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Nutrient Analysis Of Pore Water Samples To Understand The Degradation Of Organic Carbon Following The Deepwater Horizon Blowout
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Book Synopsis Nutrient Analysis of Pore Water Samples to Understand the Degradation of Organic Carbon Following the Deepwater Horizon Blowout by : Shannon Hammaker
Download or read book Nutrient Analysis of Pore Water Samples to Understand the Degradation of Organic Carbon Following the Deepwater Horizon Blowout written by Shannon Hammaker and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Redox-sensitive Trace Metals and Nutrients in Sediments and Pore Waters of the Gulf of Mexico by : Claire Miller
Download or read book Redox-sensitive Trace Metals and Nutrients in Sediments and Pore Waters of the Gulf of Mexico written by Claire Miller and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Analysis of Pore Water Sampling Techniques to Measure Ground Water Nutrient Loading to Aquatic Systems by : Mohammad Imran Rasa
Download or read book Analysis of Pore Water Sampling Techniques to Measure Ground Water Nutrient Loading to Aquatic Systems written by Mohammad Imran Rasa and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sediment Pore Water Dissolved Organic Matter in North Dakota (USA) Prairie Wetlands by : Kate Lynn Ziegelgruber
Download or read book Sediment Pore Water Dissolved Organic Matter in North Dakota (USA) Prairie Wetlands written by Kate Lynn Ziegelgruber and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Prairie pothole lakes (PPLs) comprise an important part of the hydrology in the upper Midwest. They are highly diverse aquatic ecosystems that are important habitats for migrating waterfowl. They are also in a heavily farmed region and potentially suffer from nonpoint source pollution from agrochemicals. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) in PPL pore waters are presumably highly reduced due to active sulfate reduction in sediments and can potentially be important in the fate and transformation of agricultural pesticides that enter these aquatic systems via nonpoint source runoff. Sediment pore water DOM was quantified by Pt catalyzed high temperature total organic carbon analysis and characterized as a function of sediment depth using high pressure size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) for molecular weight determination, UV-vis spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Pore water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (~61-120 mg C/L) are greater than surface water DOC concentrations (~22-36 mg C/L) and greatly exceed abundances typically reported for wetland pore water samples (10's of mg C/L). The DOM is primarily allochthonous in nature; however autochthonous inputs, especially in samples collected in September, were detected by examining various light absorption spectral parameters i.e., specific UV absorbance at 280nm or (SUVA280) and spectral slope ratio (SR) in addition to fluorophore contributions. This pool of autochthonous organic matter is derived from primary production in the water column during the summer season that is presumably transported to the benthic zone in the fall. Fluorescence excitation emission matrices were examined using Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) to relatively quantify and identify the fluorophores that comprise the DOM phase. A PARAFAC model was created to model the individual fluorescing components of the pore water DOM. Three "humic-like" components explain ~90% of total sample fluorescence while a single "protein-like" component is a responsible for the remaining ~10%. The contribution of the "protein-like" component was more significant in the top 7 cm of sediment in samples collected in September and is believed to be derived from autochthonous sources i.e., primary productivity in the overlying water. The PARAFAC results corroborate my spectroscopic data regarding changes in pore water DOM composition over the growing season. This research shows that the DOM pool is exceedingly high in PPL pore waters and its composition changes as a function of time. This dynamic process could affect the role that DOM plays in the fate of agriculturally derived pesticides in these aquatic ecosystems.
Book Synopsis Biogeochemistry of Wetlands by : K. Ramesh Reddy
Download or read book Biogeochemistry of Wetlands written by K. Ramesh Reddy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-10 with total page 926 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The globally important nature of wetland ecosystems has led to their increased protection and restoration as well as their use in engineered systems. Underpinning the beneficial functions of wetlands are a unique suite of physical, chemical, and biological processes that regulate elemental cycling in soils and the water column. This book provides an in-depth coverage of these wetland biogeochemical processes related to the cycling of macroelements including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, secondary and trace elements, and toxic organic compounds. In this synthesis, the authors combine more than 100 years of experience studying wetlands and biogeochemistry to look inside the black box of elemental transformations in wetland ecosystems. This new edition is updated throughout to include more topics and provide an integrated view of the coupled nature of biogeochemical cycles in wetland systems. The influence of the elemental cycles is discussed at a range of scales in the context of environmental change including climate, sea level rise, and water quality. Frequent examples of key methods and major case studies are also included to help the reader extend the basic theories for application in their own system. Some of the major topics discussed are: Flooded soil and sediment characteristics Aerobic-anaerobic interfaces Redox chemistry in flooded soil and sediment systems Anaerobic microbial metabolism Plant adaptations to reducing conditions Regulators of organic matter decomposition and accretion Major nutrient sources and sinks Greenhouse gas production and emission Elemental flux processes Remediation of contaminated soils and sediments Coupled C-N-P-S processes Consequences of environmental change in wetlands# The book provides the foundation for a basic understanding of key biogeochemical processes and its applications to solve real world problems. It is detailed, but also assists the reader with box inserts, artfully designed diagrams, and summary tables all supported by numerous current references. This book is an excellent resource for senior undergraduates and graduate students studying ecosystem biogeochemistry with a focus in wetlands and aquatic systems.
Book Synopsis High-resolution Sampling of Particulate Organic Carbon in a Coastal Upwelling System by : Rachel R. Holser
Download or read book High-resolution Sampling of Particulate Organic Carbon in a Coastal Upwelling System written by Rachel R. Holser and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Summertime, wind-driven upwelling off the Oregon coast delivers nutrient rich water to the surface that fuels the autotrophic production of particulate organic carbon (POC). This POC can be transported horizontally by fluid motions and vertically by sinking to the bottom where it can be entrained in the benthic boundary layer (BBL). POC can be transformed during transport by heterotrophic metabolism, thus changing its concentration and composition. To better understand the dynamics of POC within the water column of this highly variable system, we developed a semi-automated filtration system that, when coupled to a towed profiling/sampling vehicle, allowed us to collect POC samples at higher spatial and temporal resolution than previously possible. During late May of 2009 we used this system to collect around 400 POC samples from two cross-shelf transects off the central Oregon coast spanning the ranges between BBL and surface mixed layer, and shelfbreak to shoreline. These samples were collected in conjunction with in-situ measurements of temperature, salinity, chlorophyll fluorescence, optical backscatter, and beam attenuation coefficients. Analyses of both the optical and bulk measurements indicate the presence of three distinct particle pools. The first pool is rich in POC and shows elevated fluorescence and beam-c relative to optical backscatter. The second pool is elevated in both fluorescence and optical backscatter, and is rich in POC relative to beam-c. The third pool is depleted in POC and shows proportionately elevated backscatter. Using variations in the optical properties of these three particle pools, we created multiple POC - beam-c calibrations, which allowed us to derive high-resolution POC distributions within the water column. This derived distribution indicates a decoupling between sediment and carbon in the BBL, and an unanticipated elevation of POC in the mid water column.
Book Synopsis A Study of Remineralization of Organic Carbon in Nearshore Sediments Using Carbon Isotopes by : Ann P. McNichol
Download or read book A Study of Remineralization of Organic Carbon in Nearshore Sediments Using Carbon Isotopes written by Ann P. McNichol and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of the remineralization of organic carbon was conducted in the organic-rich sediments of Buzzards Bay, MA. Major processes affecting the carbon chemistry in sediments are reflected by changes in the stable carbon isotope ratios of dissolved inorganic carbon (XCO2) in sediment pore water. Six cores were collected seasonally over a period of two years. The following species were measured in the pore waters: JC02, & '3 C-2CO2, P04, JH 2S, Alk, DOC, and Ca. Measurements of pore water collected seasonally show large gradients with depth, which are larger in summer than in winter. The 613C (PDB) of IC02 varies from 1.3 o/oo in the bottom water to approximately -10 o/oo at 30 cm. During all seasons, there was a trend towards more negative values with depth in the upper 8 cm due to the remineralization of organic matter. There was a trend toward more positive values below 8 cm, most likely due to biological irrigation of sediments with bottom water. Below 16-20 cm, a negative gradient was re-established which indicates a return to remineralization as the main process affecting pore water chemistry. Using the XC02 depth profile, it was estimated that 67-85 gC/m 2 are oxidized annually and 5 gC/m 2-yr are buried. The amount of carbon oxidized represented remineralization occurring within the sediments. This estimate indicated that approximately 20% of the annual primary productivity reached the sediments. The calculated remineralization rates varied seasonally with the high of 7.5 x 10-' mol/L-sec observed in August 84 and the low (0.6 x 10- ) in December 83. The calculated remineralization rates were dependent on the amount of irrigation in the sediments; if the irrigation parameter is known to ±20%, then the remineralization rates are known to this certainty also. The amount of irrigation in the sediments was estimated using the results of a seasonal study of 2 2 2Rn/ 22 'Ra disequilibria at the same study site (Martin, 1985). Estimates of the annual remineralization in the sediments using solid-phase data indicated that the solid-phase profiles were not at steady-state concentrations. The isotopic signature of 2C02 was used as an indicator of the processes affecting IC02 in pore water. During every month, the oxidation of organic carbon to C02 provided over half of the carbon added to the IC02 pool. However, in every month, the 6'"C of XCO2 added to the pore water in the surface sediments was greater than -15 o/oo, significantly greater than the 613C of solid-phase organic carbon in the sediments ( -20.6 o/oo). The 613C of IC02 added to the pore water in the sediments deeper than 7 cm was between -20 and -21 o/oo, similar to the organic carbon in the sediments. Possible explanations of the 1 3C-enrichment observed in the surface sediments were: a) significant dissolution of CaC0 3 (613C = +1.7 o/oo) b) the addition of significant amounts of carbonate ion from bottom water to pore water c) an isotopic difference between the carbon oxidized in the sediments and that remaining in the sediments. The effect of CaC0 3 dissolution was quantified using measured dissolved Ca profiles and was not large enough to explain the observed isotopic enrichment. An additional source of 13C-enriched carbon was bottom water carbonate ion. In every month studied, there was a net flux of 2C0 2 from pore water to bottom water. The flux of pore water 2C02 to bottom water ranged from a minimum of 10 x 10-12 mol/cm 2 -sec in December 83 to a maximum of 50 x 10-12 mol/cm2-sec in August 84. However, because the pH of bottom water was about 8 while that of the pore water was less than or equal to 7, the relative proportion of the different species of inorganic carbon (H2CO, HCO-, C0~) was very different in bottom water and pore water. Thus, while there was a net flux of IC0 2 from pore water to bottom water, there was a flux of carbonate ion from bottom water to pore water. Because bottom water JC02 was more 13C-enriched than pore water JC0 2, the transfer of bottom water carbonate ion to pore water was a source of 13C-enriched carbon to the pore water. If the & '3C of CO2 added to the pore water from the oxidation of organic carbon was -20.6 o/oo, then the flux of C3% from bottom water to pore water must have been 10-30% of the total flux of 2C02 from pore water to bottom water. This is consistent with the amount calculated from the observed gradient in carbonate ion. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine whether the 613C of C02 produced from the oxidation of organic carbon (613C-OCOX) was different from the 613C of organic carbon in the sediments (613C-SOC). In the laboratory experiments, mud from the sampling site was incubated at a constant temperature. Three depths were studied (0-3, 10-15, and 20-25 cm). For the first study (IEl), sediment was stirred to homogenize it before packing into centrifuge tubes for incubation. For the second study (IE2), sediment was introduced directly into glass incubation tubes by subcoring. The second procedure greatly reduced disturbance to the sediment. Rates of C02 production were calculated from the concentrations of 2C02 measured over up to 46 days. In both studies, the values of Re in the deeper intervals were about 10% of the surface values. This was consistent with the field results, although the rates decreased more rapidly in the field. In all cases, the remineralization rates during the beginning of IEl were much greater than those at the beginning of IE2. The sediment for IEl was collected in February 84. The measured value of Rc in the surface sediment of the laboratory experiment (24 x 10- mol/L-sec) was much greater than the value of Rc observed in the field in another winter month, December 83 (.62 x 10~9). The sediment for IE2 was collected in August 85. The measured values of Re in the surface sediment (6.6-12 x 10~9 mol/L-sec) were consistent with the field values from August 84 (7.5 x 10-9). The XC02 results indicated that IE2 reproduced field conditions more accurately than IEl did. The isotopic results from the experiments strongly suggested that 613C-OCOX in the surface sediments ( -17.8 o/oo ± 1.9 o/oo) was greater than 6'3C-SOC ( -20.6 ± 0.2 o/oo). The magnitude of the observed fractionation was small enough that the observed values of 613C-C02 in the pore waters could be explained by fractionated oxidation coupled with the diffusion of carbonate ion from bottom water to pore water. The observed fractionation was most likely due to the multiple sources of organic carbon to coastal sediments. A study of the natural levels of radiocarbon in these sediments indicated that the carbon preserved in the sediments is approximately 30% terrestrial while the rest is from phytoplankton.
Book Synopsis The Dynamics of Pore-water Dissolved Organic Carbon and the Fate of Organic Matter in Anoxic Marine Sediments by : Carol A. Seagle
Download or read book The Dynamics of Pore-water Dissolved Organic Carbon and the Fate of Organic Matter in Anoxic Marine Sediments written by Carol A. Seagle and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Determining Sources of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nutrients in an Urban Basin Using Novel and Traditional Methods by : Krittika Govil
Download or read book Determining Sources of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nutrients in an Urban Basin Using Novel and Traditional Methods written by Krittika Govil and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water quality in urban ecosystems is sensitive to localized disturbances potentially affecting those mechanisms which influence nutrient cycles. The Carters Creek Basin has been reported to have elevated concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In combination with high terrestrial nutrient export from non-point sources and point source effluent discharge, this has been suggested to contribute to E.Coli recovery and regrowth. Spatial identification of loading "hot-spots" or locations of elevated nutrient concentrations of non-point, terrestrial sources may provide critical information necessary for appropriate mitigation efforts and watershed management. This study used traditional and novel methods for source tracking nutrients and dissolved organic carbon in small urban and rural watersheds in Brazos County, Texas. A nested watershed approach allowed identification of problem areas of nutrient loading. A novel cost-effective technique using diffuse reflectance near-infrared spectroscopy was used to identify sources of DOC. Monthly stream sampling was conducted at 12 sites from 2012 to 2013. Impacts of human activity on landscape features determining source pathways for nutrient retention, transport, and conversion were identified in this study. Higher nitrate-N (0.12-22.8 mg L−1), orthophosphate-P (0.11-3.60mgL−1), and DOC concentrations (18.6-68.1 mg L−1) were found across the watershed than in 2007. Factors such as increased erosion, sodic soil dispersion, land use, and flow conditions wereidentified as possible causes for increased carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) observed in the basin. This study supported the use of near-infrared spectroscopy to elucidate watershed sources of carbon. The major sources of DOC into the Carter Creek basin watersheds were leachate from soil and turfgrass. Rural subwatersheds had less complicated source signatures than their urban counterparts. Urban impervious runoff signatures also clustered with stream water signatures, especially during high flow in October and September. These results indicate that specific vegetation such as turfgrass used for landscapes in urban watersheds coupled with sodic irrigation may alter traditional nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon cycling in urbanizing watersheds. Spatial source tracking will enable efficient pollution mitigation and protect water quality as a result of this study. The electronic version of this dissertation is accessible from http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/152459
Book Synopsis Oil in the Sea III by : National Research Council
Download or read book Oil in the Sea III written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-03-14 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the early 1970s, experts have recognized that petroleum pollutants were being discharged in marine waters worldwide, from oil spills, vessel operations, and land-based sources. Public attention to oil spills has forced improvements. Still, a considerable amount of oil is discharged yearly into sensitive coastal environments. Oil in the Sea provides the best available estimate of oil pollutant discharge into marine waters, including an evaluation of the methods for assessing petroleum load and a discussion about the concerns these loads represent. Featuring close-up looks at the Exxon Valdez spill and other notable events, the book identifies important research questions and makes recommendations for better analysis ofâ€"and more effective measures againstâ€"pollutant discharge. The book discusses: Inputâ€"where the discharges come from, including the role of two-stroke engines used on recreational craft. Behavior or fateâ€"how oil is affected by processes such as evaporation as it moves through the marine environment. Effectsâ€"what we know about the effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on marine organisms and ecosystems. Providing a needed update on a problem of international importance, this book will be of interest to energy policy makers, industry officials and managers, engineers and researchers, and advocates for the marine environment.
Book Synopsis Effects of Altered Deposition Chemistry on Dissolved Organic Carbon, Pore Water Nutrients, and Microbial Enzyme Activities in a Northern Peatland by : Lindsey Seifert-Monson
Download or read book Effects of Altered Deposition Chemistry on Dissolved Organic Carbon, Pore Water Nutrients, and Microbial Enzyme Activities in a Northern Peatland written by Lindsey Seifert-Monson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Comparison of Preservation Techniques for Organic Carbon Analysis in Estuarine Water Samples by : Robert C. Siegfried
Download or read book A Comparison of Preservation Techniques for Organic Carbon Analysis in Estuarine Water Samples written by Robert C. Siegfried and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Flux and Recycling of Bioactive Substances in the Surface Sediments of the Deep Basins Off Southern California. Final Report by :
Download or read book The Flux and Recycling of Bioactive Substances in the Surface Sediments of the Deep Basins Off Southern California. Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We have used pore water gradients and in situ benthic flux chamber measurements to assess the total and down-core variations in the organic carbon remineralization rate. To augment standard pore water extractions, we developed techniques to extract pore water samples at 2mm sampling intervals, greatly improving our assessment of near- surface vertical gradients. In addition, much emphasis was placed on directly measuring the exchange of chemicals between the bottom waters and sediment pore waters via in situ benthic flux chamber incubations. The latter were performed with the MANOP bottom lander, and in later expeditions, the Benthic Experimental chamber Instrument (BECI). Results from these measurements were used to assess the several aspects of seafloor organic matter diagenesis.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309478219 Total Pages :341 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book The Use of Dispersants in Marine Oil Spill Response written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-04-24 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whether the result of an oil well blowout, vessel collision or grounding, leaking pipeline, or other incident at sea, each marine oil spill will present unique circumstances and challenges. The oil type and properties, location, time of year, duration of spill, water depth, environmental conditions, affected biomes, potential human community impact, and available resources may vary significantly. Also, each spill may be governed by policy guidelines, such as those set forth in the National Response Plan, Regional Response Plans, or Area Contingency Plans. To respond effectively to the specific conditions presented during an oil spill, spill responders have used a variety of response optionsâ€"including mechanical recovery of oil using skimmers and booms, in situ burning of oil, monitored natural attenuation of oil, and dispersion of oil by chemical dispersants. Because each response method has advantages and disadvantages, it is important to understand specific scenarios where a net benefit may be achieved by using a particular tool or combination of tools. This report builds on two previous National Research Council reports on dispersant use to provide a current understanding of the state of science and to inform future marine oil spill response operations. The response to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill included an unprecedented use of dispersants via both surface application and subsea injection. The magnitude of the spill stimulated interest and funding for research on oil spill response, and dispersant use in particular. This study assesses the effects and efficacy of dispersants as an oil spill response tool and evaluates trade-offs associated with dispersant use.
Book Synopsis Biodegradation and Bioremediation by : Ajay Singh
Download or read book Biodegradation and Bioremediation written by Ajay Singh and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, experts from universities, government labs and industry share their findings on the microbiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of biodegradation and bioremediation. The text covers numerous topics, including: bioavailability, biodegradation of various pollutants, microbial community dynamics, properties and engineering of important biocatalysts, and methods for monitoring bioremediation processes. Microbial processes are environmentally compatible and can be integrated with non-biological processes to detoxify, degrade and immobilize environmental contaminants.
Download or read book Produced Water written by Kenneth Lee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-09-18 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-art review of scientific knowledge on the environmental risk of ocean discharge of produced water and advances in mitigation technologies. In offshore oil and gas operations, produced water (the water produced with oil or gas from a well) accounts for the largest waste stream (in terms of volume discharged). Its discharge is continuous during oil and gas production and typically increases in volume over the lifetime of an offshore production platform. Produced water discharge as waste into the ocean has become an environmental concern because of its potential contaminant content. Environmental risk assessments of ocean discharge of produced water have yielded different results. For example, several laboratory and field studies have shown that significant acute toxic effects cannot be detected beyond the "point of discharge" due to rapid dilution in the receiving waters. However, there is some preliminary evidence of chronic sub-lethal impacts in biota associated with the discharge of produced water from oil and gas fields within the North Sea. As the composition and concentration of potential produced water contaminants may vary from one geologic formation to another, this conference also highlights the results of recent studies in Atlantic Canada.
Author :Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Publisher :Cambridge University Press ISBN 13 :9781009157971 Total Pages :755 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (579 download)
Book Synopsis The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
