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Nmr Characterization And Isothermal Crystallization Of Random Iso Propylene Copolymers With Ethylene And 1 Octene Co Units
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Book Synopsis NMR Characterization and Isothermal Crystallization of Random Iso-propylene Copolymers with Ethylene and 1-octene Co-units by : Ysela L. Chiari
Download or read book NMR Characterization and Isothermal Crystallization of Random Iso-propylene Copolymers with Ethylene and 1-octene Co-units written by Ysela L. Chiari and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A triad distribution analysis of the NMR resonances of sequences pertaining to the comonomer followed the predictions from Bernoullian and first order Markovian distributions for all copolymers. The product of the reactivity ratio was consistent with a random distribution for all copolymers of the series. A very strong effect of molecular weight on the crystallization kinetics of two PE copolymers with similar ethylene content (~20 mol %) and different molar mass is associated with slow segmental dynamics in a crystallization temperature range near Tg.
Book Synopsis Crystallization of Random Propylene-ethylene Copolymers at Atmospheric and High Pressures by :
Download or read book Crystallization of Random Propylene-ethylene Copolymers at Atmospheric and High Pressures written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the main goals of the polymer research is to modify the properties of polymers in order to increase the range of their end-use applications. This is especially true in the case of isotactic polypropylene (i-PP). By simple modification of the molecular structure of i-PP with small amount of comonomer a variety of polymer grades with different characteristics can be produced. Random propylene copolymers with low ethylene content have lower crystallinity and melting temperatures than the homopolymer, as well as ability to crystallize into [gamma]-crystal form of i-PP at atmospheric pressure. Isothermal crystallization of i-PP under high pressure can significantly affect the resulting crystallographic structures. While at atmospheric pressure it crystallizes exclusively in [alpha]-crystal from, when crystallized isothermally under high pressure a mixture of [alpha]- and [gamma]-crystals, as well as pure [gamma]-crystals form. Random propylene copolymers with low ethylene content synthesized by Ziegler-Natta catalysts were used is this study to investigate their isothermal crystallization at atmospheric and high pressure. Copolymers were fractionated and their microstructure analyzed in detail by 13C NMR to determine the concentration and distribution of defects since they have crucial role in the crystallization behavior and polymorphism of these copolymers. Isothermal crystallization and melting studies showed that these random propylene-ethylene copolymers crystallize in a mixture of [alpha]- and [gamma]-crystals. Their observed linear growth rates at atmospheric pressure were found to be dependent on the copolymer composition. Crystallization kinetic data were analyzed using the Lauritzen-Hoffman secondary nucleation theory. Copolymers exhibited two or three crystallization regimes depending on their defect content and molecular weight. Combined DSC, WAXD and SAXS experiments were used to evaluate the copolymer crystallization models on these random copolymers. It was found that even though the exclusion model fairly well describes the behavior of copolymers with lower defect content some defect inclusion has to occur to account for the lowering of their equilibrium melting temperatures. Defect inclusion increased considerably with the increase of the total defect content in the case of copolymers. It was shown that [gamma]-phase content in the copolymer crystals increases with increasing defect content, crystallization temperature and pressure. Temperature-pressure-composition [alpha]-[gamma] phase diagram of i-PP was constructed based on the Gibbs free energy approach. This diagram enabled the extrapolation of the equilibrium melting temperatures of both phases for defect free i-PP.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Ethylene/1-octene Copolymers with High-temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography (HT-TGIC) by : Abdulaal Alkhazaal
Download or read book Characterization of Ethylene/1-octene Copolymers with High-temperature Thermal Gradient Interaction Chromatography (HT-TGIC) written by Abdulaal Alkhazaal and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical composition distribution (CCD) of polyolefins is being measured by well established crystallization techniques, but they are limited to semi-crystalline polyolefins. High-temperature thermal gradient interaction chromatography (HT-TGIC) was recently developed for CCD determination of semi-crystalline and amorphous polyolefins, thus broadening the range of techniques available for the analysis of polyolefin chemical composition distributions. HT-TGIC fractionation relies on the interaction of polyolefin chains with a graphite surface upon a temperature change in an isocratic solvent based on the adsorption/desorption mechanism. The main objective of this research is to understand the fractionation mechanism of HT-TGIC and study factors controlling this mechanism using one series of ethylene/1-octene copolymers having similar molecular weight averages, but a distinct 1-octene fraction (Category I) and six series of ethylene/1-octene copolymers that in each series having a similar 1-octene mole fraction and a wider range of molecular weight averages (Category II). It was found that due to the presence of short chain branches formed via 1-octene incorporation, the shape of the HT-TGIC profile and the position of the peak elution temperature shift to lower and become broader with increasing 1-octene mole fraction. Also, the peak elution temperature is gradually linearly related to comonomer content. 23 experimental factorial design were applied to three individual and blend samples of ethylene/1-octene copolymers (Category I) to regulate which operation parameters (cooling rate, heating rate, and heating flow rate) influence HT-TGIC peak temperatures and profiles. The cooling rate has no significant effect on the peak elution temperature and the broadness of the HT-TGIC chromatograms. On the other hand, the heating rate and the elution flow rate, as well as their interaction, substantially influence the HT-TGIC peak temperature and breadth. Four individual samples and their blend of ethylene/1-octene copolymers having different comonomer fractions and approximately the same molecular weight averages were chosen to investigate how commercial Hypercarb columns with distinct lengths and average particle sizes affected HT-TGIC fractionation. Neither average particle size nor column length plays an important role on the fractionation of polyolefins and their blends. Interestingly, the fraction of the component with high comonomer content in a binary blend could affect the peak position of the fraction with low comonomer content, perhaps because of co-desorption effects. The joint effect of chain length and comonomer fraction on HT-TGIC chromatograms and the position of peak elution temperature were investigated using sets of ethylene/1-octene copolymer samples that each set had different chain length and similar 1-octene fraction (category II). The peak elution temperature decreased exponentially, and the profiles became increasingly broader below a critical number average chain length value that increased linearly with the fraction of comonomer in the copolymer. Stockmayer distribution and Monte Carlo simulation estimating the distribution of average (AESD) and longest (LESD) ethylene sequences were used to explain the observed behavior of HT-TGIC profiles. It was found that no simple correlation exists between ethylene sequences in the copolymers and peak elution temperature, but there is a strong evidence that axial dispersion is responsible for symmetrical broadening of the HT-TGIC profiles. Also, the HT-TGIC of binary blends was studied, finding that components with similar 1-octene contents and dissimilar chain lengths tend to increase co-adsorption/co-desorption effects.
Book Synopsis Cocrystallization of Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymer Blends During Crystallization Analysis Fractionation and Crystallization Elution Fractionation by : Kanokpon Suriya
Download or read book Cocrystallization of Ethylene/1-Octene Copolymer Blends During Crystallization Analysis Fractionation and Crystallization Elution Fractionation written by Kanokpon Suriya and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Characterization of Ethylene/[alpha]-olefin Copolymers Made with a Single-site Catalyst Using Crystallization Elution Fractionation by : Abdulaal Alkhazaal
Download or read book Characterization of Ethylene/[alpha]-olefin Copolymers Made with a Single-site Catalyst Using Crystallization Elution Fractionation written by Abdulaal Alkhazaal and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new analytical technique to measure the chemical composition distribution (CCD) of polyolefins, crystallization elution fractionation (CEF), was introduced in 2006 during the First International Conference on Polyolefin Characterization. CEF is a faster and higher resolution alternative to the previous polyolefin CCD analytical techniques such as temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) and crystallization elution fractionation (CRYSTAF) (Monrabal et al., 2007). Crystallization elution fractionation is a liquid chromatography technique used to determine the CCD of polyolefins by combining a new separation procedure, dynamic crystallization, and TREF. In a typical CEF experiment, a polymer solution is loaded in the CEF column at high temperature, the polymer is allowed to crystallize by lowering the solution temperature, and then the precipitated polymer is eluted by a solvent flowing through the column as the temperature is raised. CEF needs to be calibrated to provide quantitative CCD results. A CEF calibration curve consists of a mathematical relationship between elution temperature determined by CEF and comonomer fraction in the copolymer that could be estimated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). Different comonomer types in ethylene/[alpha]-olefin copolymers will have distinct calibration curves. The main objective of this thesis is to obtain CEF calibration curves for several different ethylene/[alpha]-olefin copolymers and to investigate which factors influence these calibration curves. A series of homogeneous ethylene/[alpha]-olefin copolymers (1-hexene, 1-octene and 1-dodecene) with different comonomer fractions were synthesized under controlled conditions to create CEF calibration standards. Their average chemical compositions were determined by 13C NMR and FTIR and then used to establish CEF calibration curves relating elution temperature and comonomer molar fraction in the copolymer.
Book Synopsis Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystallization of Syndiotactic Alternating Ethylene-propylene Crystalline Copolymer and Its Blends by : Haoyang Chien
Download or read book Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystallization of Syndiotactic Alternating Ethylene-propylene Crystalline Copolymer and Its Blends written by Haoyang Chien and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Polypropylene Handbook by : József Karger-Kocsis
Download or read book Polypropylene Handbook written by József Karger-Kocsis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-18 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book extensively reviews Polypropylene (PP), the second most widely produced thermoplastic material, having been produced for over 60 years. Its synthesis, processing and application are still accompanied by vigorous R&D developments because the properties of PP are at the borderline between those of commodity and engineering thermoplastics. Readers are introduced to various tacticities and polymorphs of PP, and their effects on structural properties. Further, the book addresses the control of optical properties using nucleants, provides strategies for overcoming the limited cold/impact resistance of PP, examines in detail the effects of recycling, and presents guidelines for the property modification of PPs through foaming, filling and reinforcing with respect to target applications. Special attention is paid to descriptions and models of properties as a function of morphological variables. Last but not least, the book suggests potential practical applications of PP-based systems, especially in the packaging, appliances, building/construction, textile and automotive sectors. Each chapter, written by internationally respected scientists, reflects the current state-of-art in the respective field and offers a vital source of information for students, researchers and engineers interested in the morphology, properties, testing and modeling of PP and PP-based systems. The content is indispensable to the appropriate application of PPs and related composites.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Polymer Blends by : Sabu Thomas
Download or read book Characterization of Polymer Blends written by Sabu Thomas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-02-09 with total page 972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Filling the gap for a reference dedicated to the characterization of polymer blends and their micro and nano morphologies, this book provides comprehensive, systematic coverage in a one-stop, two-volume resource for all those working in the field. Leading researchers from industry and academia, as well as from government and private research institutions around the world summarize recent technical advances in chapters devoted to their individual contributions. In so doing, they examine a wide range of modern characterization techniques, from microscopy and spectroscopy to diffraction, thermal analysis, rheology, mechanical measurements and chromatography. These methods are compared with each other to assist in determining the best solution for both fundamental and applied problems, paying attention to the characterization of nanoscale miscibility and interfaces, both in blends involving copolymers and in immiscible blends. The thermodynamics, miscibility, phase separation, morphology and interfaces in polymer blends are also discussed in light of new insights involving the nanoscopic scale. Finally, the authors detail the processing-morphology-property relationships of polymer blends, as well as the influence of processing on the generation of micro and nano morphologies, and the dependence of these morphologies on the properties of blends. Hot topics such as compatibilization through nanoparticles, miscibility of new biopolymers and nanoscale investigations of interfaces in blends are also addressed. With its application-oriented approach, handpicked selection of topics and expert contributors, this is an outstanding survey for anyone involved in the field of polymer blends for advanced technologies.
Book Synopsis Polymer Data Handbook by : James E. Mark
Download or read book Polymer Data Handbook written by James E. Mark and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2009 with total page 1250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition includes better values of properties already reported, properties not reported in time for the earlier edition, and entirely new properties becoming important for modern polymer applications. It also contains 217 total polymers, 20 of which are all-new, particularly in high-technology areas such as eletrical conductivity, non-linear optical properties, microlithography, nanophotonics, and electroluminescences. Examples of specific polymers include silsesquoxane ladder polymers, 'foldamer' self-assembling polymers, and block copolymers that phase separate into 'mushrooms', ellipsoids, and sheets with on surface radically different in properties from the other.
Download or read book Polymer Morphology written by Qipeng Guo and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-05-16 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a focus on structure-property relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing; and discusses a broad range of techniques and methods. • Provides an up-to-date, comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of polymer morphology • Illustrates major structure types, such as semicrystalline morphology, surface-induced polymer crystallization, phase separation, self-assembly, deformation, and surface topography • Covers a variety of polymers, such as homopolymers, block copolymers, polymer thin films, polymer blends, and polymer nanocomposites • Discusses a broad range of advanced and novel techniques and methods, like x-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and electron microscopy and their applications in the morphology of polymer materials
Book Synopsis Properties of Polymers by : D.W. van Krevelen
Download or read book Properties of Polymers written by D.W. van Krevelen and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Properties of Polymers: Their Correlation with Chemical Structure; Their Numerical Estimation and Prediction from Additive Group Contributions summarizes the latest developments regarding polymers, their properties in relation to chemical structure, and methods for estimating and predicting numerical properties from chemical structure. In particular, it examines polymer electrical properties, magnetic properties, and mechanical properties, as well as their crystallization and environmental behavior and failure. The rheological properties of polymer melts and polymer solutions are also considered. Organized into seven parts encompassing 27 chapters, this book begins with an overview of polymer science and engineering, including the typology of polymers and their properties. It then turns to a discussion of thermophysical properties, from transition temperatures to volumetric and calorimetric properties, along with the cohesive aspects and conformation statistics. It also introduces the reader to the behavior of polymers in electromagnetic and mechanical fields of force. The book covers the quantities that influence the transport of heat, momentum, and matter, particularly heat conductivity, viscosity, and diffusivity; properties that control the chemical stability and breakdown of polymers; and polymer properties as an integral concept, with emphasis on processing and product properties. Readers will find tables that give valuable (numerical) data on polymers and include a survey of the group contributions (increments) of almost every additive function considered. This book is a valuable resource for anyone working on practical problems in the field of polymers, including organic chemists, chemical engineers, polymer processers, polymer technologists, and both graduate and PhD students.
Book Synopsis Nucleating Agents by : Stuart Fairgrieve
Download or read book Nucleating Agents written by Stuart Fairgrieve and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 2007-11 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A very important factor in obtaining optimised physical properties from a semi-crystalline polymer is the size of the crystalline structures present in the material, and this crucially depends on the initiation process of crystallisation of the polymer from the melt - nucleation. This review provides information on the development of materials and methods for influencing the nucleation of polymer crystallisation in commercial processing by means of addition of low levels of adjuvants specifically selected for this purpose.
Book Synopsis Polymer/layered Silicate Nanocomposites by : Masami Okamoto
Download or read book Polymer/layered Silicate Nanocomposites written by Masami Okamoto and published by iSmithers Rapra Publishing. This book was released on 2003 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The review sets out to highlight the major developments in this field over the last decade. The different techniques used to prepare PLS nanocomposites are covered. The physicochemical characterisation of PLS nanocomposites and the improved materials properties that those materials can display are discussed. An additional indexed section containing several hundred abstracts from the Rapra Polymer Library database provides useful references for further reading.
Book Synopsis Polymer Characterization by : Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff
Download or read book Polymer Characterization written by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff and published by Univ. Press of Mississippi. This book was released on 1996-12-31 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides an overview of polymer characterization test methods. The methods and instrumentation described represent modern analytical techniques useful to researchers, product development specialists, and quality control experts in polymer synthesis and manufacturing. Engineers, polymer scientists and technicians will find this volume useful in selecting approaches and techniques applicable to characterizing molecular, compositional, rheological, and thermodynamic properties of elastomers and plastics.
Book Synopsis Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy by : Friedrich Kremer
Download or read book Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy written by Friedrich Kremer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both an introductory course to broadband dielectric spectroscopy and a monograph describing recent dielectric contributions to current topics, this book is the first to cover the topic and has been hotly awaited by the scientific community.
Book Synopsis Principles of Polymerization by : George Odian
Download or read book Principles of Polymerization written by George Odian and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-02-09 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of a classic text and reference The large chains of molecules known as polymers are currently used in everything from "wash and wear" clothing to rubber tires to protective enamels and paints. Yet the practical applications of polymers are only increasing; innovations in polymer chemistry constantly bring both improved and entirely new uses for polymers onto the technological playing field. Principles of Polymerization, Fourth Edition presents the classic text on polymer synthesis, fully updated to reflect today's state of the art. New and expanded coverage in the Fourth Edition includes: * Metallocene and post-metallocene polymerization catalysts * Living polymerizations (radical, cationic, anionic) * Dendrimer, hyperbranched, brush, and other polymer architectures and assemblies * Graft and block copolymers * High-temperature polymers * Inorganic and organometallic polymers * Conducting polymers * Ring-opening polymer ization * In vivo and in vitro polymerization Appropriate for both novice and advanced students as well as professionals, this comprehensive yet accessible resource enables the reader to achieve an advanced, up-to-date understanding of polymer synthesis. Different methods of polymerization, reaction parameters for synthesis, molecular weight, branching and crosslinking, and the chemical and physical structure of polymers all receive ample coverage. A thorough discussion at the elementary level prefaces each topic, with a more advanced treatment following. Yet the language throughout remains straightforward and geared towards the student. Extensively updated, Principles of Polymerization, Fourth Edition provides an excellent textbook for today's students of polymer chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science, as well as a current reference for the researcher or other practitioner working in these areas.
Book Synopsis Tailor-Made Polymers by : John R. Severn
Download or read book Tailor-Made Polymers written by John R. Severn and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-06-25 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first comprehensive handbook on this exciting field provides readers with a clear understanding of the current state of the art, ingenious solutions and opportunities. Researchers from academia and industry present such emerging topics as multi-component systems and computational chemistry, as well as the latest developments in competing and complementary technologies. The result is a well-balanced and up-to-date overview.
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