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On Chip Instrument Caches For High Performance Processors
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Book Synopsis On-Chip Instrument Caches for High Performance Processors by : Anant Agarwal
Download or read book On-Chip Instrument Caches for High Performance Processors written by Anant Agarwal and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Continued increases in clock rates of VLSI processors demand a reduction in the frequency of expensive off-chip memory references. Without such a reduction, the chip crossing time and the constraints of external logic will severely impact the clock cycle. By absorbing a large fraction of instruction references, on-chip caches substantially reduce off-chip communication. Minimizing the average instruction access time with a limited silicon budget requires careful analysis of both cache architecture ad implementation. This paper examines some important design issues tradeoffs that maximize the performance of on-chip instruction caches, while retaining implementation ease. Our discussion focuses on the instruction cache design for MIPS-X, a pipelined, 32-bit, reduced instruction set, 20 MIPS peak, CMOS processor designed at Standford. The on-chip instruction cache is 2K bytes and allows single-cycle instruction accesses. Trace driven simulations show that the cache has an average miss rate of 12% resulting in an average instruction access time of 1.24 cycles.
Book Synopsis On-Chip Instruction Caches for High Performance Processors by : Anant Agarwal
Download or read book On-Chip Instruction Caches for High Performance Processors written by Anant Agarwal and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Continued increases in clock rates of VLSI processors demand a reduction in the frequency of expensive off-chip memory references. Without such a reduction, the chip crossing time and the constraints of external logic will severely impact the clock cycle. By absorbing a large fraction of instruction references, on-chip caches substantially reduce off-chip communication. Minimizing the average instruction access time with a limited silicon budget requires careful analysis of both cache architecture and implementation. This paper examines some important design issues and tradeoffs that maximize the performance of on-chip instruction caches, while retaining implementation ease. Our discussion focuses on the instruction cache design for MIPS-X, a pipelined, 32-bit, reduced instruction set, 20 MIPS peak, CMOS processor designed at Stanford. The on-chip instruction cache is 2K bytes and allows single-cycle instruction accesses. Trace driven simulations show that the cache has an average miss rate of 12 percent resulting in an average instruction access time of 1.24 cycles. Reprints.
Book Synopsis Multi-Core Cache Hierarchies by : Rajeev Balasubramonian
Download or read book Multi-Core Cache Hierarchies written by Rajeev Balasubramonian and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A key determinant of overall system performance and power dissipation is the cache hierarchy since access to off-chip memory consumes many more cycles and energy than on-chip accesses. In addition, multi-core processors are expected to place ever higher bandwidth demands on the memory system. All these issues make it important to avoid off-chip memory access by improving the efficiency of the on-chip cache. Future multi-core processors will have many large cache banks connected by a network and shared by many cores. Hence, many important problems must be solved: cache resources must be allocated across many cores, data must be placed in cache banks that are near the accessing core, and the most important data must be identified for retention. Finally, difficulties in scaling existing technologies require adapting to and exploiting new technology constraints. The book attempts a synthesis of recent cache research that has focused on innovations for multi-core processors. It is an excellent starting point for early-stage graduate students, researchers, and practitioners who wish to understand the landscape of recent cache research. The book is suitable as a reference for advanced computer architecture classes as well as for experienced researchers and VLSI engineers. Table of Contents: Basic Elements of Large Cache Design / Organizing Data in CMP Last Level Caches / Policies Impacting Cache Hit Rates / Interconnection Networks within Large Caches / Technology / Concluding Remarks
Book Synopsis Technical Reports Awareness Circular : TRAC. by :
Download or read book Technical Reports Awareness Circular : TRAC. written by and published by . This book was released on 1987-04 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips by : Christian Piguet
Download or read book Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips written by Christian Piguet and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The power consumption of microprocessors is one of the most important challenges of high-performance chips and portable devices. In chapters drawn from Piguet's recently published Low-Power Electronics Design, this volume addresses the design of low-power microprocessors in deep submicron technologies. It provides a focused reference for specialists involved in systems-on-chips, from low-power microprocessors to DSP cores, reconfigurable processors, memories, ad-hoc networks, and embedded software. Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips is organized into three broad sections for convenient access. The first section examines the design of digital signal processors for embedded applications and techniques for reducing dynamic and static power at the electrical and system levels. The second part describes several aspects of low-power systems on chips, including hardware and embedded software aspects, efficient data storage, networks-on-chips, and applications such as routing strategies in wireless RF sensing and actuating devices. The final section discusses embedded software issues, including details on compilers, retargetable compilers, and coverification tools. Providing detailed examinations contributed by leading experts, Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips supplies authoritative information on how to maintain high performance while lowering power consumption in modern processors and SoCs. It is a must-read for anyone designing modern computers or embedded systems.
Book Synopsis Transactions on High-Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers I by : Mike O'Boyle
Download or read book Transactions on High-Performance Embedded Architectures and Compilers I written by Mike O'Boyle and published by Springer. This book was released on 2007-07-21 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transactions on HiPEAC is a new journal which aims at the timely dissemination of research contributions in computer architecture and compilation methods for high-performance embedded computer systems. It publishes original research on systems targeted at specific computing tasks as well as systems with broad application bases. Its scope covers all aspects of computer architecture, code generation and compiler optimization methods.
Book Synopsis The Design and Analysis of a High Performance Single Chip Processor by : Matthew Karl Farrens
Download or read book The Design and Analysis of a High Performance Single Chip Processor written by Matthew Karl Farrens and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cache-Based Architectures for High Performance Computing by :
Download or read book Cache-Based Architectures for High Performance Computing written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many researchers have noted that scientific codes perform poorly on computer architectures involving a memory hierarchy (cache). Furthermore, a number of researchers and some vendors concluded that simply making the caches larger would not solve this problem. Alternatively, some vendors of HPC systems have opted to equip their systems with fast memory interfaces, but with a limited amount of on-chip cache and no off-chip cache. Some RISC-based HPC systems supported some sort of prefetching or streaming facility that allows one to more efficiently stream data between main memory and the processor (e.g., the Cray T3E). However, there are fundamental limitations on the benefits of these approaches which makes it difficult to see how these approaches by themselves will eliminate the "Memory Wall." It has been shown that if one relies solely on this approach for the Cray T3E, one is unlikely to achieve much better than 4-6% of the machine's peak performance. Does this mean that as the speed of RISC/CISC processors increases, systems designed to process scientific data are doomed to hit the Memory Wall? The answer to that question depends on the ability of programmers to find innovative ways to take advantage of caches. This report discusses some of the techniques that can be used to overcome this hurdle allowing one to consider what types of hardware resources are required to support these techniques.
Book Synopsis Energy Efficient High Performance Processors by : Jawad Haj-Yahya
Download or read book Energy Efficient High Performance Processors written by Jawad Haj-Yahya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-22 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores energy efficiency techniques for high-performance computing (HPC) systems using power-management methods. Adopting a step-by-step approach, it describes power-management flows, algorithms and mechanism that are employed in modern processors such as Intel Sandy Bridge, Haswell, Skylake and other architectures (e.g. ARM). Further, it includes practical examples and recent studies demonstrating how modem processors dynamically manage wide power ranges, from a few milliwatts in the lowest idle power state, to tens of watts in turbo state. Moreover, the book explains how thermal and power deliveries are managed in the context this huge power range. The book also discusses the different metrics for energy efficiency, presents several methods and applications of the power and energy estimation, and shows how by using innovative power estimation methods and new algorithms modern processors are able to optimize metrics such as power, energy, and performance. Different power estimation tools are presented, including tools that break down the power consumption of modern processors at sub-processor core/thread granularity. The book also investigates software, firmware and hardware coordination methods of reducing power consumption, for example a compiler-assisted power management method to overcome power excursions. Lastly, it examines firmware algorithms for dynamic cache resizing and dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) for memory sub-systems.
Download or read book Networks on Chip written by Axel Jantsch and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-05-08 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the number of processor cores and IP blocks integrated on a single chip is steadily growing, a systematic approach to design the communication infrastructure becomes necessary. Different variants of packed switched on-chip networks have been proposed by several groups during the past two years. This book summarizes the state of the art of these efforts and discusses the major issues from the physical integration to architecture to operating systems and application interfaces. It also provides a guideline and vision about the direction this field is moving to. Moreover, the book outlines the consequences of adopting design platforms based on packet switched network. The consequences may in fact be far reaching because many of the topics of distributed systems, distributed real-time systems, fault tolerant systems, parallel computer architecture, parallel programming as well as traditional system-on-chip issues will appear relevant but within the constraints of a single chip VLSI implementation.
Book Synopsis Microprocessor Architecture by : Jean-Loup Baer
Download or read book Microprocessor Architecture written by Jean-Loup Baer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the architecture of microprocessors from simple in-order short pipeline designs to out-of-order superscalars.
Book Synopsis High Performance Embedded Computing Handbook by : David R. Martinez
Download or read book High Performance Embedded Computing Handbook written by David R. Martinez and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past several decades, applications permeated by advances in digital signal processing have undergone unprecedented growth in capabilities. The editors and authors of High Performance Embedded Computing Handbook: A Systems Perspective have been significant contributors to this field, and the principles and techniques presented in the handbook are reinforced by examples drawn from their work. The chapters cover system components found in today’s HPEC systems by addressing design trade-offs, implementation options, and techniques of the trade, then solidifying the concepts with specific HPEC system examples. This approach provides a more valuable learning tool, Because readers learn about these subject areas through factual implementation cases drawn from the contributing authors’ own experiences. Discussions include: Key subsystems and components Computational characteristics of high performance embedded algorithms and applications Front-end real-time processor technologies such as analog-to-digital conversion, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, and intellectual property–based design Programmable HPEC systems technology, including interconnection fabrics, parallel and distributed processing, performance metrics and software architecture, and automatic code parallelization and optimization Examples of complex HPEC systems representative of actual prototype developments Application examples, including radar, communications, electro-optical, and sonar applications The handbook is organized around a canonical framework that helps readers navigate through the chapters, and it concludes with a discussion of future trends in HPEC systems. The material is covered at a level suitable for practicing engineers and HPEC computational practitioners and is easily adaptable to their own implementation requirements.
Book Synopsis Computer System Design by : Michael J. Flynn
Download or read book Computer System Design written by Michael J. Flynn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-08 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The next generation of computer system designers will be less concerned about details of processors and memories, and more concerned about the elements of a system tailored to particular applications. These designers will have a fundamental knowledge of processors and other elements in the system, but the success of their design will depend on the skills in making system-level tradeoffs that optimize the cost, performance and other attributes to meet application requirements. This book provides a new treatment of computer system design, particularly for System-on-Chip (SOC), which addresses the issues mentioned above. It begins with a global introduction, from the high-level view to the lowest common denominator (the chip itself), then moves on to the three main building blocks of an SOC (processor, memory, and interconnect). Next is an overview of what makes SOC unique (its customization ability and the applications that drive it). The final chapter presents future challenges for system design and SOC possibilities.
Book Synopsis Implementing an IBM High-Performance Computing Solution on IBM Power System S822LC by : Dino Quintero
Download or read book Implementing an IBM High-Performance Computing Solution on IBM Power System S822LC written by Dino Quintero and published by IBM Redbooks. This book was released on 2016-07-25 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This IBM® Redbooks® publication demonstrates and documents that IBM Power SystemsTM high-performance computing and technical computing solutions deliver faster time to value with powerful solutions. Configurable into highly scalable Linux clusters, Power Systems offer extreme performance for demanding workloads such as genomics, finance, computational chemistry, oil and gas exploration, and high-performance data analytics. This book delivers a high-performance computing solution implemented on the IBM Power System S822LC. The solution delivers high application performance and throughput based on its built-for-big-data architecture that incorporates IBM POWER8® processors, tightly coupled Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and accelerators, and faster I/O by using Coherent Accelerator Processor Interface (CAPI). This solution is ideal for clients that need more processing power while simultaneously increasing workload density and reducing datacenter floor space requirements. The Power S822LC offers a modular design to scale from a single rack to hundreds, simplicity of ordering, and a strong innovation roadmap for graphics processing units (GPUs). This publication is targeted toward technical professionals (consultants, technical support staff, IT Architects, and IT Specialists) responsible for delivering cost effective high-performance computing (HPC) solutions that help uncover insights from their data so they can optimize business results, product development, and scientific discoveries
Download or read book PC Mag written by and published by . This book was released on 1992-05-12 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PCMag.com is a leading authority on technology, delivering Labs-based, independent reviews of the latest products and services. Our expert industry analysis and practical solutions help you make better buying decisions and get more from technology.
Book Synopsis Introduction to Mixed-Signal, Embedded Design by : Alex Doboli
Download or read book Introduction to Mixed-Signal, Embedded Design written by Alex Doboli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-12-17 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook is written for junior/senior undergraduate and first-year graduate students in the electrical and computer engineering departments. Using PSoC mixed-signal array design, the authors define the characteristics of embedd design, embedded mixed-signal architectures, and top-down design. Optimized implementations of these designs are included to illustrate the theory. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter for practice. Topics covered include the hardware and software used to implement analog and digital interfaces, various filter structures, amplifiers and other signal-conditioning circuits, pulse-width modulators, timers, and data structures for handling multiple similar peripheral devices. The practical exercises contained in the companion laboratory manual, which was co-authored by Cypress Staff Applications Engineer Dave Van Ess, are also based on PSoC. PSoC's integrated microcontroller, highly configurable analog/digital peripherals, and a full set of development tools make it an ideal learning tool for developing mixed-signal embedded design skills.
Book Synopsis Intel Xeon Phi Processor High Performance Programming by : James Jeffers
Download or read book Intel Xeon Phi Processor High Performance Programming written by James Jeffers and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2016-05-31 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intel Xeon Phi Processor High Performance Programming is an all-in-one source of information for programming the Second-Generation Intel Xeon Phi product family also called Knights Landing. The authors provide detailed and timely Knights Landingspecific details, programming advice, and real-world examples. The authors distill their years of Xeon Phi programming experience coupled with insights from many expert customers — Intel Field Engineers, Application Engineers, and Technical Consulting Engineers — to create this authoritative book on the essentials of programming for Intel Xeon Phi products. Intel® Xeon PhiTM Processor High-Performance Programming is useful even before you ever program a system with an Intel Xeon Phi processor. To help ensure that your applications run at maximum efficiency, the authors emphasize key techniques for programming any modern parallel computing system whether based on Intel Xeon processors, Intel Xeon Phi processors, or other high-performance microprocessors. Applying these techniques will generally increase your program performance on any system and prepare you better for Intel Xeon Phi processors. A practical guide to the essentials for programming Intel Xeon Phi processors Definitive coverage of the Knights Landing architecture Presents best practices for portable, high-performance computing and a familiar and proven threads and vectors programming model Includes real world code examples that highlight usages of the unique aspects of this new highly parallel and high-performance computational product Covers use of MCDRAM, AVX-512, Intel® Omni-Path fabric, many-cores (up to 72), and many threads (4 per core) Covers software developer tools, libraries and programming models Covers using Knights Landing as a processor and a coprocessor
