North British Type 2 B B Diesel Hydraulic Locomotives B R Class 22 Volume 2 Detailed Insights

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North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, B R Class 22 - Volume 2 - Detailed Insights

Author : Anthony P Sayer
Publisher : Pen and Sword Transport
ISBN 13 : 1399078283
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, B R Class 22 - Volume 2 - Detailed Insights by : Anthony P Sayer

Download or read book North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, B R Class 22 - Volume 2 - Detailed Insights written by Anthony P Sayer and published by Pen and Sword Transport. This book was released on 2024-09-30 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The British Railways Pilot Scheme orders of 1955 included six North British Type 2 diesel-hydraulic locomotives, these being introduced during 1959 for use on the Western Region. Without operational experience, a further fifty-two locomotives were delivered between 1959 and 1962. The fleet survived intact until 1968, when half of the class was withdrawn due to declining traffic levels across the UK, with successive National Traction Plans progressively selecting the less successful, non-standard and numerically-challenged classes for removal from traffic. All fifty-eight locomotives were withdrawn by New Years Day, 1972. This book, the second of two, builds on the overview of the class provided in Volume 1, and makes extensive use of available archive material and the personal observations of numerous enthusiasts. Previously unpublished information, covering the performance issues of these locomotives, form a central focus, together with details of fire incidents and accidents. Liveries and detail differences are given in-depth treatment to illustrate that there really were reasons and a logical progression behind the complicated series of design modifications applied to the Class. Volume 2 concludes with sections on storage, withdrawal and final disposal.

North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, B R Class 22 - Volume 2 - Detailed Insights

Author : ANTHONY P. SAYER
Publisher : Pen and Sword Transport
ISBN 13 : 9781399078276
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (782 download)

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Book Synopsis North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, B R Class 22 - Volume 2 - Detailed Insights by : ANTHONY P. SAYER

Download or read book North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, B R Class 22 - Volume 2 - Detailed Insights written by ANTHONY P. SAYER and published by Pen and Sword Transport. This book was released on 2024-09-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The British Railways 'Pilot Scheme' orders of 1955 included six North British Type 2 diesel-hydraulic locomotives, these being introduced during 1959 for use on the Western Region. Without operational experience, a further fifty-two locomotives were delivered between 1959 and 1962. The fleet survived intact until 1968, when half of the class was withdrawn due to declining traffic levels across the UK, with successive National Traction Plans progressively selecting the less successful, non-standard and 'numerically-challenged' classes for removal from traffic. All fifty-eight locomotives were withdrawn by New Years Day, 1972. This book, the second of two, builds on the overview of the class provided in Volume 1, and makes extensive use of available archive material and the personal observations of numerous enthusiasts. Previously unpublished information, covering the performance issues of these locomotives, form a central focus, together with details of fire incidents and accidents. Liveries and detail differences are given in-depth treatment to illustrate that there really were reasons and a logical progression behind the complicated series of design modifications applied to the Class. Volume 2 concludes with sections on storage, withdrawal and final disposal.

North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, BR Class 22 - Volume 1 - Setting the Scene

Author : Anthony P Sayer
Publisher : Pen and Sword Transport
ISBN 13 : 1399045067
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, BR Class 22 - Volume 1 - Setting the Scene by : Anthony P Sayer

Download or read book North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, BR Class 22 - Volume 1 - Setting the Scene written by Anthony P Sayer and published by Pen and Sword Transport. This book was released on 2024-07-04 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The British Railways ‘Pilot Scheme’ orders of 1955 included six Type 2 diesel-hydraulic locomotives built by the North British Locomotive Co., these being introduced during 1959 for use on the Western Region. Without operational experience, a further fifty-two locomotives were delivered between 1959 and 1962. The fleet survived intact until 1968, when approximately half of the class was withdrawn as a result of declining traffic levels across the UK, with successive National Traction Plans progressively selecting the less successful, non-standard and ‘numerically challenged’ classes for removal from traffic. All fifty-eight locomotives were withdrawn by New Years Day, 1972. This book, the first of two, sets the scene surrounding the short history of the Class 22s covering the introduction of the fleet, technical aspects, appearance design, delivery and acceptance testing, works histories and allocations. Detailed individual histories of each of the fifty-eight locomotives are included.

North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, B R Class 22 - Volume 2 - Detailed Insights

Author : Anthony P Sayer
Publisher : Pen and Sword Transport
ISBN 13 : 1399078291
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, B R Class 22 - Volume 2 - Detailed Insights by : Anthony P Sayer

Download or read book North British Type 2 B-B Diesel-Hydraulic Locomotives, B R Class 22 - Volume 2 - Detailed Insights written by Anthony P Sayer and published by Pen and Sword Transport. This book was released on 2024-09-30 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The British Railways Pilot Scheme orders of 1955 included six North British Type 2 diesel-hydraulic locomotives, these being introduced during 1959 for use on the Western Region. Without operational experience, a further fifty-two locomotives were delivered between 1959 and 1962. The fleet survived intact until 1968, when half of the class was withdrawn due to declining traffic levels across the UK, with successive National Traction Plans progressively selecting the less successful, non-standard and numerically-challenged classes for removal from traffic. All fifty-eight locomotives were withdrawn by New Years Day, 1972. This book, the second of two, builds on the overview of the class provided in Volume 1, and makes extensive use of available archive material and the personal observations of numerous enthusiasts. Previously unpublished information, covering the performance issues of these locomotives, form a central focus, together with details of fire incidents and accidents. Liveries and detail differences are given in-depth treatment to illustrate that there really were reasons and a logical progression behind the complicated series of design modifications applied to the Class. Volume 2 concludes with sections on storage, withdrawal and final disposal.

The North British Type 2 Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Classes 21 & 29

Author : Anthony P. Sayer
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1526742780
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis The North British Type 2 Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Classes 21 & 29 by : Anthony P. Sayer

Download or read book The North British Type 2 Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Classes 21 & 29 written by Anthony P. Sayer and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2019-03-30 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive history of these unique locomotives covers everything from performance issues to sightings, detail differences and liveries. The Type 2 Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Classes 21 & 29 locomotives were constructed by the North British Locomotive Company in the early 1960s. Used in the Scottish region of British Railway, they ran into numerous problems and were withdrawn from service within a decade. Due in part to their short careers, these locomotives remain something of a mystery to train enthusiasts. The scant information available on them is very often riddled with misinformation. This authoritative volume corrects the record, presenting the most comprehensive and accurate account of the NBL Classes 21 & 29. Fully illustrated with photographs and detailed line drawings, this volume offers individual locomotive histories, complete technical specifications, accident and fire damage reports, storage histories, and a complete account of their disposal at both private companies and Glasgow Works.

The Metropolitan-Vickers Type 2 Co-Bo Diesel-Electric Locomotives

Author : Anthony P. Sayer
Publisher : Pen and Sword Transport
ISBN 13 : 1526742829
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis The Metropolitan-Vickers Type 2 Co-Bo Diesel-Electric Locomotives by : Anthony P. Sayer

Download or read book The Metropolitan-Vickers Type 2 Co-Bo Diesel-Electric Locomotives written by Anthony P. Sayer and published by Pen and Sword Transport. This book was released on 2020-06-30 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thorough history of the Metropolitan-Vickers locomotive, also known as “Class 28,” featuring 160 color and black & white photos. This book provides an in-depth history of the Metropolitan-Vickers diesel-electric Type 2 locomotives, more frequently known collectively as the “Co-Bo’s” due to their unusual wheel arrangement. Twenty locomotives were constructed during the late-1950s for use on the London Midland Region of British Railways. The fleet was fraught with difficulties from the start, most notably due to problems with their Crossley engines, this necessitating the need for extensive rehabilitation work during the early-1960s. Matters barely improved and the option to completely re-engine the locomotives with English Electric units was debated at length, but a downturn in traffic levels ultimately resulted in their demise by the end of 1968 prior to any further major rebuilding work being carried out. Significant quantities of new archive and personal sighting information, supported by over 180 photographs and diagrams, have been brought together to allow dramatic new insights into this enigmatic class of locomotives, including the whole debate surrounding potential re-engining, their works histories, the extended periods in storage, together with in-depth reviews of the various detail differences and liveries.

Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309484529
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.

The Clayton Type 1: Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Locomotives—British Railways Class 17

Author : Anthony P. Sayer
Publisher : Pen and Sword Transport
ISBN 13 : 1526762013
Total Pages : 777 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis The Clayton Type 1: Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Locomotives—British Railways Class 17 by : Anthony P. Sayer

Download or read book The Clayton Type 1: Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Locomotives—British Railways Class 17 written by Anthony P. Sayer and published by Pen and Sword Transport. This book was released on 2021-05-30 with total page 777 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This informative, illustrated guide to the British Railways locomotive series covers its full production lifespan, from 1962–1965. In the early 1960s, the Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotive known as The Clayton was conceived as the new standard for British Railways, superseding other Type 1 classes. While the early classes suffered from poor driver visibility, the Claytons were highly successful and popular with operating crews. However, the largely untested high-speed, flat Paxman engines proved to be highly problematic. As a result, the Claytons were eventually withdrawn from BR service by December 1971. Anthony Sayer draws on considerable amounts of archive material to tell the full story of these ‘Standard Type 1’ locomotives and the issues surrounding their rise and fall. Further sources provide insights into the effort and money expended on the Claytons in a desperate attempt to improve their reliability. Supported by over 280 photographs and diagrams, dramatic new insights into this troubled class have been assembled for both historians and modelers alike.

Design and Development of Heavy Duty Diesel Engines

Author : P. A. Lakshminarayanan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811509700
Total Pages : 914 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Design and Development of Heavy Duty Diesel Engines by : P. A. Lakshminarayanan

Download or read book Design and Development of Heavy Duty Diesel Engines written by P. A. Lakshminarayanan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-05 with total page 914 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended to serve as a comprehensive reference on the design and development of diesel engines. It talks about combustion and gas exchange processes with important references to emissions and fuel consumption and descriptions of the design of various parts of an engine, its coolants and lubricants, and emission control and optimization techniques. Some of the topics covered are turbocharging and supercharging, noise and vibrational control, emission and combustion control, and the future of heavy duty diesel engines. This volume will be of interest to researchers and professionals working in this area.

Energiya-Buran

Author : Bart Hendrickx
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 038773984X
Total Pages : 541 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (877 download)

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Book Synopsis Energiya-Buran by : Bart Hendrickx

Download or read book Energiya-Buran written by Bart Hendrickx and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-12-05 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This absorbing book describes the long development of the Soviet space shuttle system, its infrastructure and the space agency’s plans to follow up the first historic unmanned mission. The book includes comparisons with the American shuttle system and offers accounts of the Soviet test pilots chosen for training to fly the system, and the operational, political and engineering problems that finally sealed the fate of Buran and ultimately of NASA’s Shuttle fleet.

Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE 2019)

Author : Andrey A. Radionov
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303022063X
Total Pages : 1449 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE 2019) by : Andrey A. Radionov

Download or read book Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE 2019) written by Andrey A. Radionov and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 1449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights recent findings in industrial, manufacturing and mechanical engineering, and provides an overview of the state of the art in these fields, mainly in Russia and Eastern Europe. A broad range of topics and issues in modern engineering are discussed, including the dynamics of machines and working processes, friction, wear and lubrication in machines, surface transport and technological machines, manufacturing engineering of industrial facilities, materials engineering, metallurgy, control systems and their industrial applications, industrial mechatronics, automation and robotics. The book gathers selected papers presented at the 5th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE), held in Sochi, Russia in March 2019. The authors are experts in various fields of engineering, and all papers have been carefully reviewed. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to a wide readership, including mechanical and production engineers, lecturers in engineering disciplines, and engineering graduates.

Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection - MPES 2019

Author : Erkan Topal
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030339548
Total Pages : 515 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection - MPES 2019 by : Erkan Topal

Download or read book Proceedings of the 28th International Symposium on Mine Planning and Equipment Selection - MPES 2019 written by Erkan Topal and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-29 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This conference proceedings presents the research papers in the field of mine planning and mining equipment including themes such as mine automation, rock mechanics, drilling, blasting, tunnelling and excavation engineering. The papers presents the recent advancement and the application of a range of technologies in the field of mining industry. It is of interest to the professionals who practice in mineral industry including but not limited to engineers, consultants, managers, academics, scientist, and government staff.

Vibration Engineering and Technology of Machinery

Author : José Manoel Balthazar
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030606945
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

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Book Synopsis Vibration Engineering and Technology of Machinery by : José Manoel Balthazar

Download or read book Vibration Engineering and Technology of Machinery written by José Manoel Balthazar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume gathers the latest advances, innovations and applications in the field of vibration and technology of machinery, as presented by leading international researchers and engineers at the XV International Conference on Vibration Engineering and Technology of Machinery (VETOMAC), held in Curitiba, Brazil on November 10-15, 2019. Topics include concepts and methods in dynamics, dynamics of mechanical and structural systems, dynamics and control, condition monitoring, machinery and structural dynamics, rotor dynamics, experimental techniques, finite element model updating, industrial case studies, vibration control and energy harvesting, and MEMS. The contributions, which were selected through a rigorous international peer-review process, share exciting ideas that will spur novel research directions and foster new multidisciplinary collaborations.

Advances in Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering

Author : Ranganath M. Singari
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811585423
Total Pages : 1180 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering by : Ranganath M. Singari

Download or read book Advances in Manufacturing and Industrial Engineering written by Ranganath M. Singari and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-13 with total page 1180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents selected peer reviewed papers from the International Conference on Advanced Production and Industrial Engineering (ICAPIE 2019). It covers a wide range of topics and latest research in mechanical systems engineering, materials engineering, micro-machining, renewable energy, industrial and production engineering, and additive manufacturing. Given the range of topics discussed, this book will be useful for students and researchers primarily working in mechanical and industrial engineering, and energy technologies.

The B T H and North British Type 1 Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Locomotives - British Railways Classes 15 and 16

Author : Anthony P. Sayer
Publisher : Pen and Sword Transport
ISBN 13 : 1526761971
Total Pages : 765 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis The B T H and North British Type 1 Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Locomotives - British Railways Classes 15 and 16 by : Anthony P. Sayer

Download or read book The B T H and North British Type 1 Bo-Bo Diesel-Electric Locomotives - British Railways Classes 15 and 16 written by Anthony P. Sayer and published by Pen and Sword Transport. This book was released on 2021-12-30 with total page 765 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The British Railways ‘Pilot Scheme’ orders of 1955 included ten BTH and ten NBL Type 1 locomotives, these being introduced during 1957-61 for use in East London, and on the Great Eastern and London, Tilbury & Southend lines. The BTH fleet subsequently expanded to forty-four, as a consequence of their light axle-loading and the availability of spare manufacturing capacity which BR chose to exploit in their quest to eliminate steam traction. Further construction of these two classes ceased after the fifty-four units, with preference being given to the highly reliable English Electric product which by mid-1962 had proliferated to 128 examples. The NBL fleet survived until 1968, being withdrawn after ten years of indifferent performance. The BTH locomotives followed by 1971, although four lingered on as carriage pre-heating units. Dramatic reductions in goods traffic during the 1960s/70s particularly impacted local trip and transfer freight duties, the ‘bread and butter’ work for the Type 1s, and it was inevitable that the less successful classes were retired from traffic first. This book looks at the short history of these two classes, making extensive use of archive sources, combined with the primary observations of numerous enthusiasts. Previously unpublished information, covering the introduction, appearance design and performance issues of the locomotives, form a central focus, and, allocations, works histories, storage and disposals, liveries and detail differences are covered in the same level of detail as previous volumes in the ‘Locomotive Portfolio” series.

Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Hydrocarbons

Author : Kirsten Heimann
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811002010
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Hydrocarbons by : Kirsten Heimann

Download or read book Biodegradation and Bioconversion of Hydrocarbons written by Kirsten Heimann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book details three main topics: the screening and characterization of hydrocarbons from air, soil and water; technologies in the biodegradation of hydrocarbons; and the bioconversion of hydrocarbons for biofuel/chemicals, as well as recent developments in the remediation of hydrocarbons and their environmental benefits. The first section focuses on screening methods, qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrocarbons from soil, air and water environments, speciation of hydrocarbons, and natural bioremediation strategies in such environments. The second section examines technologies for removing hydrocarbon contaminants from various environments, especially advanced technologies for the removal of hydrocarbons and in-situ and ex-situ remediation strategies and problems, as well as concrete case studies. The last section, covering the bioconversion of hydrocarbons for biofuel/chemicals, highlights the biochemicals and bioproducts developed from hydrocarbons, with a particular focus on biochemical and chemical technologies used to produce biopolymers, biofuel precursors and commodity chemicals from hydrocarbons.

Railway Management and Engineering

Author : V Profillidis
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351150839
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis Railway Management and Engineering by : V Profillidis

Download or read book Railway Management and Engineering written by V Profillidis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-30 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a rapidly changing world, with increasing competition in all sectors of transportation, railways are in a period of restructuring their management and technology. New methods of organization are introduced, commercial and tariff policies change radically, a more entrepreneurial spirit is required. At the same time, new high-speed tracks are being constructed and old tracks are renewed, high-comfort rolling stock vehicles are being introduced, logistics and combined transport are being developed. Awareness of environmental issues and search for greater safety give to the railways a new role within the transportation system. Meanwhile, methods of analysis have significantly evolved, principally due to computer applications and new ways of thinking and approaching old problems. Therefore it becomes necessary to come up with a new scientific approach to tackle management and engineering aspects of railways, to understand in-depth the origins and inter-relationships of the various situations and phenomena and to suggest the appropriate methods and solutions to solve the various emerging problems. This book aims to cover the need for a new scientific approach for railways. It is written for railway managers, economists and engineers, consulting economists and engineers, students of schools of engineering, transportation and management. The book is divided into three distinct parts: Part A deals with the management of railways, Part B deals with the track and, Part C deals with rolling stock and environmental topics. Each chapter of the book contains the necessary theoretical analysis of the phenomena studied, the recommended solutions, applications, charts and design of the specific railway component. In this way, both the requirement for a theoretical analysis is met, and the need of the railway manager and engineer for tables, nomographs, regulations, etc. is satisfied. Railways in Europe have separated activities of infrastructure from those of operation. In other parts of the world, however, railways remain unified. The book addresses both situation. Railways present great differences in their technologies. Something may be valid for one such technology, but not for another. To overcome this problem, regulations of the International Union of Railways (UIC) as well as European Standardization (CEN) have been used to the greatest extent possible. Whenever a specific technology or method is presented, the limits of its application are clearly emphasized.