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Nonproliferation And Threat Reduction Assistance Us Programs In The Former Soviet Union
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Book Synopsis Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance by : Amy F. Woolf
Download or read book Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance written by Amy F. Woolf and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-06 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Congress passed the Nunn-Lugar amendment, authorizing U.S. threat reduction assistance to the former Soviet Union, in Nov. 1991, after a failed coup in Moscow and the disintegration of the Soviet Union raised concerns about the safety and security of Soviet nuclear weapons. The annual program has grown from $400 million to over $1 billion/year across 3 agencies. It has also evolved from an emergency response to impending chaos in the Soviet Union, to a more comprehensive threat reduction and non-proliferation effort, to a broader program seeking to keep nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons from leaking into the hands of rogue nations or terrorists. This report discusses issues related to U.S. non-proliferation and threat reduction assistance. Illus.
Book Synopsis Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union by :
Download or read book Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Congress passed the Nunn-Lugar amendment, authorizing U.S. threat reduction assistance to the former Soviet Union, in November 1991, after a failed coup in Moscow and the disintegration of the Soviet Union raised concerns about the safety and security of Soviet nuclear weapons. The annual program has grown from $400 million in the DOD budget around $1.1 billion across three agencies DOD, DOE, and the State Department. It has also evolved from an emergency response to impending chaos in the Soviet Union, to a more comprehensive threat reduction and nonproliferation effort, to a broader program seeking to keep nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons from leaking out of the former Soviet Union and into the hands of rogue nations or terrorist groups. The Department of Defense manages the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program, which provides Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan with assistance in transporting, storing, and dismantling nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. U.S. assistance has helped these nations eliminate the delivery systems for nuclear weapons under the START I Treaty, secure weapons storage areas, construct a storage facility for nuclear materials removed from weapons, construct a destruction facility for chemical weapons, and secure biological weapons materials.
Book Synopsis Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance by :
Download or read book Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Dismantling the Cold War by : John M. Shields
Download or read book Dismantling the Cold War written by John M. Shields and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program has since authorized more than $1.5 billion for a wide array of weapons destruction, demilitarization, nuclear security, and nonproliferation activities in the Newly Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union.
Book Synopsis The Biological Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense by : National Research Council
Download or read book The Biological Threat Reduction Program of the Department of Defense written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-10-10 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Congressionally-mandated report identifies areas for further cooperation with Russia and other states of the former Soviet Union under the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program of the Department of Defense in the specific area of prevention of proliferation of biological weapons. The report reviews relevant U.S. government programs, and particularly the CTR program, and identifies approaches for overcoming obstacles to cooperation and for increasing the long-term impact of the program. It recommends strong support for continuation of the CTR program.
Book Synopsis Increasing Our Nonproliferation Efforts in the Former Soviet Union by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
Download or read book Increasing Our Nonproliferation Efforts in the Former Soviet Union written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on Europe Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :112 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 ( download)
Book Synopsis U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction and Nonproliferation Programs by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on Europe
Download or read book U.S. Cooperative Threat Reduction and Nonproliferation Programs written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on Europe and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Nonproliferation Programs of the Department of State by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
Download or read book Nonproliferation Programs of the Department of State written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Global Threat Reduction by : Sharon A. Squassoni
Download or read book Global Threat Reduction written by Sharon A. Squassoni and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2006 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalizing cooperative threat reduction : a survey of options / Sharon Squassoni -- Nunn-Lugar cooperative threat reduction programs / Amy F. Woolf -- Nuclear threat reduction measures for India and Pakistan / Sharon Squassoni -- Expanding threat reduction and nonproliferation programs / Amy F. Woolf
Download or read book Weapons of Mass Destruction written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia inherited the world's largest arsenal of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. The Soviets' extensive military resources and autocratic rule allowed it to maintain and secure this vast arsenal. As Russia adopted economic reforms and moved toward an open society, its economy and central controls deteriorated, making it difficult to maintain security at these weapons sites. Recognizing these difficulties, the Congress authorized funds for programs to help destroy Russian weapons and improve WMD security. The events of September 11th have increased U.S. concerns that terrorists might obtain nuclear materials or weapons at poorly secured sites. GAO has reviewed U.S. threat reduction and nonproliferation efforts in Russia since 1993. Over the past decade, the United States has responded to increased proliferation risks in Russia by providing $6.4 billion for Departments of Defense, Energy, and State programs in the former Soviet Union. The United States has made important progress in three areas. First, the Department of Defense helped destroy 463 Russian nuclear submarines, long-range bombers, and strategic missiles to support Russia's efforts to meet treaty requirements. Second, the Department of Energy installed security systems that helped protect 32 percent of Russia's weapons-usable nuclear material. Third, the United States supplemented the income of thousands of Russian weapons scientists so they would be less inclined to sell their skills to countries of concern. However, U.S. threat reduction and nonproliferation programs have consistently faced two critical challenges: (1) the Russian government has not always paid its agreed-upon share of program costs and (2) Russian ministries have often denied U.S. officials access to key nuclear and biological sites. Regarding program costs, Russia did not pay, for example, its previously agreed-upon share of $275 million to design and build a nuclear storage site at Mayak. As of January 2003, the United States plans to spend $385 million for a scaled-down version of this site. Russia has also failed to pay operation and maintenance costs for security equipment the United States installed at sites with weapons-usable nuclear material. As a result, DOE plans to spend an additional $171 million to ensure that this equipment is properly maintained. Regarding access, Russia will not allow DOD and DOE the level of access they require to design security improvements, verify their installation, and ensure their proper operation. As a result, the agencies have been unable to help protect substantial portions of Russia's nuclear warheads and weapons-usable nuclear material. In addition, many Russian biological sites that store dangerous biological pathogens remain off-limits to the United States. Russia justifies these access restrictions on the grounds that it is protecting its national security interests.
Book Synopsis Weapons of Mass Destruction by : United States. General Accounting Office
Download or read book Weapons of Mass Destruction written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Global Security Engagement by : National Academy of Sciences
Download or read book Global Security Engagement written by National Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-08-29 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The government's first Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) programs were created in 1991 to eliminate the former Soviet Union's nuclear, chemical, and other weapons and prevent their proliferation. The programs have accomplished a great deal: deactivating thousands of nuclear warheads, neutralizing chemical weapons, converting weapons facilities for peaceful use, and redirecting the work of former weapons scientists and engineers, among other efforts. Originally designed to deal with immediate post-Cold War challenges, the programs must be expanded to other regions and fundamentally redesigned as an active tool of foreign policy that can address contemporary threats from groups that are that are agile, networked, and adaptable. As requested by Congress, Global Security Engagement proposes how this goal can best be achieved. To meet the magnitude of new security challenges, particularly at the nexus of weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, Global Security Engagement recommends a new, more flexible, and responsive model that will draw on a broader range of partners than current programs have. The White House, working across the Executive Branch and with Congress, must lead this effort.
Download or read book Nuclear Security written by and published by Hoover Institution Press. This book was released on 2014-09-01 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concern about the threat posed by nuclear weapons has preoccupied the United States and presidents of the United States since the beginning of the nuclear era. Nuclear Security draws from papers presented at the 2013 meeting of the American Nuclear Society examining worldwide efforts to control nuclear weapons and ensure the safety of the nuclear enterprise of weapons and reactors against catastrophic accidents. The distinguished contributors, all known for their long-standing interest in getting better control of the threats posed by nuclear weapons and reactors, discuss what we can learn from past successes and failures and attempt to identify the key ingredients for a road ahead that can lead us toward a world free of nuclear weapons. The authors review historical efforts to deal with the challenge of nuclear weapons, with a focus on the momentous arms control negotiations between U.S. president Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev. They offer specific recommendations for reducing risks that should be adopted by the nuclear enterprise, both military and civilian, in the United States and abroad. Since the risks posed by the nuclear enterprise are so high, they conclude, no reasonable effort should be spared to ensure safety and security.
Book Synopsis Countering Biological Threats by : National Research Council
Download or read book Countering Biological Threats written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-05-27 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to a request from the U.S. Congress, this book examines how the unique experience and extensive capabilities of the Department of Defense (DOD) can be extended to reduce the threat of bioterrorism within developing countries outside the former Soviet Union (FSU). During the past 12 years, DOD has invested $800 million in reducing the risk from bioterrorism with roots in the states of the FSU. The program's accomplishments are many fold. The risk of bioterrorism in other countries is too great for DOD not to be among the leaders in addressing threats beyond the FSU. Taking into account possible sensitivities about a U.S. military presence, DOD should engage interested governments in about ten developing countries outside the FSU in biological threat reduction programs during the next five years. Whenever possible, DOD should partner with other organizations that have well established humanitarian reputations in the countries of interest. For example, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the World Health Organization should be considered as potential partners.
Book Synopsis Nuclear nonproliferation U.S. efforts to help other countries combat nuclear smuggling need strengthened coordination and planning by :
Download or read book Nuclear nonproliferation U.S. efforts to help other countries combat nuclear smuggling need strengthened coordination and planning written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia by : Russian Academy of Sciences
Download or read book Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia written by Russian Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-02-27 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In July 2005, the National Academies released the report Biological Science and Biotechnology in Russia: Controlling Diseases and Enhancing Security. The report offered a number of recommendations that could help restore Russia's ability to join with the United States and the broader international community in leading an expanded global effort to control infectious diseases. A proposed bilateral intergovernmental commission could play a pivotal role toward that end as cooperation moves from assistance to partnership. The report proposed the establishment of two model State Sanitary Epidemiological Surveillance Centers in Russia, more focused support of competitively selected Russian research groups as centers of excellence, the promotion of investments in biotechnology niches that are well suited for Russian companies, and expanded opportunities for young scientists to achieve scientific leadership positions in Russia. Also, the report highlighted the importance of U.S. programs that support the integration of former Soviet defense scientists with civilian researchers who had not been involved in military-related activities.
Book Synopsis Overcoming Impediments to U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation by : National Research Council
Download or read book Overcoming Impediments to U.S.-Russian Cooperation on Nuclear Nonproliferation written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-05-05 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences convened a joint workshop to identify methods of overcoming impediments to cooperation between the United States and Russia on nonproliferation. The workshop emphasized approaches and techniques that have already been shown to work in U.S.-Russian programs and that might be applied in other areas. The workshop was intended to facilitate frank discussion between individuals in the United States and Russia who have some responsibility for cooperative nonproliferation programs in the hope of identifying both the impediments to cooperation and potential methods of addressing them. This report summarizes the discussions at the workshop.
