On Migrating Iso 10303 Pmi Models To A Common Core

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On Migrating ISO 10303 PMI Models to a Common Core

Author : Allison Barnard Feeney
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis On Migrating ISO 10303 PMI Models to a Common Core by : Allison Barnard Feeney

Download or read book On Migrating ISO 10303 PMI Models to a Common Core written by Allison Barnard Feeney and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Industrial users of ISO 10303 STandard for the Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP) protocols needed the ability to exchange design product data that is in conformance with recently updated ISO geometric product specification (GPS) standards, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) dimensioning and tolerancing standard, and recently updated digital product data definition practice standards. Updates to those standards were made to support continued migration from drawing-based product and manufacturing information (PMI) exchange to full model-based exchange, sharing and management across life-cycle viewpoints (i.e., design to fabrication to inspection). The aerospace and automotive industries created a joint project to merge ISO 10303-203: Configuration controlled 3D design (AP 203) [1] and ISO 10303-214: Core data for automotive mechanical design processes (AP 214) [2] into a new ISO 10303-242: Managed model-based 3D engineering (AP 242) [3] rather than pursue individual updates. Relevant STEP information models have been updated and new information models created to support the ASME and ISO standards, resulting in the publication of AP 242 in 2014.

INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook

Author : INCOSE
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111899941X
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook by : INCOSE

Download or read book INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook written by INCOSE and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-06-12 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A detailed and thorough reference on the discipline and practice of systems engineering The objective of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) Systems Engineering Handbook is to describe key process activities performed by systems engineers and other engineering professionals throughout the life cycle of a system. The book covers a wide range of fundamental system concepts that broaden the thinking of the systems engineering practitioner, such as system thinking, system science, life cycle management, specialty engineering, system of systems, and agile and iterative methods. This book also defines the discipline and practice of systems engineering for students and practicing professionals alike, providing an authoritative reference that is acknowledged worldwide. The latest edition of the INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook: Is consistent with ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2015 Systems and software engineering—System life cycle processes and the Guide to the Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK) Has been updated to include the latest concepts of the INCOSE working groups Is the body of knowledge for the INCOSE Certification Process This book is ideal for any engineering professional who has an interest in or needs to apply systems engineering practices. This includes the experienced systems engineer who needs a convenient reference, a product engineer or engineer in another discipline who needs to perform systems engineering, a new systems engineer, or anyone interested in learning more about systems engineering.

e-Design

Author : Kuang-Hua Chang
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128097361
Total Pages : 1228 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis e-Design by : Kuang-Hua Chang

Download or read book e-Design written by Kuang-Hua Chang and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-02-23 with total page 1228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: e-Design: Computer-Aided Engineering Design, Revised First Edition is the first book to integrate a discussion of computer design tools throughout the design process. Through the use of this book, the reader will understand basic design principles and all-digital design paradigms, the CAD/CAE/CAM tools available for various design related tasks, how to put an integrated system together to conduct All-Digital Design (ADD), industrial practices in employing ADD, and tools for product development. Comprehensive coverage of essential elements for understanding and practicing the e-Design paradigm in support of product design, including design method and process, and computer based tools and technology Part I: Product Design Modeling discusses virtual mockup of the product created in the CAD environment, including not only solid modeling and assembly theories, but also the critical design parameterization that converts the product solid model into parametric representation, enabling the search for better design alternatives Part II: Product Performance Evaluation focuses on applying CAE technologies and software tools to support evaluation of product performance, including structural analysis, fatigue and fracture, rigid body kinematics and dynamics, and failure probability prediction and reliability analysis Part III: Product Manufacturing and Cost Estimating introduces CAM technology to support manufacturing simulations and process planning, sheet forming simulation, RP technology and computer numerical control (CNC) machining for fast product prototyping, as well as manufacturing cost estimate that can be incorporated into product cost calculations Part IV: Design Theory and Methods discusses modern decision-making theory and the application of the theory to engineering design, introduces the mainstream design optimization methods for both single and multi-objectives problems through both batch and interactive design modes, and provides a brief discussion on sensitivity analysis, which is essential for designs using gradient-based approaches Tutorial lessons and case studies are offered for readers to gain hands-on experiences in practicing e-Design paradigm using two suites of engineering software: Pro/ENGINEER-based, including Pro/MECHANICA Structure, Pro/ENGINEER Mechanism Design, and Pro/MFG; and SolidWorks-based, including SolidWorks Simulation, SolidWorks Motion, and CAMWorks. Available on the companion website http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780123820389

Information Modeling for Interoperable Dimensional Metrology

Author : Y Zhao
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1447121678
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)

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Book Synopsis Information Modeling for Interoperable Dimensional Metrology by : Y Zhao

Download or read book Information Modeling for Interoperable Dimensional Metrology written by Y Zhao and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-08-28 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dimensional metrology is an essential part of modern manufacturing technologies, but the basic theories and measurement methods are no longer sufficient for today's digitized systems. The information exchange between the software components of a dimensional metrology system not only costs a great deal of money, but also causes the entire system to lose data integrity. Information Modeling for Interoperable Dimensional Metrology analyzes interoperability issues in dimensional metrology systems and describes information modeling techniques. It discusses new approaches and data models for solving interoperability problems, as well as introducing process activities, existing and emerging data models, and the key technologies of dimensional metrology systems. Written for researchers in industry and academia, as well as advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students, this book gives both an overview and an in-depth understanding of complete dimensional metrology systems. By covering in detail the theory and main content, techniques, and methods used in dimensional metrology systems, Information Modeling for Interoperable Dimensional Metrology enables readers to solve real-world dimensional measurement problems in modern dimensional metrology practices.

Concurrent Engineering in the 21st Century

Author : Josip Stjepandić
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331913776X
Total Pages : 836 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Concurrent Engineering in the 21st Century by : Josip Stjepandić

Download or read book Concurrent Engineering in the 21st Century written by Josip Stjepandić and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-30 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the gradual evolution of the concept of Concurrent Engineering (CE), and the technical, social methods and tools that have been developed, including the many theoretical and practical challenges that still exist, this book serves to summarize the achievements and current challenges of CE and will give readers a comprehensive picture of CE as researched and practiced in different regions of the world. Featuring in-depth analysis of complex real-life applications and experiences, this book demonstrates that Concurrent Engineering is used widely in many industries and that the same basic engineering principles can also be applied to new, emerging fields like sustainable mobility. Designed to serve as a valuable reference to industry experts, managers, students, researchers, and software developers, this book is intended to serve as both an introduction to development and as an analysis of the novel approaches and techniques of CE, as well as being a compact reference for more experienced readers.

Product Lifecycle Management in the Digital Twin Era

Author : Clement Fortin
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303042250X
Total Pages : 414 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Product Lifecycle Management in the Digital Twin Era by : Clement Fortin

Download or read book Product Lifecycle Management in the Digital Twin Era written by Clement Fortin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-02-28 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of the 16th IFIP WG 5.1 International Conference on Product Lifecycle Management, PLM 2019, held in Moscow, Russia, in July 2019. The 38 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 63 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: 3D modelling and data structures; PLM maturity and industry 4.0; ontologies and semantics; PLM and conceptual design; knowledge and change management; IoT and PLM; integrating manufacturing realities; and integration of in-service and operation.

Instrument Engineers' Handbook, Volume 3

Author : Bela G. Liptak
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439863431
Total Pages : 1140 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Instrument Engineers' Handbook, Volume 3 by : Bela G. Liptak

Download or read book Instrument Engineers' Handbook, Volume 3 written by Bela G. Liptak and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-08 with total page 1140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Instrument Engineers' Handbook – Volume 3: Process Software and Digital Networks, Fourth Edition is the latest addition to an enduring collection that industrial automation (AT) professionals often refer to as the "bible." First published in 1970, the entire handbook is approximately 5,000 pages, designed as standalone volumes that cover the measurement (Volume 1), control (Volume 2), and software (Volume 3) aspects of automation. This fourth edition of the third volume provides an in-depth, state-of-the-art review of control software packages used in plant optimization, control, maintenance, and safety. Each updated volume of this renowned reference requires about ten years to prepare, so revised installments have been issued every decade, taking into account the numerous developments that occur from one publication to the next. Assessing the rapid evolution of automation and optimization in control systems used in all types of industrial plants, this book details the wired/wireless communications and software used. This includes the ever-increasing number of applications for intelligent instruments, enhanced networks, Internet use, virtual private networks, and integration of control systems with the main networks used by management, all of which operate in a linked global environment. Topics covered include: Advances in new displays, which help operators to more quickly assess and respond to plant conditions Software and networks that help monitor, control, and optimize industrial processes, to determine the efficiency, energy consumption, and profitability of operations Strategies to counteract changes in market conditions and energy and raw material costs Techniques to fortify the safety of plant operations and the security of digital communications systems This volume explores why the holistic approach to integrating process and enterprise networks is convenient and efficient, despite associated problems involving cyber and local network security, energy conservation, and other issues. It shows how firewalls must separate the business (IT) and the operation (automation technology, or AT) domains to guarantee the safe function of all industrial plants. This book illustrates how these concerns must be addressed using effective technical solutions and proper management policies and practices. Reinforcing the fact that all industrial control systems are, in general, critically interdependent, this handbook provides a wide range of software application examples from industries including: automotive, mining, renewable energy, steel, dairy, pharmaceutical, mineral processing, oil, gas, electric power, utility, and nuclear power.

High-Speed Machining

Author : Kapil Gupta
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128150211
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis High-Speed Machining by : Kapil Gupta

Download or read book High-Speed Machining written by Kapil Gupta and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-01-31 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High-Speed Machining covers every aspect of this important subject, from the basic mechanisms of the technology, right through to possible avenues for future research. This book will help readers choose the best method for their particular task, how to set up their equipment to reduce chatter and wear, and how to use simulation tools to model high-speed machining processes. The different applications of each technology are discussed throughout, as are the latest findings by leading researchers in this field. For any researcher looking to understand this topic, any manufacturer looking to improve performance, or any manager looking to upgrade their plant, this is the most comprehensive and authoritative guide available. Summarizes important R&D from around the world, focusing on emerging topics like intelligent machining Explains the latest best practice for the optimization of high-speed machining processes for greater energy efficiency and machining precision Provides practical advice on the testing and monitoring of HSM machines, drawing on practices from leading companies

Collaborative Product and Service Life Cycle Management for a Sustainable World

Author : Richard Curran
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1848009720
Total Pages : 603 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (48 download)

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Book Synopsis Collaborative Product and Service Life Cycle Management for a Sustainable World by : Richard Curran

Download or read book Collaborative Product and Service Life Cycle Management for a Sustainable World written by Richard Curran and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-08-31 with total page 603 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Collaborative Product and Service Life Cycle Management for a Sustainable World” gathers together papers from the 15th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering (CE2008), to stimulate the new thinking that is so crucial to our sustained productivity enhancement and quality of life. It is already evident in this new century that the desire for sustainable development is increasingly driving the market to reach for new and innovative solutions that more effectively utilize the resources we have inherited from previous generations; with the obvious responsibility to future generations. Human productivity and progress can be positively engineered and managed in harmony with the provision and needs of our natural environment. One century on from the industrial revolution, this is now the time of the sustainable revolution; requiring holistic technological, process and people integrated solutions to sustained socio-economic enhancement.

Product Lifecycle Management (Volume 4): The Case Studies

Author : John Stark
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 303016134X
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Product Lifecycle Management (Volume 4): The Case Studies by : John Stark

Download or read book Product Lifecycle Management (Volume 4): The Case Studies written by John Stark and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents some twenty case studies, showing how companies in different industry sectors and of different sizes make advances in Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). Like the author’s previous volumes, this book provides a valuable resource for those wishing to learn about PLM and how to implement and apply it in their companies. Helping readers to · learn about implementing and benefiting from PLM; · learn about good PLM solutions and best practice; · improve their planning and decision-making abilities; · benefit from the lessons learned by the companies featured in the case studies; · proceed faster and further with PLM the book presents effective PLM solutions and best practices. At the same time, the case studies included demonstrate how different companies implement and benefit from PLM. Each case study is addressed in a separate chapter and details a different situation, enabling readers to put themselves in the situation and think through different actions and decisions. A valuable resource for PLM team managers and employees in engineering and manufacturing companies, the book is also of interest to researchers and students in industrial engineering fields.

Handbook of Engineering Practice of Materials and Corrosion

Author : Jung-Chul (Thomas) Eun
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030364305
Total Pages : 885 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Engineering Practice of Materials and Corrosion by : Jung-Chul (Thomas) Eun

Download or read book Handbook of Engineering Practice of Materials and Corrosion written by Jung-Chul (Thomas) Eun and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-04 with total page 885 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is an in-depth guide to the practical aspects of materials and corrosion engineering in the energy and chemical industries. The book covers materials, corrosion, welding, heat treatment, coating, test and inspection, and mechanical design and integrity. A central focus is placed on industrial requirements, including codes, standards, regulations, and specifications that practicing material and corrosion engineers and technicians face in all roles and in all areas of responsibility. The comprehensive resource provides expert guidance on general corrosion mechanisms and recommends materials for the control and prevention of corrosion damage, and offers readers industry-tested best practices, rationales, and case studies.

Industrial Internet of Things

Author : Sabina Jeschke
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319425595
Total Pages : 714 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Industrial Internet of Things by : Sabina Jeschke

Download or read book Industrial Internet of Things written by Sabina Jeschke and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-12 with total page 714 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book develops the core system science needed to enable the development of a complex industrial internet of things/manufacturing cyber-physical systems (IIoT/M-CPS). Gathering contributions from leading experts in the field with years of experience in advancing manufacturing, it fosters a research community committed to advancing research and education in IIoT/M-CPS and to translating applicable science and technology into engineering practice. Presenting the current state of IIoT and the concept of cybermanufacturing, this book is at the nexus of research advances from the engineering and computer and information science domains. Readers will acquire the core system science needed to transform to cybermanufacturing that spans the full spectrum from ideation to physical realization.

Configuration Management, Second Edition

Author : Jon M. Quigley
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000113515
Total Pages : 677 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Configuration Management, Second Edition by : Jon M. Quigley

Download or read book Configuration Management, Second Edition written by Jon M. Quigley and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-07-11 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a comprehensive approach to configuration management from a variety of product development perspectives, including embedded and IT. It provides authoritative advice on how to extend products for a variety of markets due to configuration options. The book also describes the importance of configuration management to other parts of the organization. It supplies an overview of configuration management and its process elements to provide readers with a contextual understanding of the theory, practice, and application of CM. The book illustrates the interplay of configuration and data management with all enterprise resources during each phase of a product lifecycle.

Nasa Systems Engineering Handbook - Nasa Sp-2016-6105 Rev2

Author : National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781979381475
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (814 download)

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Book Synopsis Nasa Systems Engineering Handbook - Nasa Sp-2016-6105 Rev2 by : National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Download or read book Nasa Systems Engineering Handbook - Nasa Sp-2016-6105 Rev2 written by National Aeronautics and Space Administration and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-11-03 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook, "NASA Systems Engineering Handbook," is intended to provide general guidance and information on systems engineering that will be useful to the NASA community. It provides a generic description of Systems Engineering (SE) as it should be applied throughout NASA. A goal of the handbook is to increase awareness and consis¬tency across the Agency and advance the practice of SE. This handbook provides perspectives relevant to NASA and data particular to NASA. This handbook describes systems engineering best practices that should be incorporated in the development and implementation of large and small NASA programs and projects. The engineering of NASA systems requires a systematic and disciplined set of processes that are applied recursively and iteratively for the design, development, operation, maintenance, and closeout of systems throughout the life cycle of the programs and projects. The scope of this handbook includes systems engineering functions regardless of whether they are performed by a manager or an engineer, in-house or by a contractor.

The Impact of Building Information Modelling

Author : Ray Crotty
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136860568
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (368 download)

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Book Synopsis The Impact of Building Information Modelling by : Ray Crotty

Download or read book The Impact of Building Information Modelling written by Ray Crotty and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Construction projects involve a complex set of relationships, between parties with different professional backgrounds trying to achieve a very complex goal. Under these difficult circumstances, the quality of information on which projects are based should be of the highest possible standard. The line-based, two dimensional drawings on which conventional construction is based render this all but impossible. This is the source of some major shortcomings in the construction industry, and this book focuses on the two most fundamental of these: the failure to deliver projects predictably: to the required quality, on time and within budget; and the failure of most firms in the industry to make a survivable level of profit. By transforming the quality of information used in building, BIM aims to transform construction completely. After describing and explaining these problems, the way in which BIM promises to provide solutions is examined in detail. A discussion of the theory and practice of BIM is also provided, followed by a review of various recent surveys of BIM usage in the US, UK and selected European economies. The way in which other industries, including retail and manufacturing, have been transformed by information are explored and compared with current developments in the deployment of BIM in construction. Five case studies from the UK show how BIM is being implemented, and the effects it is having on architects and contractors. This book is perfect for any construction professional interested in improving the efficiency of their business, as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students wishing to understand the importance of BIM.

Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement

Author : Department of Department of Defense
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781726380348
Total Pages : 470 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (83 download)

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Book Synopsis Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement by : Department of Department of Defense

Download or read book Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement written by Department of Department of Defense and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-08-29 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Released August 2018 Download Kindle eBook FREE when you buy this book for a limited time only. The Defense Acquisition Regulations System (DARS) develops and maintains acquisition rules and guidance to facilitate the acquisition workforce as they acquire the goods and services DoD requires to ensure America's warfighters continued worldwide success. This is Volume 1 of 3. Volume 1: SUBPART 201.1 to 225.7902-5 Volume 2: SUBPART 226.1 to 252.216-7004 Volume 3: SUBPART 252.216-7005 to end Why buy a book you can download for free? We print this book so you don't have to. First you gotta find a good clean (legible) copy and make sure it's the latest version (not always easy). Some documents found on the web are missing some pages or the image quality is so poor, they are difficult to read. We look over each document carefully and replace poor quality images by going back to the original source document. We proof each document to make sure it's all there - including all changes. If you find a good copy, you could print it using a network printer you share with 100 other people (typically its either out of paper or toner). If it's just a 10-page document, no problem, but if it's 250-pages, you will need to punch 3 holes in all those pages and put it in a 3-ring binder. Takes at least an hour. It's much more cost-effective to just order the latest version from Amazon.com This book includes original commentary which is copyright material. Note that government documents are in the public domain. We print these large documents as a service so you don't have to. The books are compact, tightly-bound, full-size (8 1⁄2 by 11 inches), with large text and glossy covers. 4th Watch Publishing Co. is a SDVOSB. www.usgovpub.com If you like the service we provide, please leave positive review on Amazon.com.

Hate Spin

Author : Cherian George
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262035308
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Hate Spin by : Cherian George

Download or read book Hate Spin written by Cherian George and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2016-09-30 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How right-wing political entrepreneurs around the world use religious offense—both given and taken—to mobilize supporters and marginalize opponents. In the United States, elements of the religious right fuel fears of an existential Islamic threat, spreading anti-Muslim rhetoric into mainstream politics. In Indonesia, Muslim absolutists urge suppression of churches and minority sects, fostering a climate of rising intolerance. In India, Narendra Modi's radical supporters instigate communal riots and academic censorship in pursuit of their Hindu nationalist vision. Outbreaks of religious intolerance are usually assumed to be visceral and spontaneous. But in Hate Spin, Cherian George shows that they often involve sophisticated campaigns manufactured by political opportunists to mobilize supporters and marginalize opponents. Right-wing networks orchestrate the giving of offense and the taking of offense as instruments of identity politics, exploiting democratic space to promote agendas that undermine democratic values. George calls this strategy “hate spin”—a double-sided technique that combines hate speech (incitement through vilification) with manufactured offense-taking (the performing of righteous indignation). It is deployed in societies as diverse as Buddhist Myanmar and Orthodox Christian Russia. George looks at the world's three largest democracies, where intolerant groups within India's Hindu right, America's Christian right, and Indonesia's Muslim right are all accomplished users of hate spin. He also shows how the Internet and Google have opened up new opportunities for cross-border hate spin. George argues that governments must protect vulnerable communities by prohibiting calls to action that lead directly to discrimination and violence. But laws that try to protect believers' feelings against all provocative expression invariably backfire. They arm hate spin agents' offense-taking campaigns with legal ammunition. Anti-discrimination laws and a commitment to religious equality will protect communities more meaningfully than misguided attempts to insulate them from insult.