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Novel Concepts In Using Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies For Hiv 1 Treatment And Prevention
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Book Synopsis Novel Concepts in Using Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Treatment and Prevention by : Philipp Schommers
Download or read book Novel Concepts in Using Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV-1 Treatment and Prevention written by Philipp Schommers and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-09 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Complete Mapping of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Vaccines, and Drugs by : Adam S. Dingens
Download or read book Complete Mapping of HIV-1 Escape from Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies, Vaccines, and Drugs written by Adam S. Dingens and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The expansive global diversity of HIV-1 Env presents significant hurdles in developing a broadly protective vaccine. This diversity is a result of HIV Env’s exceptional evolutionary capacity, which allows it to evade the extraordinary diversity of the humoral immune system during infection. However, the evolutionary arms race between Env and humoral immunity occasionally drives the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of neutralizing diverse strains. Mapping the epitope specificity of bnAbs has revealed conserved regions of Env, which are promising targets for structure-based vaccine design. Additionally, bnAbs’ broad activity and potential to direct the killing of infected cells make them promising antiviral immunotherapeutic drugs for HIV prevention, therapy, and cure strategies. Translating bnAbs into vaccines and therapies will require both a detailed understanding of how bnAbs interact with Env as well as assessing their potential for viral escape. While structural studies provide atomic-level views of HIV-antibody interactions, they fail to reveal the functional interactions necessary for neutralization and the viral mutations that disrupt these interactions. Neutralization and binding assays using mutants can provide such information for specific mutations, but even the largest studies employing one-at-a-time mutagenesis can only assay a small fraction of all possible Env mutations. To overcome these shortcomings, we have developed mutational antigenic profiling, a deep mutational scanning approach that completely maps the functional interface between HIV and an antibody in a single massively parallel experiment. This involves generating libraries of HIV that carry all possible amino-acid mutations to Env (12,730 amino-acid mutations), incubating these viral libraries with or without an antibody, infecting T cells, and using deep sequencing to quantify the enrichment of each mutation in the antibody selected versus non-selected libraries. Profiling escape from bnAb PGT151 identified all previously known and revealed numerous additional escape mutations. Benchmarking these data against traditional neutralization assays further validated that we accurately quantified the effect of all amino-acid mutations to Env. Additionally, evaluating the effect of each amino acid at each site elucidated the biochemical mechanisms of escape throughout the epitope, highlighting the previously unappreciated role for charge-charge repulsions. To gain a broad view of HIV antibody escape, we mapped escape from a panel of nine bnAbs targeting the five best-characterized Env epitopes. Importantly, many of these bnAbs are being clinically developed as immunotherapeutics. While prior studies had defined each of these bnAbs’ structural epitope, our unbiased mapping defined their functional epitopes, or the sites at which mutations mediated escape in the context of replication competent viruses, for the first time. For most bnAbs, mutations at only a small fraction of structurally defined contact sites mediated escape, and escape often occurred at sites that are near but do not directly contact the antibody. Further, these data helped to interpret viral mutations observed in immunotherapy clinical trials—in vivo escape occurred in the functional epitope, some of which was previously missed since it was far from the structural epitope. Additionally, this data allowed for an unbiased quantification of the ease of viral escape for each bnAb, which we found is distinct from antibody breadth. We also mapped escape from a pool of two bnAbs; we found that there were no mutations that robustly escaped both antibodies, agreeing with the results of two recently completed clinical trials that administered this combination. Further, we profiled escape from two antibodies across multiple viral strains, providing the first unbiased quantifications of strain-specific differences in antibody escape. Next, we leveraged mutational antigenic profiling to directly refine structure-based vaccine design. We contrasted escape from bnAb VRC34.01 with escape from two murine antibodies that were elicited with immunogens based on the VRC34.01 epitope. This revealed distinct differences in the recognition of natural and vaccine-elicited antibodies, and provide a template to guide the iterative rounds of vaccine design. We then adapted this approach to better delineate the genotypic determinants of resistance to the only clinically approved HIV fusion inhibitor, enfuvirtide. Again, we identified both previously characterized and novel resistance mutations. Many resistance mutations were allosteric to the drug’s binding site, which shed light on diverse mechanisms of resistance. Further, this complete map of resistance may be of use in the clinical monitoring of resistance during therapy and the genotypic prediction of enfuvirtide sensitivity prior to treatment. Few protein-protein interfaces have been as heavily studied as those between bnAbs and Env, as these interactions provide the motivation for many HIV treatment and prevention efforts. Mutational antigenic profiling yields an unprecedented view of these interfaces, redefining out understanding of an antibody’s functional epitope. The complete maps of viral escape detailed in this thesis provide a mutation-level antigenic atlas for understanding viral immune escape and guiding the development of antibody immunotherapies and vaccines.
Book Synopsis Functional Screening for Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Identification of Dominant Adcc Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein by : Zehua Sun
Download or read book Functional Screening for Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Identification of Dominant Adcc Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein written by Zehua Sun and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-26 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Functional Screening for Potent Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Human Monoclonal Antibodies and Identification of Dominant ADCC Epitopes on HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein" by Zehua, Sun, 孫澤華, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: HIV/AIDS has become a global pandemic. Development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine eliciting broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bnmAbs) remains a big challenge. Novel approaches for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection may alleviate the burden caused by the pandemic. About 20% HIV-1-infected individuals can develop strong B cell response within 3-5 months after infection, and 3-5% HIV-1-infected individuals can generate high titers of bnAbs within 1-2 years during chronic infection. Many bnAbs have been isolated against different epitopes, including 2G12, 2F5, 4E10, m43, b12, x5, VRC01 like antibodies, PG9, PG16, PGT121-128 and 10E8. Most of these antibodies were isolated based on binding affinities. However, binding affinity does not necessarily correlate with neutralizing abilities. For the purpose of facilitating the bnmAbs screening, a novel methodology for isolating HIV-1 bnmAbs directly based on antibody neutralization activity has been developed. Immune recombinant full length IgGs libraries were displayed on target cell surface followed by sorting the cells by antibody neutralization ability. After several rounds of sorting, a panel of human cell-associated mAbs has been isolated that can neutralize various isolates from different Chinese clades when displayed on the surface of mammalian cells. Several isolated antibodies have been converted into soluble version for purification and characterization. Three mAbs (FS1416, FS1476 and FS1482) were identified to be able to neutralize several Chinese circulating viruses. These antibodies showed the complementary neutralizing profiles to existing antibody b12 which allows for a broadly neutralizing of 50% virus isolates from Africa and American. Our results indicate the discovery of novel antibodies which may have the application to use jointly with other existing antibodies to largely extend the current neutralizing spectrum. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been observed associated with the reduced risk of HIV acquisition in RV144 vaccine trial. And an increasing number of evidences shows that ADCC activity correlates with enhanced HIV-1 control, retards the progression of disease, strongly suggesting the importance of antibody effector functions in immune protection against HIV-1. HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp160 has been shown to be highly immunogenic and thus is considered as the most important target for immune protection. Although a few neutralizing epitopes which are targeted by human potent broadly neutralizing antibodies have been studied there was no study about ADCC epitopes on HIV-1. Here, this issue has been addressed by yeast display based epitope mapping of serum purified IgG from HIV-1 infected long term non progressors with different ADCC activities in China. As a result, four dominant ADCC epitopes were identified on HIV-1 HXB2 gp160. They were designated D1 (aa 72 to 133), D2 (aa 196-226), and D3 (254-275), which are located in gp120, and D4 (742-824) that is located in gp41. This study would provide a useful information in vaccine design to elicit both potent neutralizing and strong ADCC activity antibodies, which could be used for protection against HIV-1 infection. In summary, this novel methodology generated for functional screening of broadly neutralizing antibodies and potential
Book Synopsis Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Broadly Neutralizing Sera by : Laura M. Walker
Download or read book Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies and Broadly Neutralizing Sera written by Laura M. Walker and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many anti-viral vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies as a correlate of protection. For HIV-1, given the enormous variability of the virus, it is widely believed that the induction of a broadly neutralizing antibody (bNAb) response will be crucial in a successful vaccine against the virus. There are, however, major challenges in the development of immunogens that elicit bNAbs. Our strategy toward the rational design of an HIV-1 vaccine involves characterizing the epitopes of bNAbs and designing immunogens to re-elicit these types of antibodies.
Book Synopsis Novel Approaches for the Delivery of Anti-HIV Drugs by : José das Neves
Download or read book Novel Approaches for the Delivery of Anti-HIV Drugs written by José das Neves and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-05-20 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: HIV/AIDS continues to be one of the most challenging individual and public health concerns of the present day. According to the UNAIDS, nearly 38 million individuals were living with the infection by the end of 2018, while 1.7 million new cases occurred during that same year. In spite of the numerous advances in the development and delivery of antiretroviral agents, both for treatment and prevention, several challenges remain. This book includes original research and review articles on innovative strategies and approaches for the formulation and delivery of anti-HIV drugs, including genetic material and other biopharmaceuticals. Different local and systemic delivery strategies are addressed based on different technologies intended for oral, transdermal, subcutaneous, vaginal, or rectal administration. Authored by eminent scientists in academia and nonprofit organizations involved in the development of antiretroviral drug products, this collection provides useful information for all those involved in HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention.
Book Synopsis Optimal Combinations of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention and Treatments of HIV-1 Clade C Infection by :
Download or read book Optimal Combinations of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for Prevention and Treatments of HIV-1 Clade C Infection written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this study, the identification of a new generation of potent broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bnAbs) has generated substantial interest in their potential use for the prevention and/or treatment of HIV-1 infection. While combinations of bnAbs targeting distinct epitopes on the viral envelope (Env) will likely be required to overcome the extraordinary diversity of HIV-1, a key outstanding question is which bnAbs, and how many, will be needed to achieve optimal clinical benefit. We assessed the neutralizing activity of 15 bnAbs targeting four distinct epitopes of Env, including the CD4-binding site (CD4bs), the V1/V2-glycan region, the V3-glycan region, and the gp41 membrane proximal external region (MPER), against a panel of 200 acute/early clade C HIV-1 Env pseudoviruses. A mathematical model was developed that predicted neutralization by a subset of experimentally evaluated bnAb combinations with high accuracy. Using this model, we performed a comprehensive and systematic comparison of the predicted neutralizing activity of over 1,600 possible double, triple, and quadruple bnAb combinations. The most promising bnAb combinations were identified based not only on breadth and potency of neutralization, but also other relevant measures, such as the extent of complete neutralization and instantaneous inhibitory potential (IIP). By this set of criteria, triple and quadruple combinations of bnAbs were identified that were significantly more effective than the best double combinations, and further improved the probability of having multiple bnAbs simultaneously active against a given virus, a requirement that may be critical for countering escape in vivo. These results provide a rationale for advancing bnAb combinations with the best in vitro predictors of success into clinical trials for both the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Book Synopsis Vaccines E-Book by : Stanley A. Plotkin
Download or read book Vaccines E-Book written by Stanley A. Plotkin and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2012-09-22 with total page 1570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Apply the latest vaccination knowledge with a reference that Bill Gates calls "an indispensable guide to the enhancement of the well-being of our world." Inside Vaccines, you’ll find comprehensive and current coverage of every aspect of vaccination, from the development of each vaccine to its use in reducing disease. This medical reference book offers the expert information you need to apply the very latest techniques and information in your practice! Consult this title on your favorite e-reader, conduct rapid searches, and adjust font sizes for optimal readability. Gain a complete understanding of each disease, including clinical characteristics, microbiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as epidemiology and public health and regulatory issues. Update your knowledge of both existing vaccines and vaccines currently in the research and development stage. Get complete answers on each vaccine, including its stability, immunogenicity, efficacy, duration of immunity, adverse events, indications, contraindications, precautions, administration with other vaccines, and disease-control strategies. Analyze the cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of different vaccine options. Clearly visualize concepts and objective data through an abundance of tables and figures. Make optimal use of the latest vaccines for pneumococcal disease, rotavirus, human papillomavirus, herpes zoster, meningococcal disease, and much more. Stay at the forefront of new developments with completely updated chapters on malaria and HIV vaccines, a new chapter on vaccine regulations across the world, and many other revisions throughout.
Book Synopsis Humanized Mouse Models to Study Immune Responses to Human Infectious Organisms by : Qingfeng Chen
Download or read book Humanized Mouse Models to Study Immune Responses to Human Infectious Organisms written by Qingfeng Chen and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-03-28 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program Catalog by :
Download or read book AIDS Research and Reference Reagent Program Catalog written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book HIV-1 Latency written by Guido Silvestri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarizes recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency, in characterizing residual viral reservoirs, and in developing targeted interventions to reduce HIV-1 persistence during antiretroviral therapy. Specific chapters address the molecular mechanisms that govern and regulate HIV-1 transcription and latency; assays and technical approaches to quantify viral reservoirs in humans and animal models; the complex interchange between viral reservoirs and the host immune system; computational strategies to model viral reservoir dynamics; and the development of therapeutic approaches that target viral reservoir cells. With contributions from an interdisciplinary group of investigators that cover a broad spectrum of subjects, from molecular virology to proof-of-principle clinical trials, this book is a valuable resource for basic scientists, translational investigators, infectious-disease physicians, individuals living with HIV/AIDS and the general public.
Book Synopsis Exploring Novel Approaches to Eliminate HIV Reservoirs to Achieve a Cure for HIV by : Renee Marije Van Der Sluis
Download or read book Exploring Novel Approaches to Eliminate HIV Reservoirs to Achieve a Cure for HIV written by Renee Marije Van Der Sluis and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-04-07 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Antibody Fc written by Margaret Ackerman and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-08-06 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antibody Fc is the first single text to synthesize the literature on the mechanisms underlying the dramatic variability of antibodies to influence the immune response. The book demonstrates the importance of the Fc domain, including protective mechanisms, effector cell types, genetic data, and variability in Fc domain function. This volume is a critical single-source reference for researchers in vaccine discovery, immunologists, microbiologists, oncologists and protein engineers as well as graduate students in immunology and vaccinology. Antibodies represent the correlate of protection for numerous vaccines and are the most rapidly growing class of drugs, with applications ranging from cancer and infectious disease to autoimmunity. Researchers have long understood the variable domain of antibodies, which are responsible for antigen recognition, and can provide protection by blocking the function of their target antigen. However, recent developments in our understanding of the protection mediated by antibodies have highlighted the critical nature of the antibody constant, or Fc domain, in the biological activity of antibodies. The Fc domain allows antibodies to link the adaptive and innate immune systems, providing specificity to a wide range of innate effector cells. In addition, they provide a feedback loop to regulate the character of the immune response via interactions with B cells and antigen-presenting cells. - Clarifies the different mechanisms of IgG activity at the level of the different model systems used, including human genetic, mouse, and in vitro - Covers the role of antibodies in cancer, infectious disease, and autoimmunity and in the setting of monoclonal antibody therapy as well as naturally raised antibodies - Color illustrations enhance explanations of the immune system
Book Synopsis Clinical Immunology E-Book by : Robert R. Rich
Download or read book Clinical Immunology E-Book written by Robert R. Rich and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2022-08-23 with total page 1308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering unique, comprehensive coverage of both basic science and clinical scenarios, Clinical Immunology: Principles and Practice, 6th Edition, brings you up to date with every aspect of this fast-changing field. It examines the molecular, cellular, and immunologic bases of immunologic diseases and their broader systemic implications; it also includes complete coverage of common and uncommon immunologic disorders. Updated with all the latest immunologic research and clinical implications, including breakthrough immunotherapies and molecular-based treatment protocols, this fully revised edition provides authoritative guidance from some of the most respected global leaders in immunology in one complete, well-illustrated volume. - Includes extensive revisions that reflect rapidly expanding research and clinical advances, including breakthrough drug and immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapies for cancer, precision medicine, and transfusion medicine. - Contains new chapters on COVID-19, immune responses, and the role of the immune system; immunoregulatory deficiencies; immune checkpoints; CAR T cells, including new cellular-based immunotherapy; gene therapy, including CRISPR and gene selection; and a clinically focused chapter on asthma. - Provides new genetics content focused on data applications. - Addresses notable advances in key areas such as the importance of the microbiota to normal immune system development and to the pathogenesis of immunologic and inflammatory diseases; relationships between the innate and adaptive immune systems; progress in rapid and cost-effective genomics; cell signaling pathways and the structure of cell-surface molecules; and many more. - Covers hot topics such as the role of genetics and genomics in immune response and immunologic disease, atherosclerosis, recurrent fever syndromes, aging and deficiencies of innate immunity, the role of microbiota in normal immune system development and in the pathogenesis of immunologic and inflammatory diseases, and novel therapeutics. - Features a user-friendly format with color-coded boxes highlighting critical information on Key Concepts, Clinical Pearls, Clinical Relevance, and Therapeutic Principles. - Summarizes promising research and development anticipated over the next 5–10 years with "On the Horizon" boxes and discussions of translational research. - An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.
Book Synopsis Plotkin's Vaccines,E-Book by : Walter A. Orenstein
Download or read book Plotkin's Vaccines,E-Book written by Walter A. Orenstein and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2022-12-21 with total page 2574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the latest vaccination evidence, recommendations, and protocols . . . to new vaccine development and the use of vaccines in reducing disease, Plotkin's Vaccines, 8th Edition, covers every aspect of vaccination. Now completely revised and updated from cover to cover, this award-winning text continues to provide reliable information from global authorities, offering a complete understanding of each disease, as well as the latest knowledge of both existing vaccines and those currently in research and development. Described by Bill Gates as "an indispensable guide to the enhancement of the well-being of our world," Plotkin's Vaccines is a must-have reference for current, authoritative information in this fast-moving field. - Contains all-new chapters on COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy, and non-specific effects of vaccines, as well as significantly revised content on new vaccine technologies such as mRNA vaccines, emerging vaccines, and technologies to improve immunization. - Presents exciting new data on evolution of adjuvants across the centuries, dengue vaccines, human papillomavirus vaccines, respiratory syncytial virus vaccines, tuberculosis vaccines, and zoster vaccines. - Provides up-to-date, authoritative information on vaccine production, available preparations, efficacy and safety, and recommendations for vaccine use, with rationales and data on the impact of vaccination programs on morbidity and mortality. - Provides complete coverage of each disease, including clinical characteristics, microbiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment, as well as epidemiology and public health and regulatory issues. - Keeps you up to date with information on each vaccine, including its stability, immunogenicity, efficacy, duration of immunity, adverse events, indications, contraindications, precautions, administration with other vaccines, and disease-control strategies. - Covers vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccine science, and licensed vaccine products, as well as product technologies and global regulatory and public health issues. - Analyzes the cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness of different vaccine options. - Helps you clearly visualize concepts and objective data through an abundance of tables and figures. - Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Book Synopsis Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) by : King K. Holmes
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (Volume 6) written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Book Synopsis Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases E-Book by : James Cherry
Download or read book Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases E-Book written by James Cherry and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2013-10-05 with total page 5004 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Feigin and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases helps you put the very latest knowledge to work for your young patients with unparalleled coverage of everything from epidemiology, public health, and preventive medicine through clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and much more. Ideal for all physicians, whether in an office or hospital setting, Feigin and Cherry’s equips you with trusted answers to your most challenging clinical infectious disease questions. Meet your most difficult clinical challenges in pediatric infectious disease, including today’s more aggressive infectious and resistant strains as well as emerging and re-emerging diseases, with unmatched, comprehensive coverage of immunology, epidemiology, public health, preventive medicine, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and much more. Find the answers you need quickly thanks to an organization both by organ system and by etiologic microorganism, allowing you to easily approach any topic from either direction.
Book Synopsis Translational Informatics by : Bairong Shen
Download or read book Translational Informatics written by Bairong Shen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-20 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the translational informatics applied to most aspects of virus infection, including tracking of virus origin, detection and prevention of infection, drug discovery, and vaccine design as well as smart city-level monitoring and controlling of the virus epidemic by government. It covers the informatics for data mining and modelling at molecular, tissue/organ, individual, and population levels. The informatics for immunological mechanisms and the personalized prediction and treatment of infected patients are also summarized. The perspectives on the application of artificial intelligence to the prevention of virus outbreaks are also given. This book will be helpful to readers who are interested in prevention of virus infection, biomedical informatics, and artificial intelligence in medicine and healthcare.
