Enciclopedia de Lingüística Hispánica

Download Enciclopedia de Lingüística Hispánica PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317498011
Total Pages : 2157 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Enciclopedia de Lingüística Hispánica by : Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach

Download or read book Enciclopedia de Lingüística Hispánica written by Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-01-29 with total page 2157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Enciclopedia de Linguistica Hispánica provides comprehensive coverage of the major and subsidiary fields of Spanish linguistics. Entries are extensively cross-referenced and arranged alphabetically within three main sections: Part 1 covers linguistic disciplines, approaches and methodologies. Part 2 brings together the grammar of Spanish, including subsections on phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Part 3 brings together the historical, social and geographical factors in the evolution of Spanish. Drawing on the expertise of a wide range of contributors from across the Spanish-speaking world the Enciclopedia de Linguistica Hispánica is an indispensable reference for undergraduate and postgraduate students of Spanish, and for anyone with an academic or professional interest in the Spanish language/Spanish linguistics.

Introducción a la lingüística hispánica actual

Download Introducción a la lingüística hispánica actual PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136219676
Total Pages : 665 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (362 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introducción a la lingüística hispánica actual by : Javier Muñoz-Basols

Download or read book Introducción a la lingüística hispánica actual written by Javier Muñoz-Basols and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-12-19 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introducción a la lingüística hispánica actual is the ideal introduction to Spanish linguistics for all undergraduate and postgraduate students of Spanish. No prior knowledge of linguistics is assumed as the book takes you step-by-step through all the main subfields of linguistics, both theoretical and applied. Phonology. morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, second language acquisition, history of the Spanish language, dialectology and sociolinguistics are concisely and accurately outlined providing a comprehensive foundation in the field. A comprehensive companion website provides a wealth of additional resources including further exercises to reinforce the material covered in the book, extra examples to clarify the most difficult concepts, extensive audio clips which reproduce the sounds of phonemes and allophones and sonograms. Written in a clear and accessible manner with extensive auxiliary materials, Introducción a la lingüística hispánica actual has been specially designed for students of Spanish with little or no linguistic background who need to understand the key concepts and constructs of Spanish linguistics.

Lingüística Misionera IV

Download Lingüística Misionera IV PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 902724605X
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lingüística Misionera IV by : Otto Zwartjes

Download or read book Lingüística Misionera IV written by Otto Zwartjes and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fourth volume on Missionary Linguistics focuses on lexicography. As with the previous three volumes (2004, on general issues, 2005, on orthography and phonology, and 2007 on morphology and syntax), research into languages such as Maya, Nahuatl, Tarasco (Purepecha), Lushootseed, Equatorian Quechua, Tupinamba, Ilocan, Tamil and Southern Min Chinese dialects.

Comparative Romance Linguistics Newsletter

Download Comparative Romance Linguistics Newsletter PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comparative Romance Linguistics Newsletter by :

Download or read book Comparative Romance Linguistics Newsletter written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Diversification of Mexican Spanish

Download Diversification of Mexican Spanish PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 1501504533
Total Pages : 438 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Diversification of Mexican Spanish by : Margarita Hidalgo

Download or read book Diversification of Mexican Spanish written by Margarita Hidalgo and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-10-24 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a diversification model of transplanted languages that facilitates the exploration of external factors and internal changes. The general context is the New World and the variety that unfolded in the Central Highlands and the Gulf of Mexico, herein identified as Mexican Colonial Spanish (MCS). Linguistic corpora provide the evidence of (re)transmission, diffusion, metalinguistic awareness, and select focused variants. The tridimensional approach highlights language data from authentic colonial documents which are connected to socio-historical reliefs at particular periods or junctions, which explain language variation and the dynamic outcome leading to change. From the Second Letter of Hernán Cortés (Seville 1522) to the decades preceding Mexican Independence (1800-1821) this book examines the variants transplanted from the peninsular tree into Mesoamerican lands: leveling of sibilants of late medieval Spanish, direct object (masc. sing.] pronouns LO and LE, pronouns of address (vos, tu, vuestra merced plus plurals), imperfect subjunctive endings in -SE and -RA), and Amerindian loans. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of variants derived from the peninsular tree show a gradual process of attrition and recovery due to their saliency in the new soil, where they were identified with ways of speaking and behaving like Spanish speakers from the metropolis. The variants analyzed in MCS may appear in other regions of the Spanish-speaking New World, where change may have proceeded at varying or similar rates. Additional variants are classified as optimal residual (e.g. dizque) and popular residual (e.g. vide). Both types are derived from the medieval peninsular tree, but the former are vital across regions and social strata while the latter may be restricted to isolated and / or marginal speech communities. Each of the ten chapters probes into the pertinent variants of MCS and the stage of development by century. Qualitative and quantitative analyses reveal the trails followed by each select variant from the years of the Second Letter (1520-1522) of Hernán Cortés to the end of the colonial period. The tridimensional historical sociolinguistic model offers explanations that shed light on the multiple causes of change and the outcome that eventually differentiated peninsular Spanish tree from New World Spanish. Focused-attrition variants were selected because in the process of transplantation, speakers assigned them a social meaning that eventually differentiated the European from the Latin American variety. The core chapters include narratives of both major historical events (e.g. the conquest of Mexico) and tales related to major language change and identity change (e.g. the socio-political and cultural struggles of Spanish speakers born in the New World). The core chapters also describe the strategies used by prevailing Spanish speakers to gain new speakers among the indigenous and Afro-Hispanic populations such as the appropriation of public posts where the need arose to file documents in both Spanish and Nahuatl, forced and free labor in agriculture, construction, and the textile industry. The examples of optimal and popular residual variants illustrate the trends unfolded during three centuries of colonial life. Many of them have passed the test of time and have survived in the present Mexican territory; others are also vital in the U.S. Southwestern states that once belonged to Mexico. The reader may also identify those that are used beyond the area of Mexican influence. Residual variants of New World Spanish not only corroborate the homogeneity of Spanish in the colonies of the Western Hemisphere but the speech patterns that were unwrapped by the speakers since the beginning of colonial times: popular and cultured Spanish point to diglossia in monolingual and multilingual communities. After one hundred years of study in linguistics, this book contributes to the advancement of newer conceptualization of diachrony, which is concerned with the development and evolution through history. The additional sociolinguistic dimension offers views of social significant and its thrilling links to social movements that provoked a radical change of identity. The amplitude of the diversification model is convenient to test it in varied contexts where transplantation occurred.

Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española

Download Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 1647121736
Total Pages : 1356 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española by : Juana Gil

Download or read book Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española written by Juana Gil and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2024-10-01 with total page 1356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 1 of the most up-to-date and comprehensive description of the Spanish language’s phonetic and phonological system Though there has been considerable research on Spanish phonetics and phonology, until now, there has been no in-depth and complete descriptive reference work. Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española, volumes 1 and 2, is a comprehensive reference, written in Spanish, describing the phonetics and phonology of Spanish. Edited by Juana Gil and Joaquim Llisterri, and including contributions from an international group of scholars, these books provide a comprehensive overview for understanding topics across Spanish phonetics and phonology, making clear what further research is needed. Together, these two volumes offer a survey of Spanish descriptive phonetics and phonology. Volume 1 focuses on the segmental—consonant and vowel sound—properties of phonetic units and phonic phenomena. Each topic is examined from three angles: its phonetic description, its phonological analysis, and the characterization of its variation. The phonetic description is given from the perspectives of production, acoustic analysis, and perception. The phonological analysis includes the different treatments to which a certain phenomenon has been subjected and considers the different theoretical perspectives that have been used to address it. With state-of-the-art information on all topics related to the sounds of Spanish, Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española will be a valuable resource for researchers, students, and scholars of Spanish linguistics who wish to deepen their understanding of the phonetic and phonological characteristics of all the varieties of the Spanish language.

III Encuentro de Lingüística en el Noroeste: Estudios del español

Download III Encuentro de Lingüística en el Noroeste: Estudios del español PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : USON
ISBN 13 : 9789687713014
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis III Encuentro de Lingüística en el Noroeste: Estudios del español by : Zarina Estrada Fernández

Download or read book III Encuentro de Lingüística en el Noroeste: Estudios del español written by Zarina Estrada Fernández and published by USON. This book was released on 1996 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Nuevos estudios de lingüística hispánica

Download Nuevos estudios de lingüística hispánica PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UNAM
ISBN 13 : 9789683633217
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (332 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nuevos estudios de lingüística hispánica by : Juan M. Lope Blanch

Download or read book Nuevos estudios de lingüística hispánica written by Juan M. Lope Blanch and published by UNAM. This book was released on 1993 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics

Download The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119108918
Total Pages : 818 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics by : Manuel Diaz-Campos

Download or read book The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics written by Manuel Diaz-Campos and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-09-08 with total page 818 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of theoretical and descriptive research in contemporary Hispanic sociolinguistics. Offers the first authoritative collection exploring research strands in the emerging and fast-moving field of Spanish sociolinguistics Highlights the contributions that Spanish Sociolinguistics has offered to general linguistic theory Brings together a team of the top researchers in the field to present the very latest perspectives and discussions of key issues Covers a wealth of topics including: variationist approaches, Spanish and its importance in the U.S., language planning, and other topics focused on the social aspects of Spanish Includes several varieties of Spanish, reflecting the rich diversity of dialects spoken in the Americas and Spain

Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography

Download Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 042952109X
Total Pages : 867 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography by : Sergi Torner

Download or read book Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography written by Sergi Torner and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 867 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lexicografía hispánica/The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography presenta una panorámica integrada de la lexicografía del español. Supone un informe del estado actual y una prospectiva de futuro de la lexicografía de esta lengua bajo las posibilidades que hoy ofrece su tratamiento informático. Principales características: Capítulos dedicados a los aspectos semánticos, sintácticos, morfológicos, fonéticos, pragmáticos y ortográficos que recogen y permiten los diccionarios Análisis de rasgos ideológicos y antropológicos y atención a las consultas de los usuarios en busca de información Revisión sobre las tecnologías y los métodos actuales para la elaboración de diccionarios Estado de la cuestión sobre la investigación lexicográfica en la actualidad Análisis detallado de diccionarios generales, especializados y bilingües Lexicografía hispánica/The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography es una obra pensada para tener una visión global de la realidad, de las posibilidades y de las necesidades actuales en un sector vital de la lingüística aplicada y el procesamiento del español. Se trata de un recurso fundamental tanto para profesores como para estudiantes de lexicografía del español y de lingüística. Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography offers an integrated perspective on the lexicography of Spanish. It presents a report on the current state and insight on the future of the lexicography of Spanish relying on the possibilities that computer processing provides. Main features: Chapters that cover the semantic, syntactic, morphological, phonetic, pragmatic and orthographic aspects that are considered in dictionaries. Analyses of ideological and anthropological traits and a focus on the queries of users when searching for information. A revision of the current technology and methods for creating dictionaries. Current state of the art research on lexicography. A detailed analysis of general, specialized and bilingual dictionaries. Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography proposes a global overview of the reality, the possibilities and the needs of today in an essential branch of applied linguistics and the treatment of Spanish. This is an essential resource for instructors and students of Spanish lexicography and of linguistics.

Diachronic Applications in Hispanic Linguistics

Download Diachronic Applications in Hispanic Linguistics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 144389317X
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Diachronic Applications in Hispanic Linguistics by : Eva Núñez Méndez

Download or read book Diachronic Applications in Hispanic Linguistics written by Eva Núñez Méndez and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2016-05-11 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents specific topics in diachronic Hispanic linguistics. These topics include: lexical survivals in Ibero-Romance, Arabisms, lexical variation in early modern Spain, the origins of the confusion of b with v, Andalusian Spanish in the Americas, the expansion of seseo and yeísmo, processes of koineization, syntactic change in scribal documentation from the Middle Ages, and the semantic changes of the verbs ser, estar and haber. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the Spanish lexicon, phonetics, morphosyntax, dialectology and semantics with the input of ten prominent scholars. It focuses not only on relevant issues in the evolution of Spanish but also answers pertinent questions in the field such as: Why do we have Latin lexical survivals in Ibero-Romance and not in other Romance languages? What kind of social factors drove Arabic lexical borrowings? How did the advent of printing affect the standardization of the lexicon and orthography? What are the main theories to explain the confusion between b and v? How relevant was the role of the Andalusian dialect in the general historical evolution of Spanish in the Americas? What were the main social and demographic influences operating in the development of Spanish during the colonial period? How accurately did scribal practices represent the speech of the Middle Ages? How did ser (ESSERE), estar (STARE) and haber (HABERE) develop differently in Romance languages?

Spanish in the United States

Download Spanish in the United States PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780878402328
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Spanish in the United States by : John J. Bergen

Download or read book Spanish in the United States written by John J. Bergen and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 1990 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fifteen research linguists discuss the varieties of Spanish spoken in California, Iowa, Indiana, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, and Texas. They variously address language maintenance, syntactic variation, lexicography, language use and language teaching, and include studies on socioeconomic, political, and cultural aspects of language in the Spanish-speaking communities in the United States.

Linguistic Corpora and Big Data in Spanish and Portuguese

Download Linguistic Corpora and Big Data in Spanish and Portuguese PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110781468
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Linguistic Corpora and Big Data in Spanish and Portuguese by : Miguel Calderón Campos

Download or read book Linguistic Corpora and Big Data in Spanish and Portuguese written by Miguel Calderón Campos and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-10-21 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent decades, corpus linguistics has experienced tremendous development in the Hispanic world, along two opposite but complementary approaches: increase in corpus size (corpus linguistics as Big Data) and improvement in document selection and data annotation (corpus linguistics as High Quality Data). The first approach has led to the creation of massive corpora such as EsTenTen; at the same time, it has promoted the use of the web and social networks as corpora. The second perspective gives rise to specialized corpora such as Post Scriptum or Oralia Diacrónica del español (ODE). The contributions gathered in this volume combine both methods in order to exploit their advantages and to overcome their possible limitations. On the one hand, it addresses the creation and design of small corpora focused on data quality; on the other hand, it offers case studies that make use of both specialized corpora and massive data extracted from the web. Highlighting the complementary nature of both methods is the main idea of this book.

Address in Portuguese and Spanish

Download Address in Portuguese and Spanish PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110701235
Total Pages : 494 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Address in Portuguese and Spanish by : Martin Hummel

Download or read book Address in Portuguese and Spanish written by Martin Hummel and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2020-07-20 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume provides the first systematic comparative approach to the history of forms of address in Portuguese and Spanish, in their European and American varieties. Both languages share a common history—e.g., the personal union of Philipp II of Spain and Philipp I of Portugal; the parallel colonization of the Americas by Portugal and Spain; the long-term transformation from a feudal to a democratic system—in which crucial moments in the diachrony of address took place. To give one example, empirical data show that the puzzling late spread of Sp. usted ‘you (formal, polite)’ and Pt. você ‘you’ across America can be explained for both languages by the role of the political and military colonial administration. To explore these new insights, the volume relies on an innovative methodology, as it links traditional downstream diachrony with upstream diachronic reconstruction based on synchronic variation. Including theoretical reflections as well as fine-grained empirical studies, it brings together the most relevant authors in the field.

Bibliografía cronológica de la lingüística, la gramática y la lexicografía del español (BICRES V)

Download Bibliografía cronológica de la lingüística, la gramática y la lexicografía del español (BICRES V) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 9027267790
Total Pages : 964 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bibliografía cronológica de la lingüística, la gramática y la lexicografía del español (BICRES V) by : Miguel Ángel Esparza Torres

Download or read book Bibliografía cronológica de la lingüística, la gramática y la lexicografía del español (BICRES V) written by Miguel Ángel Esparza Torres and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2015-10-15 with total page 964 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of the still very valuable Biblioteca histórica de la filología by Cipriano Muñoz y Manzano, conde de la Viñaza (Madrid, 1893), our knowledge of the history of the study of the Spanish language has grown considerably, and most manuscript and secondary sources had never been tapped before Hans-Josef Niederehe of the University of Trier courageously undertook the task to bring together any available bibliographical information together with much more recent research findings, scattered in libraries, journals and other places. The resulting Bibliografía cronológica de la lingüística, la gramática y la lexicografía del español: Desde los principios hasta el año 1600 (BICRES) began appearing in 1994. BICRES I covered the period from the early beginnings to 1600), followed by BICRES II (1601–1700), BICRES III (1701–1800), and together with Miguel Ángel Esparza Torres of Madrid there followed BICRES IV (1801 to 1860). Now, the fifth volume, has become available, covering the years from 1861 to 1899. Access to the bibliographical information of altogether 5,272 titles is facilitated by several detailed indexes, such as a short title index, a listing of printers, publishers and places of production, and an author index. More than twenty years of research in the major libraries of Spain and other European countries have gone into this unique work — relative sources of the Americas have also been covered — making it exhaustive source for any serious scholar of any possible aspect of the Spanish language.

The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography

Download The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351599658
Total Pages : 810 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography by : Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography written by Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-02 with total page 810 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography provides a comprehensive overview of the major approaches to lexicography and their applications within the field. This Handbook features key case studies and cutting-edge contributions from an international range of practitioners, teachers, and researchers. Analysing the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries within the digital era, the 47 chapters address the core issues of: The foundations of lexicography, and its interactions with other disciplines including Corpus Linguistics and Information Science; Types of dictionaries, for purposes such as translation and teaching; Innovative specialised dictionaries such as the Oenolex wine dictionary and the Online Dictionary of New Zealand Sign Language; Lexicography and world languages, including Arabic, Hindi, Russian, Chinese, and Indonesian; The future of lexicography, including the use of the Internet, user participation, and dictionary portals. The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography is essential reading for researchers and students working in this area.

The Spanish Language Today

Download The Spanish Language Today PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134765487
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Spanish Language Today by : Miranda Stewart

Download or read book The Spanish Language Today written by Miranda Stewart and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-11-12 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Spanish Language Today describes the varied and changing Spanish language at the end of the twentieth century. Suitable for introductory level upward, this book examines: * where Spanish is spoken on a global scale * the status of Spanish within the realms of politics, education and media * the standardisation of Spanish * specific areas of linguistic variation and change * how other languages and dialects spoken in the same areas affect the Spanish language * whether new technologies are an opportunity or a threat to the Spanish language. The Spanish Language Today contains numerous extracts from contemporary press and literary sources, a glossary of technical terms and selected translations.