and carbon cycling in Earth system model simulations. Higher leaf mass per area enhances warming in response to elevated carbon dioxide by reducing the increase in leaf area, which lowers carbon uptake and evapotranspirative cooling by plants and leads to enhanced solar radiation absorbed at the Earth's surface. Our results suggest that leaf trait responses to carbon dioxide should be considered in climate projections and provide additional motivation for ecological and physiological experiments that improve our mechanistic understanding of plant responses to environment. Tropical forests exert extensive control over global energy, carbon, and water fluxes and thus play a critical role in determining future climate. Using an ensemble of demographic vegetation model simulations we quantify the influence of two leaf trait responses to elevated carbon dioxide - increases in leaf mass per area and leaf carbon to nitrogen ratio - on tropical forest functioning and competitive dynamics. We find that consideration of these leaf trait responses reduces projected carbon uptake and evapotranspirative cooling when plant type abundance is held invariant with time. However, given that more competitively advantageous leaf trait responses also maintain higher levels of plant productivity and evapotranspiration, including changes in plant type abundance may mitigate these decreases in ecosystem functioning. Models that explicitly represent competition between plants and leaf responses to elevated carbon dioxide are needed to capture these influences on tropical forest functioning and large-scale climate. Lastly, we improve the simulation of present-day tropical forest functioning and structure in a demographic vegetation model by including a gradient of leaf mass per area with canopy depth, following observations. By benchmarking the modified model's performance against observations at a tropical forest test site across nearly 300 plausible plant trait parameterizations, we identify high-performing parameter sets and areas for further model development.
Book Synopsis Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling by : Gordon Bonan
Download or read book Climate Change and Terrestrial Ecosystem Modeling written by Gordon Bonan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-21 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an essential introduction to modeling terrestrial ecosystems in Earth system models for graduate students and researchers.
Book Synopsis Vascular Epiphytes by : David H. Benzing
Download or read book Vascular Epiphytes written by David H. Benzing and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-01-07 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This synthesis of the growing body of information from research on epiphytes and their relations with other tropical biota provides a comprehensive overview of basic functions, life history, evolution, and the place of epiphytes in complex tropical communities. Epiphytes comprise more than one-third of the tropical vascular flora in some tropical forests. Growing within tropical forest canopies, epiphytes are subject to severe environmental constraints, and their diverse adaptations make them a rich resource for studies of water balance, nutrition, reproduction and evolution.
Book Synopsis Inanimate Life by : George M. Briggs
Download or read book Inanimate Life written by George M. Briggs and published by . This book was released on 2021-07-16 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Adaptive Geometry of Trees (MPB-3), Volume 3 by : Henry S. Horn
Download or read book Adaptive Geometry of Trees (MPB-3), Volume 3 written by Henry S. Horn and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-31 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through use of the models Professor Horn has devised, plant ecologists, foresters, and botanists will be able to predict the growth and productivity of a forest, the invading and senile species in a forest, the effect of shade tolerance on forest succession, and similar questions.
Book Synopsis Water, Radiation, Salt, and Other Stresses by : J. Levitt
Download or read book Water, Radiation, Salt, and Other Stresses written by J. Levitt and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-12-04 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Responses of Plants to Environmental Stresses, Second Edition, Volume II: Water, Radiation, Salt, and Other Stresses focuses on the effects of stresses on plants. This book discusses how stresses produce their damaging effects and how living organisms defend themselves against stresses. Organized into six parts encompassing 12 chapters, this edition starts with an overview of the various responses of plants to the severities of all the other environmental stresses, with emphasis on the physical and biological stresses and strains. This text then describes water stress in plants, which arise either from an excessive or from an insufficient water activity in the plant's environment. Other chapters consider the resistance to drought stress of plants. This book discusses as well the effects of flooding, which replaces gaseous air by liquid water. The final chapter deals with the comparative stress responses of plants. This book is a valuable resource for plant biologists.
Book Synopsis Size- and Age-Related Changes in Tree Structure and Function by : Frederick C. Meinzer
Download or read book Size- and Age-Related Changes in Tree Structure and Function written by Frederick C. Meinzer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-29 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Millions of trees live and grow all around us, and we all recognize the vital role they play in the world’s ecosystems. Publicity campaigns exhort us to plant yet more. Yet until recently comparatively little was known about the root causes of the physical changes that attend their growth. Since trees typically increase in size by three to four orders of magnitude in their journey to maturity, this gap in our knowledge has been a crucial issue to address. Here at last is a synthesis of the current state of our knowledge about both the causes and consequences of ontogenetic changes in key features of tree structure and function. During their ontogeny, trees undergo numerous changes in their physiological function, the structure and mechanical properties of their wood, and overall architecture and allometry. This book examines the central interplay between these changes and tree size and age. It also explores the impact these changes can have, at the level of the individual tree, on the emerging characteristics of forest ecosystems at various stages of their development. The analysis offers an explanation for the importance of discriminating between the varied physical properties arising from the nexus of size and age, as well as highlighting the implications these ontogenetic changes have for commercial forestry and climate change. This important and timely summation of our knowledge base in this area, written by highly respected researchers, will be of huge interest, not only to researchers, but also to forest managers and silviculturists.
Book Synopsis Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications by : Kouki Hikosaka
Download or read book Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications written by Kouki Hikosaka and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-17 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last 30 years has seen the development of increasingly sophisticated models that quantify canopy carbon exchange. These models are now essential parts of larger models for prediction and simulation of crop production, climate change, and regional and global carbon dynamics. There is thus an urgent need for increasing expertise in developing, use and understanding of these models. This in turn calls for an advanced, yet easily accessible textbook that summarizes the “canopy science” and introduces the present and the future scientists to the theoretical background of the current canopy models. This book presents current knowledge of functioning of plant canopies, models and strategies employed to simulate canopy function, and the significance of canopy architecture, physiology and dynamics in ecosystems, landscape and biosphere.
Book Synopsis Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem by : E. Gregory McPherson
Download or read book Chicago's Urban Forest Ecosystem written by E. Gregory McPherson and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
