Non Muslims In Muslim Majority Societies With Focus On The Middle East And Pakistan

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Non-Muslims in Muslim Majority Societies

Author : Kajsa Ahlstand
Publisher : Lutterworth Press
ISBN 13 : 0718843010
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (188 download)

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Book Synopsis Non-Muslims in Muslim Majority Societies by : Kajsa Ahlstand

Download or read book Non-Muslims in Muslim Majority Societies written by Kajsa Ahlstand and published by Lutterworth Press. This book was released on 2011-09-29 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a world where almost all societies are multi-religious and multi-ethnic, we need to study how social cohesion can be achieved in different contexts. In some geographical areas, as in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent, people of different religious belonging have, through the ages, lived side by side, sometimes in harmony and sometimes in dissonance. In other geographical regions, as in Scandinavia, societies have been quite religiously homogeneous but only recently challenged by immigration.In both locations the relations between religious minority and majority are very much on the agenda. In order to discuss the situation for non-Muslims in Muslim majority societies, a consultation was convened with both Muslim and Christian participants from Pakistan, Palestine, Lebanon, and Sweden. Some of the participants work in academic settings, others in faith-based organisations, some in jurisprudence and others with theological issues. Non-Muslims in Muslim Majority Societies is the result of thatconsultation. The intention of the book is to trigger reflection and further thinking, through papers that discuss issues such as freedom of religion, minority rights, secular and religious legislation, and inter-religious dialogue in Muslim majority societies. Although the articles are presented as 'works in progress' and remain tentative in many of their conclusions, this book is an important contribution to the global debate over religious tolerance and religious pluralism.

A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East

Author : Heather J. Sharkey
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108155863
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East by : Heather J. Sharkey

Download or read book A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East written by Heather J. Sharkey and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-03 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across centuries, the Islamic Middle East hosted large populations of Christians and Jews in addition to Muslims. Today, this diversity is mostly absent. In this book, Heather J. Sharkey examines the history that Muslims, Christians, and Jews once shared against the shifting backdrop of state policies. Focusing on the Ottoman Middle East before World War I, Sharkey offers a vivid and lively analysis of everyday social contacts, dress, music, food, bathing, and more, as they brought people together or pushed them apart. Historically, Islamic traditions of statecraft and law, which the Ottoman Empire maintained and adapted, treated Christians and Jews as protected subordinates to Muslims while prescribing limits to social mixing. Sharkey shows how, amid the pivotal changes of the modern era, efforts to simultaneously preserve and dismantle these hierarchies heightened tensions along religious lines and set the stage for the twentieth-century Middle East.

Religious Freedom in Islam

Author : Daniel Philpott
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190908203
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Religious Freedom in Islam by : Daniel Philpott

Download or read book Religious Freedom in Islam written by Daniel Philpott and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-01 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since at least the attacks of September 11, 2001, one of the most pressing political questions of the age has been whether Islam is hostile to religious freedom. Daniel Philpott examines conditions on the ground in forty-seven Muslim-majority countries today and offers an honest, clear-eyed answer to this urgent question. It is not, however, a simple answer. From a satellite view, the Muslim world looks unfree. But, Philpott shows, the truth is much more complex. Some one-fourth of Muslim-majority countries are in fact religiously free. Of the other countries, about forty percent are governed not by Islamists but by a hostile secularism imported from the West, while the other sixty percent are Islamist. The picture that emerges is both honest and hopeful. Yes, most Muslim-majority countries are lacking in religious freedom. But, Philpott argues, the Islamic tradition carries within it "seeds of freedom," and he offers guidance for how to cultivate those seeds in order to expand religious freedom in the Muslim world and the world at large. It is an urgent project. Religious freedom promotes goods like democracy and the advancement of women that are lacking in the Muslim-majority world and reduces ills like civil war, terrorism, and violence. Further, religious freedom is simply a matter of justice--not an exclusively Western value, but rather a universal right rooted in human nature. Its realization is critical to the aspirations of religious minorities and dissenters in Muslim countries, to Muslims living in non-Muslim countries or under secular dictatorships, and to relations between the West and the Muslim world. In this thoughtful book, Philpott seeks to establish a constructive middle ground in a fiery and long-lasting debate over Islam.

Migration and Islamic Ethics

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004417346
Total Pages : 237 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Migration and Islamic Ethics by :

Download or read book Migration and Islamic Ethics written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2019-11-11 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Migration and Islamic Ethics, Issues of Residence, Naturalization and Citizenship addresses how Islamic ethical and legal traditions can contribute to current global debates on migration and displacement; how Islamic ethics of muʾakha, ḍiyāfa, ijāra, amān, jiwār, sutra, kafāla, among others, may provide common ethical grounds for a new paradigm of social and political virtues applicable to all humanity, not only Muslims. The present volume more broadly defines the Islamic tradition to cover not only theology but also to encompass ethics, customs and social norms, as well as modern political, humanitarian and rights discourses. The first section addresses theorizations and conceptualizations using contemporary Islamic examples, mainly in the treatment of asylum-seekers and refugees; the second, contains empirical analyses of contemporary case studies; the third provides historical accounts of Muslim migratory experiences. Contributors are: Abbas Barzegar, Abdul Jaleel, Dina Taha, Khalid Abou El Fadl, Mettursun Beydulla, Radhika Kanchana, Ray Jureidini, Rebecca Gould, Said Fares Hassan, Sari Hanafi, Tahir Zaman.

The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East

Author : Mitri Raheb
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538124181
Total Pages : 711 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East by : Mitri Raheb

Download or read book The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East written by Mitri Raheb and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work represents the current and most relevant content on the studies of how Christianity has fared in the ancient home of its founder and birth. Much has been written about Christianity and how it has survived since its migration out of its homeland but this comprehensive reference work reassesses the geographic and demographic impact of the dramatic changes in this perennially combustible world region. The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East also spans the historical, socio-political and contemporary settings of the region and importantly describes the interactions that Christianity has had with other major/minor religions in the region.

Sacred Precincts

Author : Mohammad Gharipour
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004280227
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Sacred Precincts by : Mohammad Gharipour

Download or read book Sacred Precincts written by Mohammad Gharipour and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2014-11-10 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines non-Muslim religious sites, structures and spaces in the Islamic world. It reveals a vibrant portrait of life in the religious sites by illustrating how architecture responds to contextual issues and traditions. Sacred Precincts explores urban context; issues of identity; design; construction; transformation and the history of sacred sites and architecture in Europe, the Middle East and Africa from the advent of Islam to the 20th century. It includes case studies on churches and synagogues in Iran, Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Tunisia, Morocco and Malta, and on sacred sites in Nigeria, Mali, and the Gambia. With contributions by Clara Alvarez, Angela Andersen, Karen Britt, Karla Britton, Jorge Manuel Simão Alves Correia, Elvan Cobb, Daniel Coslett, Mohammad Gharipour, Mattia Guidetti, Suna Güven, Esther Kühn, Amy Landau, Ayla Lepine, Theo Maarten van Lint, David Mallia, Erin Maglaque, Susan Miller, A.A. Muhammad-Oumar, Meltem Özkan Altınöz, Jennifer Pruitt, Rafael Sedighpour, Ann Shafer, Jorge Manuel Simão Alves Correia, Ebru Özeke Tökmeci, Steven Thomson, Heghnar Watenpaugh, Alyson Wharton and Ethel S. Wolper.

The Last Supper

Author : Klaus Wivel
Publisher : New Vessel Press
ISBN 13 : 1939931363
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (399 download)

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Book Synopsis The Last Supper by : Klaus Wivel

Download or read book The Last Supper written by Klaus Wivel and published by New Vessel Press. This book was released on 2016-04-18 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A compelling story of the ethnic cleansing of Christian communities caught in the crossfire of the Middle East at war . . . Urgent and passionate” (Kirkus Reviews). In 2013, alarmed by scant attention paid to the hardships endured by the 7.5 million Christians in the Middle East, journalist Klaus Wivel—who practices no religion himself—traveled to Iraq, Lebanon, Egypt, and the Palestinian territories on a quest to learn more about their fate. He found an oppressed minority, constantly under threat of death and humiliation, increasingly desperate in the face of rising Islamic extremism and without hope that their situation would improve, or anyone would come to their aid. Wivel spoke with priests whose churches have been burned, citizens who feel like strangers in their own countries, and entire communities whose only hope for survival may be fleeing into exile. With the increase of religious violence in recent years, The Last Supper is a prescient and unsettling account of a severely beleaguered religious group living, so it seems, on borrowed time. In this book, Wivel recounts this humanitarian crisis in detail and asks why we have we not done more to protect these people.

A World Without Islam

Author : Graham E. Fuller
Publisher : Little, Brown
ISBN 13 : 031607201X
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis A World Without Islam by : Graham E. Fuller

Download or read book A World Without Islam written by Graham E. Fuller and published by Little, Brown. This book was released on 2010-08-11 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What if Islam never existed? To some, it's a comforting thought: no clash of civilizations, no holy wars, no terrorists. But what if that weren't the case at all? In A World Without Islam, Graham E. Fuller guides us along an illuminating journey through history, geopolitics, and religion to investigate whether or not Islam is indeed the cause of some of today's most emotional and important international crises. Fuller takes us from the birth of Islam to the fall of Rome to the rise and collapse of the Ottoman Empire. He examines and analyzes the roots of terrorism, the conflict in Israel, and the role of Islam in supporting and energizing the anti-imperial struggle. Provocatively, he finds that contrary to the claims of many politicians, thinkers, theologians, and soldiers, a world without Islam might not look vastly different from what we know today. Filled with fascinating details and counterintuitive conclusions, A World Without Islam is certain to inspire debate and reshape the way we think about Islam's relationship with the West.

Arab Family Studies

Author : Suad Joseph
Publisher : Syracuse University Press
ISBN 13 : 0815654243
Total Pages : 639 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (156 download)

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Book Synopsis Arab Family Studies by : Suad Joseph

Download or read book Arab Family Studies written by Suad Joseph and published by Syracuse University Press. This book was released on 2018-07-10 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Family remains the most powerful social idiom and one of the most powerful social structures throughout the Arab world. To engender love of nation among its citizens, national movements portray the nation as a family. To motivate loyalty, political leaders frame themselves as fathers, mothers, brothers, or sisters to their clients, parties, or the citizenry. To stimulate production, economic actors evoke the sense of duty and mutual commitment of family obligation. To sanctify their edicts, clerics wrap religion in the moralities of family and family in the moralities of religion. Social and political movements, from the most secular to the most religious, pull on the tender strings of family love to recruit and bind their members to each other. To call someone family is to offer them almost the highest possible intimacy, loyalty, rights, reciprocities, and dignity. In recognizing the significance of the concept of family, this state-of-the-art literature review captures the major theories, methods, and case studies carried out on Arab families over the past century. The book offers a country-by-country critical assessment of the available scholarship on Arab families. Sixteen chapters focus on specific countries or groups of countries; seven chapters offer examinations of the literature on key topical issues. Joseph’s volume provides an indispensable resource to researchers and students, and advances Arab family studies as a critical independent field of scholarship.

Therese and Martin

Author : Karin Johannesson
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1666746193
Total Pages : 197 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (667 download)

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Book Synopsis Therese and Martin by : Karin Johannesson

Download or read book Therese and Martin written by Karin Johannesson and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2023-04-24 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Carmelite nun Thérèse of the Child Jesus (1873-1897) lived a contemplative monastic life. Through her writings, she continues to help people who live in completely different contexts to discover that God is always present in the middle of everyday life. Like Martin Luther (1483-1546), Thérèse clearly distances herself from the idea that we can earn our salvation from God. This book begins by highlighting the extensive similarities between Thérèse's teaching and Martin Luther's theology. With the help of the three Carmelite Doctors of the Church – Thérèse of the Child Jesus, Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) and John of the Cross (1542-1591) – the discussion develops further, and a receptive ecumenical study is carried out. The overall question is how the Carmelite tradition can enrich the Evangelical-Lutheran tradition in a way that contributes to the renewal of the church. It is argued that such a renewal is of vital importance if people today are to receive the spiritual guidance that they are longing for.

Theology and Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Rights

Author : André S. Musskopf
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1725273926
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (252 download)

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Book Synopsis Theology and Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Rights by : André S. Musskopf

Download or read book Theology and Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Rights written by André S. Musskopf and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2022-01-28 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a project of empirical research on issues of theology, sexuality, and reproductive health and rights. It was carried out by researchers from two theological institutions in Brazil and Colombia in close contact with the grassroots in various civil-society organizations. Numerous studies at twenty-six Latin American institutions on the relation between theology and HIV/AIDS prepared the way for this project. It promotes and applies methodologies for Latin American popular education and participatory action research (PAR). While the project was finalized long before the COVID-19 pandemic hit Latin America and the world, the pandemic gave fresh evidence of the relevance of the project. The present volume is the English translation of the initial Portuguese and Spanish reports about the project, enriched with a new preface. The editors are delighted that this translation will help spread the vital insights from this research to a wider and global readership.

Synagogues in the Islamic World

Author : Gharipour Mohammad Gharipour
Publisher : Edinburgh University Press
ISBN 13 : 1474468438
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (744 download)

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Book Synopsis Synagogues in the Islamic World by : Gharipour Mohammad Gharipour

Download or read book Synagogues in the Islamic World written by Gharipour Mohammad Gharipour and published by Edinburgh University Press. This book was released on 2019-07-30 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This beautifully illustrated volume looks at the spaces created by and for Jews in areas under the political or religious control of Muslims. Covering regions as diverse as Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, it asks how the architecture of synagogues responded to contextual issues and traditions, and how these contexts influenced the design and evolution of synagogues. As well as revealing how synagogues reflect the culture of the Jewish minority at macro and micro scales, from the city to the interior, the book also considers patterns of the development of synagogues in urban contexts and in connection with urban elements and monuments.

Muslim Societies in Postnormal Times

Author : Ziauddin Sardar
Publisher : International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)
ISBN 13 : 1642052604
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Muslim Societies in Postnormal Times by : Ziauddin Sardar

Download or read book Muslim Societies in Postnormal Times written by Ziauddin Sardar and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2019-12-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Where will Muslim societies be tomorrow? The world is increasingly and constantly changing, making it hard to keep up. This makes the state much more dire and troublesome for those already marginalised – particularly Muslim societies. Normal is no longer capable of upholding the promise of tomorrow’s certainty. These are postnormal times. In this storm of ignorance and uncertainty, Muslim societies stand to lose the most. But this is not destiny. In the cultivation of a new type of literacy – futures literacy – there resides a hope. Muslim Societies in Postnormal Times offers an alternative where we can ‘rescue’ and decolonise our futures. Sardar, Serra, and Jordan take an open and plural approach to the future revealing the true potentials that lie before us. Through detailed analysis of contemporary trends, the road to destruction is revealed. Through identifying and exploring emerging issues, agency through options can allow for positive change. And in the extrapolation of these ideas into scenarios, the authors pave the way for us to navigate our own preferred futures. Their study challenges the reader to think about the future in a new way, redefining the monolithic future as three tomorrows (Extended Present, Familiar Futures, and Unthought Futures), along the way ever watchful for Black Swans, Black Elephants, and the illustrious Black Jellyfish that could disrupt the path ahead. The authors pull no punches in critically evaluating the possibilities and nightmares that could potentially befall Muslim societies. Through a display of creativity and imagination, this book looks beyond the conventional to illuminate impacts in the context of the complex, interconnected world we find ourselves in. This informative and enlightening text will push readers to see beyond popular, yet native notions of present and future. In the exposition of the reader’s ignorance and uncertainty, they will begin to look for the unthought and take agency in recolonising and navigating their preferred tomorrow.

Militant Islam

Author : Stephen Vertigans
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134126387
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (341 download)

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Book Synopsis Militant Islam by : Stephen Vertigans

Download or read book Militant Islam written by Stephen Vertigans and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-10-30 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Militant Islam provides a sociological framework for understanding the rise and character of recent Islamic militancy. It takes a systematic approach to the phenomenon and includes analysis of cases from around the world, comparisons with militancy in other religions, and their causes and consequences. The sociological concepts and theories examined in the book include those associated with social closure, social movements, nationalism, risk, fear and ‘de-civilising’. These are applied within three main themes; characteristics of militant Islam, multi-layered causes and the consequences of militancy, in particular Western reactions within the ‘war on terror’. Interrelationships between religious and secular behaviour, ‘terrorism’ and ‘counter-terrorism’, popular support and opposition are explored. Through the examination of examples from across Muslim societies and communities, the analysis challenges the popular tendency to concentrate upon ‘al-Qa’ida’ and the Middle East. This book will be of interest to students of Sociology, Political Science and International Relations, in particular those taking courses on Islam, religion, terrorism, political violence and related regional studies.

Arabism and Islam

Author : Christine M. Helms
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1428981926
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (289 download)

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Book Synopsis Arabism and Islam by : Christine M. Helms

Download or read book Arabism and Islam written by Christine M. Helms and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1991 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the 1980s, Islamic activists in the Arab Middle East have challenged the definition of "legitimate authority" and provided the means and rationale for revolutionary change, hoping to pressure established governments to alter domestic and foreign policies. No nation-state has been immune. Fearful Arab nationalist leaders, unwilling or unable to abandon decades of ideological baggage, have begun a gradual, if erratic, process of melding the spirit and letter of Islamic precepts into existing national laws and political rhetoric. Whether it is adequate to the challenge, the state nevertheless bears the onus of accommodation, because Islam and Arabism will not soon disappear. They will assume new form and substance in the changing realities of the region. Dilemmas inherent to this century and the gauntlet delivered to hitherto unquestioned political caveats will continue to exacerbate the competition between Islam and Arabism, their quest for political platforms and supporters, and the credibility of all other claimants, including the state. Visions of the future, especially when they are sacred and apocalyptic, can never be entirely freed of historical, emotive baggage. Even if Islamic political activism and pan-Arabism diminish in their intensity, they will endure as subtle, formative forces in all aspects of life. Indigenous inhabitants are fully aware that these influences have profound resonance in their lives. At the same time, these forces act like invisible sentinels in the mind, standing ready to cast a long shadow as unconscious motivators of political behavior. Sections are as follows: Declaration of Crisis; Pluralism: Minorities in the Arab World; Stateless Nations and Nationless States: Twentieth Century Disunity; Search for Unity: An Arab Sunni Core; Arabs and Non-Arabs: The Myth of Equality; Fatal Wounds: Universal Islam Takes the Offensive; and The State: Visionary Futures.

Gender and Economics in Muslim Communities

Author : Ebru Kongar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351856642
Total Pages : 415 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender and Economics in Muslim Communities by : Ebru Kongar

Download or read book Gender and Economics in Muslim Communities written by Ebru Kongar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-08-25 with total page 415 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together feminist analyses of economic processes and outcomes with feminist critiques of Orientalism, this book examines the diverse economic realities facing women in a range of Muslim communities. This approach pays special attention to the role of Islam in economic analyses of gender equality and women’s well-being in Muslim communities, while at the same time challenging biased and inaccurate accounts that essentialize Islam. Nuanced case studies conducted in Bangladesh, Iran, Israel, Nigeria, and Turkey illustrate the historical and institutional diversity of Muslim communities and draw vivid pictures of the everyday economic lives of Muslim women in these communities. These studies are complemented by quantitative analyses that extend beyond inserting Islam as a dummy variable. The contributions represent a wide range of disciplines, including anthropology, economics, gender studies, political science, psychology, and sociology. By placing critiques of Orientalist scholarship in direct dialogue with scholarship on economic development in Muslim contexts, this diverse collection illustrates how different methods and frameworks can work together to provide a better understanding of gender equality and women’s well-being in Muslim contexts. In doing so, the authors aim to facilitate conversations among feminist scholars across disciplines in order to provide a more nuanced picture of the situation facing women in Muslim communities. This book was originally published as a special issue of Feminist Economics.

Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations

Author : Nisrine Abiad
Publisher : BIICL
ISBN 13 : 9781905221417
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations by : Nisrine Abiad

Download or read book Sharia, Muslim States and International Human Rights Treaty Obligations written by Nisrine Abiad and published by BIICL. This book was released on 2008 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research - undertaken from a comparative perspective with a view to identifying any patterns followed by Islamic countries in making declarations and reservations to the main international human rights treaties - measures and analyzes to what extent Sharia affects the ratification and implementation of human rights norms by Muslim States. An analysis of the various roles of Sharia reveals different approaches in the use of Islamic considerations by Muslim States. At an international level, Sharia has always been used upon the ratification of international human rights treaties to limit the scope of the State's engagement. Internally, however, some recent examples of legislative amendments and judicial activities demonstrate that Sharia is and can be used to achieve a better translation of human rights norms into domestic practice.