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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)
Download or read book NOx Sensor Development written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Liming Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 516 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (393 download)
Download or read book Development and Characterization of Ceramic-based NOx Sensors for Automotive Applications written by Liming Wang and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : D. L. West
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (316 download)
Download or read book Development of NOx Sensors for Heavy Vehicle Applications written by D. L. West and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary gaseous pollutants (excluding CO{sub 2}) produced by combustion of low-sulfur diesel fuel oxides of nitrogen (NO{sub x}), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (C{sub y}H{sub z}). The last two of these can be readily ameliorated by an oxidation catalyst in the O{sub 2}-rich environment of diesel exhaust but NO{sub x} can not.[1] For this reason NO{sub x} remediation strategies such as selective catalytic reduction (SCR) [2, 3] and the lean NO{sub x} trap (LNT) [4, 5] are being actively pursued. The ideal implementation of these strategies would employ NO{sub x} sensors to control reagent injection in the case of SCR and trap regeneration in the case of LNT. Two different NO{sub x} sensors for this application are at or near commercialization: An amperometric NO{sub x} sensor developed by NGK [6] and a 'mixed potential' NO{sub x} sensor developed by Riken [7]. The NGK sensor works by passing the sampled exhaust through a series of two chambers. In the first chamber O{sub 2} is pumped from the exhaust and in the second, NO{sub x} is decomposed electrochemically and the current from this decomposition is measured in order to determine [NO{sub x}]. Since the NO{sub x} concentrations can be small, on the 10's of ppm levels, the currents produced by decomposing the NO{sub x} can be small and difficult to measure accurately. The Riken sensor functions by passing the exhaust over a 'conversion electrode' that converts the NO{sub x} to NO{sub 2}. This NO{sub 2} is then sensed by a mixed potential sensing element.[8-10] Researchers at Ford evaluated the NGK sensor and observed the above shortcoming (poor for low [NO{sub x}]) as well as others [11] (e.g., asymmetric response to NO vs. NO{sub 2}) and were unable to obtain samples of the Riken sensor. Therefore a CRADA was initiated between Ford an ORNL to investigate the development of NO{sub x} sensors for diesel exhaust applications.
Download or read book Development of NOx Sensors for Heavy Vehicle Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A DOE CRADA was initiated in February 2000 between Ford Motor Company and the US Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The overall objective of the research agreement was to characterize the performance of emission sensors and identify potential areas of improvement and to develop improved insulating materials with a lower capacitance to minimize radio frequency (RF) interference. A bench-scale device was developed at ORNL to evaluate sensor performance. The test stand was designed to enable control of the gas composition, flow rate, and temperature. An air-actuated three-way valve was used to control the injection of the test gas in order to elucidate the transient behavior of the sensor. The major finding from the studies was that transient test results showed that response time of the sensor to NO was highly dependent on the temperature. The time constant decreased with increasing gas temperature and achieved a constant valve of 610 ms for temperatures greater than or equal to 350 C. The steady-state valves O2 and NOx pumping currents were measured under steady-state conditions using a picoammeter. The measured pumping currents were extremely low and required an electrically quiet environment for accurate readings. ORNL developed also modified the existing insulator material to decrease its dielectric constant in order to reduce radio frequency interference from the internal heater. This was accomplished by adding low dielectric constant sintering aids to alumina.
Author : Hisashi Sasaki
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 9 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)
Download or read book Development of an Al2O3/ZrO2-Composite High-Accuracy NOx Sensor written by Hisashi Sasaki and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 11 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)
Download or read book FY2011 Progress Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objectives are: (1) Develop an inexpensive, rapid-response, high-sensitivity and selective electrochemical sensor for oxides of nitrogen (NO3 for compression-ignition, direct-injection (CIDI) OBD II systems; (2) Explore and characterize novel, effective sensing methodologies based on impedance measurements and designs and manufacturing methods that are compatible with mass fabrication; and (3) Collaborate with industry in order to (ultimately) transfer the technology to a supplier for commercialization. Approach used is: (1) Use an ionic (O2−) conducting ceramic as a solid electrolyte and metal or metal-oxide electrodes; (2) Correlate NO3 concentration with changes in cell impedance; (3) Evaluate sensing mechanisms and aging effects on long-term performance using electrochemical techniques; and (4) Collaborate with Ford Research Center to optimize sensor performance and perform dynamometer and on-vehicle testing. Work in FY2011 focused on using an algorithm developed in FY2010 in a simplified strategy to demonstrate how data from controlled laboratory evaluation could be applied to data from real-world engine testing. The performance of a Au wire prototype sensor was evaluated in the laboratory with controlled gas compositions and in dynamometer testing with diesel exhaust. The laboratory evaluation indicated a nonlinear dependence of the NO3 and O2 sensitivity with concentration. For both NO3 and O2, the prototype sensor had higher sensitivity at concentrations less than H"0 ppm and H"%, respectively, compared to lower NO3 and O2 sensitivity at concentrations greater than H"0 ppm and H"0.5%, respectively. Results in dynamometer diesel exhaust generally agreed with the laboratory results. Diesel exhaust after-treatment systems will likely require detection levels less than H"0 ppm in order to meet emission regulations. The relevant mathematical expressions for sensitivity in different concentration regimes obtained from bench-level laboratory evaluation were used to adjust the sensor signal in dynamometer testing. Both NO3 and O2 exhibited non-linear responses over the concentration regimes examined (0-100 ppm for NO3 and 4-7% for O2). Adjusted sensor signals had better agreement with both a commercial NO3 sensor and FTIR measurements. However, the lack of complete agreement indicated that it was not possible to completely account for the nonlinear sensor behavior in certain concentration regimes. The agreement at lower NO3 levels (less than 20 ppm) was better than at higher levels (50-100 ppm). Other progress in FY2011 included dynamometer testing of sensors with imbedded heaters and protective housings that were mounted directly into the exhaust manifold. Advanced testing protocols were used to evaluate the sensors. These experiments confirmed the potential for sensor robustness and durability. Advanced material processing methods appropriate for mass manufacturing, such as sputtering, are also being evaluated. A major milestone for this past year was the licensing of the LLNL NO3 sensor technology to EmiSense Technologies, LLC. EmiSense has extensive experience and resources for the development of emission control sensors. A CRADA is in development that will allow LLNL to work in partnership with EmiSense to bring the LLNL NO3 sensor technology to commercialization. Ford Motor Company is also a partner in this effort.
Download or read book Small, Inexpensive Combined NOx Sensor and O2 Sensor written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has been successfully demonstrated in this program that a zirconia multilayer structure with rhodium-based porous electrodes performs well as an amperometric NOx sensor. The sensitivity of the sensor bodies operating at 650 to 700 C is large, with demonstrated current outputs of 14 mA at 500 ppm NOx from sensors with 30 layers. The sensor bodies are small (4.5 x 4.2 x 3.1 mm), rugged, and inexpensive. It is projected the sensor bodies will cost $5 - $10 in production. This program has built on another successful development program for an oxygen sensor based on the same principles and sponsored by DOE. This oxygen sensor is not sensitive to NOx. A significant technical hurdle has been identified and solved. It was found that the 100% Rh electrodes oxidize rapidly at the preferred operating temperatures of 650 - 700 C, and this oxidation is accompanied by a volume change which delaminates the sensors. The problem was solved by using alloys of Rh and Pt. It was found that a 10%/90% Rh/Pt alloy dropped the oxidation rate of the electrodes by orders of magnitude without degrading the NOx sensitivity of the sensors, allowing long-term stable operation at the preferred operating temperatures. Degradation in the sensor output caused by temperature cycling was identified as a change in resistance at the junction between the sensor body and the external leads attached to the sensor body. The degradation was eliminated by providing strong mechanical anchors for the wire and processing the junctions to obtain good electrical bonds. The NOx sensors also detect oxygen and therefore the fully-packaged sensor needs to be enclosed with an oxygen sensor in a small, heated zirconia chamber exposed to test gas through a diffusion plug which limits the flow of gas from the outside. Oxygen is pumped from the interior of the chamber to lower the oxygen content and the combination of measurements from the NOx and oxygen sensors yields the NOx content of the gas. Two types of electronic control units were designed and built. One control unit provides independent constant voltages to the NOx and oxygen sensors and reads the current from them (that is, detects the amount of test gas present). The second controller holds the fully-assembled sensor at the desired operating temperature and controllably pumps excess oxygen from the test chamber. While the development of the sensor body was a complete success, the development of the packaging was only partially successful. All of the basic principles were demonstrated, but the packaging was too complex to optimize the operation within the resources of the program. Thus, no fully-assembled sensors were sent to outside labs for testing of cross-sensitivities, response times, etc. Near the end of the program, Sensata Technologies of Attleboro, MA tested the sensor bodies and confirmed the CeramPhysics measurements as indicated in the following attached letter. Sensata was in the process of designing their own packaging for the sensor and performing cross-sensitivity tests when they stopped all sensor development work due to the automotive industry downturn. Recently Ceramatec Inc. of Salt Lake City has expressed an interest in testing the sensor, and other licensing opportunities are being pursued.
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Thin Film Mixed Potential Nitrogen Oxide Sensor Development for Stationary Reciprocating Engine Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed potential sensors using thin film Mg-doped LaCrO3 working electrodes, Pt counter electrodes, and thin film YSZ electrolytes on Al2O3 polycrystalline substrates were prepared and studied at 600 and 650 C in 10.4% O2/N2 balance and in air atmospheres for NO, NO2, CO, and hydrocarbon responses. The lanthanum chromite-based sensors showed preferential sensitivity to NO2 with cross sensitivity to CO and nonmethane hydrocarbons such as C3H6 and C3H. In contrast, sensors with spinel NiCr2O4 working electrodes show minimal sensitivity to NO2. The use of a heated Pt black pre-catalyst upstream to the sensor was demonstrated and the use of this pre-catalyst effectively removed the CO and hydrocarbon response however more work needs to be done to understand the NO/NO2 chemistry post catalyst. Studies conducted for up to 800 hrs at 600 C show minimal aging in these devices.
Author : Christophoros Christou Vassiliou
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (226 download)
Download or read book Reactive Based NOx Sensor written by Christophoros Christou Vassiliou and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diesel engines exhibit better fuel economy and emit fewer greenhouse gases than gasoline engines. Modern diesel technology has virtually eliminated carbon monoxide and particulate emissions. Sulfur oxide emissions have been eliminate by the use of ultra-low sulfur fuel. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions are still not in line with up-coming EPA regulations. NOx sensors are required for all catalysts being developed for reducing NO, emissions. There are no commercial NO, sensors at this time. This thesis describes work to develop a sensor based on molten alkali-carbonate salts. Preliminary results in a simulated exhaust environment indicate high-temperature stability and sensitivity to nitric oxide at 4.8 ppm levels. A method for the rapid investigation of electrolyte and electrode materials has been developed.
Download or read book ספר יוסף תקוה written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Dr. Anita Sharma
Publisher : K.K. Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Development Skills and Concepts through Educational Technology written by Dr. Anita Sharma and published by K.K. Publications. This book was released on 2021-09-10 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development Skills and Concepts through Educational Technology Skills are involved in construing the meaning of symbols used for conveying the conceptual content. These skills fall under broad categories namely literacy, numeracy and graphicacy. Literacy includes understanding terminology and explanations using words. Numeracy includes understanding mathematical notations for communication using numbers. Teacher knowledge of appropriate performance strategies for a learning activity is also required for guiding different work. For example, the teacher needs to know why and when to ask students to reconsider their choice of the numerical scale while plotting a graph. To gradually develop this skill, graphs involving one nominal variable, e.g., months of the year, have been found as good starting points for facilitating students to focus on numerical issues along a single dimension. Technology in education is most simply and comfortably defined as an array of tools that might prove helpful in advancing student learning and may be measured in how and why individuals behave. Educational Technology relies on a broad definition of the word “technology.” Technology can refer to material objects of use to humanity, such as machines or hardware, but it can also encompass broader themes, including systems, methods of organization, and techniques. Hope this book will be useful to students as a reference book and will be a priced collection for their own library. Contents: • Distance Education and Curriculum Technology • Attitude of Experimentation • Information Technology and Agriculture • Use the Internet to Teach Information Literacy • Manage Classroom Using Technology • Confidence-Based Learning, Sleep-Learning, Over-Learning, Observational Learning, Cooperative Learning and Operant Conditioning • Government Investment in Educational Technology, Methodology, Research and Development • Higher Education in Science and Engineering: An American Perspective on Educational Technology • Use of Distance Education in Non-formal Education: An Indian Perspective on Research in Distance Education
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 12 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Electrochemical NOx Sensor for Monitoring Diesel Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasingly stringent emissions regulations will require the development of advanced gas sensors for a variety of applications. For example, compact, inexpensive sensors are needed for detection of regulated pollutants, including hydrocarbons (HCs), CO, and NO(subscript x), in automotive exhaust. Of particular importance will be a sensor for NO(subscript x) to ensure the proper operation of the catalyst system in the next generation of diesel (CIDI) automobiles. Because many emerging applications, particularly monitoring of automotive exhaust, involve operation in harsh, high-temperature environments, robust ceramic-oxide-based electrochemical sensors are a promising technology. Sensors using yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as an oxygen-ion-conducting electrolyte have been widely reported for both amperometric and potentiometric modes of operation. These include the well-known exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor. More recently, ac impedance-based (i.e., impedance-metric) sensing techniques using YSZ have been reported for sensing water vapor, hydrocarbons, CO, and NO(subscript x). Typically small-amplitude alternating signal is applied, and the sensor response is measured at a specified frequency. Most impedance-metric techniques have used the modulus (or magnitude) at low frequencies (1 Hz) as the sensing signal and attribute the measured response to interfacial phenomena. Work by our group has also investigated using phase angle as the sensing signal at somewhat higher frequencies (10 Hz). The higher frequency measurements would potentially allow for reduced sampling times during sensor operation. Another potential advantage of impedance-metric NO(subscript x) sensing is the similarity in response to NO and NO2 (i.e., total-NO(subscript x) sensing). Potentiometric NO(subscript x) sensors typically show higher sensitivity to NO2 than NO, and responses that are opposite in sign. However, NO is more stable than NO2 at temperatures 600 C, and thermodynamic calculations predict (almost equal to)90% NO, balance NO2. Since automotive exhaust sensors will probably be required to operate at temperatures> 600 C, NO is the dominant component in thermodynamic equilibrium and the target NOx species. Also, the use of upstream catalysts could further promote the conversion of NO(subscript x) species to NO. Therefore, the focus of current work is to investigate the response to NO. Nevertheless, minimizing the sensitivity to a variety of competing species is important in order to obtain the accuracy necessary for achieving the emission limits. Mitigating the effect of interfering gases (e.g., O2, water vapor, HCs, etc.) is an area of current study. For impedance metric NO(subscript x) sensors, our previous work has demonstrated that the cross-sensitivity to O2 may be accounted for by comparing measurements at multiple frequencies. Other strategies for compensation are also being explored, including calibration using data from existing sensors located nearby. Our current work has made significant advances in terms of developing prototype sensors more suitable for commercialization. Also, dynamometer testing has provided real-world sensor performance data that will be useful in approaching potential suppliers to whom we can transfer the technology for commercialization. The advances are a direct result of understanding the sensing mechanisms responsible for impedance-based NO(subscript x) sensing and the effect of materials choice and sensor design/geometry.
Author : Serge Zhuiykov
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420047620
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Electrochemistry of Zirconia Gas Sensors written by Serge Zhuiykov and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-07-27 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to present a detailed analysis of the electrochemistry, development, modeling, optimization, testing, and technology behind modern zirconia-based sensors, Electrochemistry of Zirconia Gas Sensors explores how to tailor these sensors to meet specific industrial needs. The book addresses a range of different stages of development in zi
Author :
Publisher : The Electrochemical Society
ISBN 13 : 9781566774215
Total Pages : 478 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (742 download)
Download or read book Chemical Sensors VI written by and published by The Electrochemical Society. This book was released on 2004 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Scott Bisson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (452 download)
Download or read book Development of Laser-Based Sensors for VOC/NOx and Metals Emissions Monitoring, CP 1060-97 written by Scott Bisson and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project addresses the growing Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Energy (DOE) needs to monitor air emissions in order to comply with more stringent regulatory pressures, such as the Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA). Specifically, we are focused on the development of new technologies that will potentially increase the rapidity and degree of automation with which such measurements can be made. This project will culminate with the demonstration of two chemical sensing systems - one to measure gas-phase organic and inorganic molecular emissions, and the other to measure particulate and atomic metal emissions. The work is being done as a collaborative effort between Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). ORNL is responsible for the metal-emissions portion of the system; SNL is responsible for the molecular gas-phase portion.
Author : Edgar Lara-Curzio
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470291575
Total Pages : 611 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)
Download or read book 28th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites A written by Edgar Lara-Curzio and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-28 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A collection of Papers Presented at the 28th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites held in conjunction with the 8th International Symposium on Ceramics in Energy Storage and Power Conversion Systems.
Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Department of the Interior and Related Agencies
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)
Download or read book Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2003 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Department of the Interior and Related Agencies and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
