Novel Thyroid Hormone Target Genes In The Liver And Their Roles In Thyroid Hormone Signaling And Physiology

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Novel Thyroid Hormone Target Genes in the Liver, and Their Roles in Thyroid Hormone Signaling and Physiology

Author : Phani Kumar Talasila
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (835 download)

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Book Synopsis Novel Thyroid Hormone Target Genes in the Liver, and Their Roles in Thyroid Hormone Signaling and Physiology by : Phani Kumar Talasila

Download or read book Novel Thyroid Hormone Target Genes in the Liver, and Their Roles in Thyroid Hormone Signaling and Physiology written by Phani Kumar Talasila and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thyroid hormone plays a critical role in growth, development and energy metabolism. The identification of novel target genes of thyroid hormone would greatly inform our complete understanding of T3 physiology. I have studied two genes, SGK1 (serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase1), and ANGPTL4 (Angiopoietin like protein-4) as the potential target genes of thyroid hormone in the liver. SGK1, a component of the PI-3 kinase pathway, is ubiquitously expressed and plays a role in numerous physiological functions. Previous studies in our lab showed T3-mediated induction of SGK1, and also a PI-3kinase dependent phosphorylation of SGK1 by T3. As T3 induces and activates SGK1, I speculated that SGK1 might be contributing to T3- mediated transcription of its target genes. Dual luciferase assays following SGK1 activity inhibition by GSK650394 and T3 treatment, showed a dose-dependent decrease in the activity of the DR4 and CPT1alpha promoters. Also, real time PCRs performed following SGK1 activity inhibition and T3 treatment, showed a decreased induction of endogenous T3-target genes like G6P, PEPCK, and CPT1alpha suggesting that SGK1 is a modulator of transcriptional activity of T3. ANGPTL4 is expressed mainly in metabolic tissues like liver and adipose tissue. ANGPTL4 inhibits LPL activity, and the role of thyroid hormone in regulation of LPL has led me to hypothesize that T3 regulates ANGPTL4. My studies showed that T3 induces ANGTPL4 mRNA and protein. I have also looked at the role of PGC1alpha, a transcriptional co-activator, in the T3 regulation of ANGPTL4. PGC1alpha overexpression not only enhanced T3 induction of ANGPTL4, but also induced ANGPTL4 expression even in the absence of T3. However, T3 did not induce PGC1alpha which is contrary to the observations in rat livers. LPL assays using fluorescence based substrate DGGR were performed to look for the functional significance of T3 induction of ANGPTL4. The concentrated conditioned media samples from HepG2 cells treated with vehicle/T3 after ANGPTL4 siRNA knockdown were used for the LPL assays. However, there was no difference in LPL activities among the treatment samples at 8 hours or 24 hours. Thus, I have identified SGK1, a novel T3 target gene as a transcriptional modulator of T3 signaling, and ANGPTL4 as a novel T3 target gene in the liver, and signified the role of PGC1alpha in the T3 regulation of ANGPTL4.

Thyroid Hormone Metabolism

Author : Georg Hennemann
Publisher : Marcel Dekker
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 656 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Thyroid Hormone Metabolism by : Georg Hennemann

Download or read book Thyroid Hormone Metabolism written by Georg Hennemann and published by Marcel Dekker. This book was released on 1986 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Thyroid Hormone in Brain and Brain Cells

Author : Frédéric Flamant
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889197026
Total Pages : 108 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Thyroid Hormone in Brain and Brain Cells by : Frédéric Flamant

Download or read book Thyroid Hormone in Brain and Brain Cells written by Frédéric Flamant and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-01-21 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thyroid hormone signaling has been known for a long time to be required for proper neurodevelopment and the maintenance of cognitive functions in the adult brain. As thyroid hormone excess or deficiency is usually well handled by clinicians, research dedicated to the neural function of thyroid hormone, have not been a priority within the field. This is changing mainly for two reasons. First, new genetic diseases have been discovered, altering thyroid hormone signaling in brain (THRA, MCT8, SBP2), with neurodevelopmental consequences which are currently incurable. Second, there is a growing concern that exposition of the general population to environmental chemicals able to interfere with thyroid hormone signaling compromises children neurodevelopment or induces central disorders in adults. Finally thyroid hormone is acting directly on gene transcription, by binding nuclear receptors, and therefore is an interesting entry point to identify genetic programs controlling brain development and function. Reaching a broad understanding of the multiple processes involving thyroid hormone in brain is a tremendous task which will necessitate a multidisciplinary approach: animal genetics, molecular biology, brain imaging, developmental biology, genomics, etc... This topic will be the occasion to combine recent contributions in the field and to identify priorities for future investigations. Due to devastating consequences of congenital hypothyroidism, the neurodevelopmental consequences of altered thyroid hormone signaling have been extensively studied over the years. The discovery of new genetic diseases, the concern about the possible neurotoxicity of environmental thyroid hormone disruptors, recently renewed the interest for an important research field. This Ebook gathers reviews and original data from experts in various disciplines. It provides a broad view of ongoing research and outlines key issues for future investigation.

Transcriptional Programming by Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Maintains Normal Cell Identity and Suppresses Tumor Growth

Author : Noelle Elizabeth Gillis
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis Transcriptional Programming by Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Maintains Normal Cell Identity and Suppresses Tumor Growth by : Noelle Elizabeth Gillis

Download or read book Transcriptional Programming by Thyroid Hormone Receptor Beta Maintains Normal Cell Identity and Suppresses Tumor Growth written by Noelle Elizabeth Gillis and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall incidence of thyroid cancer has more than tripled over the past several decades, as has aggressive disease and mortality. The direct relationship between thyroid disease, thyroid hormone levels, and development of thyroid cancer is incomplete. Recent meta-analyses have indicated a higher risk of thyroid cancer for patients with thyroid diseases that reflect an altered thyroid-pituitary signaling axis, which can have profound impacts on the physiology of the thyroid gland. These largely unanswered questions regarding altered thyroid hormone signaling and its consequences for thyroid tumor growth present a significant clinical challenge. This dilemma may come from a lack of understanding of the target genes and pathways regulated by the thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRß), and how those pathways respond to the presence of the ligand, thyroid hormone. This dissertation addresses the fundamental link between the loss of thyroid hormone signaling mediated by TRß and thyroid cancer. Transcriptional regulation in response to thyroid hormone is a dynamic process that maintains cellular homeostasis and identity in all tissues. In the first part of this dissertation, I propose an updated model using an integrated genomics approach to profile and characterize the cistrome of TRß, map changes in chromatin accessibility, and capture the transcriptomic changes in response to thyroid hormone in normal thyroid cells. I demonstrate that thyroid hormone promotes significant shifts in TRß genomic occupancy, which are associated with differential chromatin accessibility, and differential recruitment of chromatin remodeling complexes. These results establish selective recruitment of different chromatin remodelers to TRß binding sites, revealing novel functions in regulating chromatin accessibility and gene expression. In total, this data supports a multi-modal regulation model for TRß interaction with chromatin with at least three distinct modes defined by their T3-dependent occupancy, changes in accessibility, and differential recruitment of chromatin remodelers. Altered gene expression programming in cancer cells is often a consequence of a loss of function of cell-type specific transcriptional control mechanisms. Genetic mutations and epigenetic silencing of TRß is characteristic of thyroid, breast, and other tumors, and the loss of expression can be a marker for dedifferentiation in thyroid cancers. TRß is recognized as a tumor suppressor and a positive prognostic indicator for increased survival. In the second part of this dissertation, I demonstrate that TRß regulates critical tumor growth suppression pathways in thyroid cancer cells. Induction of TRß signaling in thyroid cancer cells results in transcriptional reprogramming, and in reduced aggressive cancer phenotypes. This analysis identified TRß regulated pathways and selected nodes as potential therapeutic targets for the most aggressive endocrine cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer. This dissertation uncovers novel insights into thyroid hormone signaling and development of thyroid cancer, and bridges a significant gap in knowledge within the field. Taken together the studies presented there represent one of the most comprehensive profiles of TRß regulated gene expression and chromatin remodeling in normal and malignant cells

Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Gene Expression

Author : G.R. Williams
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Gene Expression by : G.R. Williams

Download or read book Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Gene Expression written by G.R. Williams and published by Springer. This book was released on 1994 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the historical perspective and physiological background of the role of thyroid hormones. In both specific target tissues and during development, it provides clinical perspectives and physiological and developmental implications of the interactions between retinoid and vitamin D3 signalling pathways.

The Thyroid Hormones

Author : Rosalind Pitt-Rivers
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483279227
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis The Thyroid Hormones by : Rosalind Pitt-Rivers

Download or read book The Thyroid Hormones written by Rosalind Pitt-Rivers and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology, Volume 1: The Thyroid Hormones focuses on the reactions, characteristics, and chemistry of thyroid hormones. The selection first offers information on the chemistry of thyroxine, iodinated compounds of the thyroid glands, and biosynthesis of the thyroid hormones. Discussions focus on the constitution of desiodothyroxine, diiodotyrosine, biological significance of the iodothyronines, rate of secretion of the thyroid hormone into the circulation, and formation of thyroxine from diiodotyrosine in vitro. The manuscript then takes a look at the transport and physiological actions of the thyroid hormones. Topics include thyroxine-binding by other serum proteins, extravascular fluids, and tissue proteins, effect on nitrogen and lipid metabolism, growth, maturation, and differentiation, and effect on the cardiovascular system and blood. The book examines the mechanism of action of thyroid hormones, extrathyroidal distribution and metabolism of iodine, and biochemical pathways of thyroid hormone metabolism. The text is a dependable reference for readers interested in the reactions, characteristics, and chemistry of thyroid hormones.

Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action

Author : Jack Oppenheimer
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323147453
Total Pages : 515 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)

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Book Synopsis Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action by : Jack Oppenheimer

Download or read book Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action written by Jack Oppenheimer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action focuses on the actions of thyroid hormones in eukaryotic cells. This book discusses the profound effects of thyroid hormones on the growth, development, and metabolism of practically all tissues of higher organisms. Organized into 15 chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the kinetic interrelationships of hormone bound to specific receptors and hormone associated with other tissue and plasma pools in living animals. This book then discusses the thyroid hormone receptor, a chromatin-associated protein that appears to mediate the actions of the thyroid hormones in mammalian cells. Other chapters consider the localization of the receptors in chromatin. This book further discusses how thyroid hormones stimulate the accumulation of specific mRNA molecules in cell culture as well as in tissues in vivo. This book is intended for readers who are interested in cell and molecular biology. Endocrinologists will also find this book extremely useful.

Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid

Author : Lewis E. Braverman
Publisher : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISBN 13 : 1975112970
Total Pages : 2140 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

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Book Synopsis Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid by : Lewis E. Braverman

Download or read book Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid written by Lewis E. Braverman and published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. This book was released on 2020-04-21 with total page 2140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through ten outstanding editions, Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text has been the go-to reference for the most comprehensive coverage of the thyroid, including anatomy, development, biochemistry, physiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of all thyroid disorders. Now in full color throughout, the 11th Edition of this award-winning text remains the clinician’s preferred source of authoritative information on the thyroid—an essential resource for all endocrinologists and thyroid surgeons.

NR Coregulators and Human Diseases

Author : Rakesh Kumar (Ph. D.)
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812819177
Total Pages : 615 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis NR Coregulators and Human Diseases by : Rakesh Kumar (Ph. D.)

Download or read book NR Coregulators and Human Diseases written by Rakesh Kumar (Ph. D.) and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a treasure for all those who have an interest in nuclear receptor coregulators and human diseases. Written by experts in the field, each chapter provides comprehensive, up-to-date information on the physiologic and pathologic roles of coregulators in specific organ systems, giving biomedical students; basic and clinical researchers; and educators in diverse sub-specialties a thorough summary of the overall subject. Readers will be able to understand the important current information and views on specific coactivators and corepressors and their roles in the pathogenesis of human diseases in areas outside their own expertise or experience. A special emphasis is placed on the OC classicOCO papers as well as perspectives on future directions for the field. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Nuclear Receptor Coregulators in Human Diseases (839 KB). Contents: Nuclear Receptor Coregulators in Human Diseases (R B Lanz et al.); p160 Coactivators: Critical Mediators of Transcriptional Activation by Nuclear Receptors (J H Kim & M R Stallcup); Regulation of Nuclear Hormone Receptor Functions by Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway (A Ismail et al.); Coregulators as Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors (R Kumar & A E Gururaj); A Central Role of SRC-3/AIB1 in Tumorigenesis (J Yan et al.); Thyroid Hormone Receptors, Coregulators, and Disease (M L Privalsky); Androgen Receptor Coactivators in Prostate Cancer (N L Weigel & I U Agoulnik); PGC-1 and Metabolic Control in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle (Z Arany & B M Spiegelman); Coregulators in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases (J N Feige et al.); Role of the RIP140 Corepressor in Metabolic Regulation (M G Parker et al.); Nuclear Receptor Corepressors and Metabolism (T Alenghat & M A Lazar); Coregulators in CNS Function and Disease (O C Meijer & E R de Kloet); Tissue Repair and Cancer Control Through PPARs and Their Coregulators (L Michalik & W Wahli); Coregulators and Inflammation (S Ghisletti & W Huang); Nuclear Receptor Coactivators in the Cardiovascular System (J-M Xu); Coregulators as Determinants of Selective Receptor Modulator (SRM) Activity (M C Pace & C L Smith); Coregulators in Toxicology (J Regg et al.); Nuclear Receptor Coactivators Co-ordinate Metabolic Responses to Hormonal and Environmental Stimuli (R M Evans et al.); Nuclear Receptor Cofactor Interactions as Targets for New Drug Discovery (L L Grasfeder & D P McDonnell). Readership: Academic, medical students, residents, fellow and biomedical research students."

Hormonal and Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Balance

Author : Maria Moreno
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889198855
Total Pages : 119 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Hormonal and Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Balance by : Maria Moreno

Download or read book Hormonal and Neuroendocrine Regulation of Energy Balance written by Maria Moreno and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-07-18 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alteration in adequate energy balance maintenance results in serious disturbances such as obesity and its related metabolic disorders. In Mammals, energy balance is homeostatically controlled through hormonal and neuroendocrine systems which cooperation is based on cross-talk between central and peripheral signals. The hypothalamus as well as peripheral hormones among which adipokines from adipose tissue and thyroid hormones play a crucial role in energy homeostasis. Unraveling the physiological, cellular and molecular mechanisms through which hormonal and neuroendocrine systems regulate energy balance has been a long-standing challenge in biology and is now more necessary when considering the world-wide increasing prevalence of obesity. Indeed, recognizing and understanding the biochemical and nutrient signaling pathways contributing to the nervous and endocrine integration of physiological mechanisms involved in the normal and/or abnormal regulation of energy balance is fundamental also to the development of new, effective, and targeted treatments for obesity. Recent studies have highlighted the role of hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin-expressing neurons in the regulation of energy homeostasis by controlling energy expenditure and food intake. This is accomplished through a precise balance of production and degradation of a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, an anorexigenic neuropeptide which is degraded to an inactive form unable to inhibit food intake by the key enzyme prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP), thus suggesting that pharmacologic approaches targeting PRCP may provide a novel and effective option for the management of obesity and its associated metabolic disorders. Indeed, efforts have been made to generate potent, brain-penetrant PRCP inhibitors. Weight loss due to negative energy balance is a goal for obese subjects not always reachable by dietary caloric restriction or increased physical activity. Lipid-lowering therapies have been suggested to have potential benefits, however, the establishment of comprehensive therapeutic strategies is still awaited. Recently, it has been reported that thyroid hormone (TH)- derivatives such as 3,5-diiodothyronine and 3-iodothyronamine possess interesting biological activities, opening new perspectives in thyroid physiology and TH derivatives therapeutic usage. Moreover, several studies, focusing on the interaction between thyroid hormone (TH), the autonomic nervous system and the liver, revealed an important role for the hypothalamus in the differential effects of TH on autonomic outflow to peripheral organs controlling energy balance. This Research Topic aims to give a comprehensive and integrate view of the factors involved in the endocrine and neuroendocrine signaling in energy balance regulation to highlight their involvement into physiological processes and regulatory systems as well as their perturbation during pathological processes.

Endocrinology

Author : S.S. Nussey
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780203450437
Total Pages : 382 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (54 download)

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Book Synopsis Endocrinology by : S.S. Nussey

Download or read book Endocrinology written by S.S. Nussey and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-06-15 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditionally, endocrinology textbooks have been either short notes or multi-author, multi-volume monster, all of which present clinical material last and often only briefly. Endocrinology is different and used real cases to lead readers into the text and then describes the biochemistry, physiology, and anatomy they need to understand the case. The

Thyroid Hormone Receptors

Author : Aria Baniahmad
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1592591744
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Thyroid Hormone Receptors by : Aria Baniahmad

Download or read book Thyroid Hormone Receptors written by Aria Baniahmad and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-05 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A panel of outstanding investigators surveys and explains the major cutting-edge methods used in thryroid receptor (TR) research and explains their practical experimental details. Described in step-by-step detail to ensure robust experimental results, the techniques presented cover a wide variety of key areas, including TR in development and knockout (mouse and Xenopus), transcriptional regulation by TRs in both cell-free systems and in living cells, and TR mutant analysis of patients. Additional methods provide powerful tools for the isolation of TR-regulated protein complexes, for studying the oncogene v-Erba in blood cell differentiation, and for target gene analysis in the brain. Microarray chip methods are also presented for analyzing the organs of transgenic mice to identify target genes in the liver.

Thyroid Hormone and Metabolites: Central Versus Peripheral Effects

Author : Grazia Chiellini
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889458989
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Thyroid Hormone and Metabolites: Central Versus Peripheral Effects by : Grazia Chiellini

Download or read book Thyroid Hormone and Metabolites: Central Versus Peripheral Effects written by Grazia Chiellini and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-07-19 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action

Author : Antonino Belfiore
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319446745
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (467 download)

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Book Synopsis Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action by : Antonino Belfiore

Download or read book Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action written by Antonino Belfiore and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides comprehensive coverage of the current knowledge of the physiology of the endocrine system and hormone synthesis and release, transport, and action at the molecular and cellular levels. It presents essential as well as in-depth information of value to both medical students and specialists in Endocrinology, Gynecology, Pediatrics, and Internal Medicine. Although it is well established that the endocrine system regulates essential functions involved in growth, reproduction, and homeostasis, it is increasingly being recognized that this complex regulatory system comprises not only hormones secreted by the classic endocrine glands but also hormones and regulatory factors produced by many organs, and involves extensive crosstalk with the neural and immune system. At the same time, our knowledge of the molecular basis of hormone action has greatly improved. Understanding this complexity of endocrine physiology is crucial to prevent endocrine disorders, to improve the sensitivity of our diagnostic tools, and to provide the rationale for pharmacological, immunological, or genetic interventions. It is such understanding that this book is designed to foster.

Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists

Author : David Chambers
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108463991
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists by : David Chambers

Download or read book Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists written by David Chambers and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-07-25 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Easily understood, up-to-date and clinically relevant, this book provides junior anaesthetists with an essential physiology resource.

Hormone Receptors: Structures and Functions

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443134561
Total Pages : 688 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis Hormone Receptors: Structures and Functions by :

Download or read book Hormone Receptors: Structures and Functions written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-09-01 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hormone Receptors: Structures and Functions, Volume 123 in the Vitamins and Hormones series, highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting chapters written by an international board of authors. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Vitamins and Hormones series Updated release includes the latest information on Hormone Receptors

70 Years of Levothyroxine

Author : George J. Kahaly
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030632776
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis 70 Years of Levothyroxine by : George J. Kahaly

Download or read book 70 Years of Levothyroxine written by George J. Kahaly and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-11 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book presents the history, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levothyroxine, discussing its role in the thyroid pathophysiology of patients of various ages and during pregnancy. It also describes the influence of levothyroxine on heart, bone and in cancer. When it was first synthesized in 1949, levothyroxine represented a significant advance in the treatment of hypothyroidism, providing a safe and effective treatment option for millions of hypothyroid patients around the globe. This synthetic form of thyroxine is now one of the most prescribed drugs in the world. Levothyroxine was first introduced by Merck KGaA,Darmstadt, Germany, in 1972, and since then the company has remained actively engaged in research on this mainstay of hypothyroidism treatment. This book is intended for healthcare professionals.