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Nk Cell Differentiation Functionality And Education Are Imprinted By Activated Nkt Cells
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Book Synopsis NK Cell Differentiation, Functionality and Education are Imprinted by Activated NKT Cells by : Stephanie Trittel
Download or read book NK Cell Differentiation, Functionality and Education are Imprinted by Activated NKT Cells written by Stephanie Trittel and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis NK cell modifications to advance their anti-tumor activities by : Ye Li
Download or read book NK cell modifications to advance their anti-tumor activities written by Ye Li and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-09-08 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Mucosal Immunity by : Jessica Borger
Download or read book The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in Mucosal Immunity written by Jessica Borger and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-08-06 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We acknowledge the initiation and support of this Research Topic by the InternationalUnion of Immunological Societies (IUIS). We hereby state publicly that the IUIS hashad no editorial input in articles included in this Research Topic, thus ensuring that allaspects of this Research Topic are evaluated objectively, unbiased by any specific policyor opinion of the IUIS.
Book Synopsis NK Cell Subsets in Health and Disease: New Developments by : Emanuela Marcenaro
Download or read book NK Cell Subsets in Health and Disease: New Developments written by Emanuela Marcenaro and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2017-11-29 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Killer (NK) cells were discovered ca 1975, as the first group of lymphoid cells that were neither T cells nor B cells. Since then, the dissection of the biology of NK cells has been growing exponentially with many seminal discoveries from the identification of MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors to the discovery of receptor-ligand pairs involved in NK cell activation and to the manipulation of NK cells in cancer. In this research topic, we asked a group of thought leaders in NK cell biology to review recent advances in their origins and biology, and their roles in cancer, infection and inflammation. Together, these 25 articles provide a timely survey of NK cells as critical immunologic components of health and disease. They will hopefully prompt further dialogue and developments in basic and translational immunology.
Book Synopsis Natural Killer Cells in Tissue Compartments by : Massimo Vitale
Download or read book Natural Killer Cells in Tissue Compartments written by Massimo Vitale and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: N the last years, our knowledge of human NK cell biology has increased significantly. Several stimulating studies have provided the basis for understanding how NK cells can be "educated" to acquire immunological competence following maturation, or to adapt their function to the environmental changes of "self". New information has been acquired on their lifespan and on the persistence of memory-like NK cell subsets in response to certain viral infections. In addition, the identification and characterization of new markers and the development of more effective analytic approaches have led to the definition of various phenotypically and/or functionally-defined cell subsets. These advances have, in turn, enabled us to study NK cells beyond the peripheral blood, in different tissue compartments including the bone marrow, liver, lungs, skin, intestine and uterus. Recent data indicates that at least part of the tissue NK cell compartment consists of resident cells (which rarely recirculate) characterized by tissue-specific phenotypes and, in some cases, endowed with specialized functions related to the distinct organs in which they reside. These findings stimulate further questions (i) on the origins of these putative tissue-specific NK cell subsets; (ii) on their functional interplay with the local microenvironment; (iii) on their immunological competence and memory capacity and (iv) on their possible specific functional role in healthy and diseased tissues. In this context, the assessment of phenotype, function, maturation, education, differentiation and reprogramming of effector functions in tissue NK cells represents a new stimulating field of investigation that would help to get a more comprehensive picture of NK cell biology. In this Research Topic, we collect articles that highlight the recent advances in our understanding of tissue NK cells and that provide insight into opening new viewpoints on the role of NK cells in both health and disease.
Book Synopsis NK Cells and Other Natural Effector Cells by : Ronald B. Herberman
Download or read book NK Cells and Other Natural Effector Cells written by Ronald B. Herberman and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 1607 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NK Cells and Other Natural Effector Cells reviews the state of knowledge on NK cells and other natural effector mechanisms. The coverage of immune effector systems ranges from basic studies on their nature, regulation, and mechanisms of action to important practical issues such as their role in host resistance, their modulation by therapeutic intervention, and alterations of their activity in disease. The book is organized into 12 parts. Parts I and II examine the characteristics of NK cells and other natural effector cells, respectively. Part III focuses on the cell lineage of NK and related effector cells, providing evidence for or against T cell lineage, for or against macrophage lineage, and for or against other or separate lineage. Part IV deals with the genetics of natural resistance in the mouse and rat. Part V presents studies on the regulation of cytotoxic activity. Part VI examines the specificity of natural effector cells, covering the nature of target cell structures and the nature of recognition receptors in effector cells. Part VII discusses the cytotoxicity by cultured lymphoid cells while Part VIII turns to the mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Part IX deals with natural cell-mediated reactivity against primary tumor cells and against non-tumor targets. Part X examines NK cell tumors or the presence of NK cells at the site of tumor growth. Part XI presents clinical studies with natural effector cells. Part XII provides evidence for in vivo reactivity of natural effector cells.
Book Synopsis Tailoring NK Cell Receptor-Ligand Interactions: an Art in Evolution, 2nd Edition by : Ulrike Koehl
Download or read book Tailoring NK Cell Receptor-Ligand Interactions: an Art in Evolution, 2nd Edition written by Ulrike Koehl and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-11-13 with total page 407 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognition and killing of aberrant, infected or tumor targets by Natural Killer (NK) cells is mediated by positive signals transduced by activating receptors upon engagement of ligands on target surface. These stimulatory pathways are counterbalanced by inhibitory receptors that raise NK cell activation threshold through negative antagonist signals. While regulatory effects are necessary for physiologic control of autoimmune aggression, they may restrain the ability of NK cells to activate against disease. Overcoming this barrier to immune surveillance, multiple approaches to enhance NK-mediated responses are being investigated since two decades. Propelled by considerable advances in the understanding of NK cell biology, these studies are critical for effective translation of NK-based immunotherapy principles into the clinic. In humans, dominant inhibitory signals are transduced by Killer Immunoglobulin Like Receptors (KIR) recognizing cognate HLA class I on target cells. Conversely, KIR recognition of “missing self-HLA” - due to HLA loss or HLA/ KIR mismatch - triggers NK-mediated tumor rejection. Initially observed in murine transplant models, these antitumor effects were later found to have important implications for the clinical outcome of haplotype-mismatched stemcell transplantation. Here, donor NK subsets protect against acute myeloid leukemia (AML) relapse through missing self recognition of donor HLA-C allele groups (C1 or C2) and/or Bw4 epitope. These studies were subsequently extended by trials investigating the antileukemia effects of adoptively transferred haplotype-mismatched NK cells in non-transplant settings. Other mechanisms have been found to induce clinically relevant NK cell alloreactivity in transplantation, e.g., post-reconstitution functional reversal of anergic NK cells. More recently, activating KIR came into the spotlight for their potential ability to directly activate donor NK cells through in vivo recognition of HLA or other ligands. Novel therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb) may optimize NK-mediated effects. Examples include obinutuzumab (GA101), a glyco-engineered anti-CD20 mAb with increased affinity for the FcγRIIIA receptor, enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; lirilumab (IPH2102), a first-in-class NK-specific checkpoint inhibitor, blocking the interaction between the major KIR and cognate HLA-C antigens; and elotuzumab (HuLuc63), a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for SLAMF7, whose anti-myeloma therapeutic effects are partly due to direct activation of SLAMF7-expressing NK cells. In addition to conventional antibodies, NK cell-targeted bispecific (BiKEs) and trispecific (TriKEs) killer engagers have also been developed. These proteins elicit potent effector functions by binding target ligands (e.g., CD19, CD22, CD30, CD133, HLA class II, EGFR) on one arm and NK receptors on the other. An additional innovative approach to direct NK cell activity is genetic reprogramming with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR). To date, primary NK cells and the NK92 cell line have been engineered with CAR specific for antigens expressed on multiple tumors. Encouraging preclinical results warrant further development of this approach. This Research Topic welcomes contributions addressing mechanisms of NK-mediated activation in response to disease as well as past and contemporary strategies to enhance NK mediated reactivity through control of the interactions between NK receptors and their ligands.
Book Synopsis Epigenetic Regulation of Autophagy in Inflammatory Diseases by : Kai Wang
Download or read book Epigenetic Regulation of Autophagy in Inflammatory Diseases written by Kai Wang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-03-13 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics refers to changes in the expression of heritable genes or cellular phenotypes caused by regulating DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, and noncoding RNA expression, without altering the DNA sequence. It plays a critical role in the regulation of many physiological and pathological processes, such as inflammation, immunity, and tumor. In particular, many epigenetic modifiers have been found to affect innate cell development, infection, and inflammatory responses by regulating gene-specific expression. Epigenetic abnormalities often result in changes in gene expression and its function, which in turn promote the process of inflammation and even tumorigenesis. Autophagy is a highly conserved subcellular degradation process by which some damaged organelles, misfolded proteins, nucleic acids, and pathogenic microorganisms are digested to maintain homeostasis. Autophagy dysregulation has been implicated in multiple diseases, including inflammation, tumors, and neurodegenerative diseases. It is not only a cytoplasmic event, but also involved in the regulation of nuclear components, including histone modifications, microRNA, and transcription factors. Methyltransferase-mediated histone modifications (H3K9me2, H3R17me2, and H3K27me3), miRNAs, and DNA methylation catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase are the key nuclear factors involved in the regulation of autophagy. In addition, some autophagy-related genes (Atgs) promote or inhibit the autophagic process through epigenetic modifications, such as histone modifications and DNA methylation, affecting the occurrence and development of inflammatory diseases. Studying the role of epigenetic regulation of autophagy in inflammatory diseases may help identify novel drug targets and develop potential diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Although the biological and clinical significance of epigenetic modification of autophagy has attracted more and more attention from researchers, this regulation is very complex and its role and mechanism in inflammatory diseases are still unclear.
Book Synopsis Specificity, Function, and Development of NK Cells by : Klas Kärre
Download or read book Specificity, Function, and Development of NK Cells written by Klas Kärre and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our understanding of the function of natural killer (NK) cells has dramatically changed in recent years. The discovery of NK receptors specific for MHC class I molecules, and the study of the role of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules have led to an understanding of how NK cells recognize tumor and virally infected cells that have lost expression of MHC class I molecules or have altered distribution of normal cell surface molecules. Such recognition events lead to intracellular signals which can be either stimulatory or inhibitory. This book provides an insight into how NK cells develop, how they learn to distinguish altered cells from normal cells, and into their biological role in controlling infections and tumors.
Book Synopsis Repertoire Selection and Effector Differentiation During NKT Cell Development by : Laura Elizabeth Gordy
Download or read book Repertoire Selection and Effector Differentiation During NKT Cell Development written by Laura Elizabeth Gordy and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Distinct Subsets of Natural Killer Cells Help Shape and Regulate the Immune Response During Viral Infection by : Anthony Elston Zamora
Download or read book Distinct Subsets of Natural Killer Cells Help Shape and Regulate the Immune Response During Viral Infection written by Anthony Elston Zamora and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural killer (NK) cells play a central role in responses to viruses, parasites, and neoplastic cells. As opposed to the other lymphocytes, T and B cells, NK cells possess several enigmatic functional characteristics; namely, they exert effector functions without prior exposure to antigen and rely on germline-encoded receptors for their activation. NK cells possess an extensive repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors that bind both host- and pathogen-encoded ligands, which serve to modulate their activity. The importance of balancing host-defense with self-tolerance is highlighted clinically by the poor prognosis in patients with NK cell defects, especially in cases of viral infection, and in infants and young children who fail to thrive due to deficiencies in NK cell function. Although traditionally considered a homogeneous cohort of killer cells, several recent studies suggest NK cells exhibit a great deal of diversity, especially with regard to their effector functions. The field of NK cell biology has expanded greatly since their discovery; however, several provocative questions remain to be answered surrounding whether the diversity exhibited by NK cells is the result of a universal mechanism of modulating NK cell activity or whether this diversity can be categorized by methods of delineating NK cell subsets based on their unique effector function, anatomical location, or phenotypic characterization based on cell-surface marker expression. Previous studies have discerned between different NK cell subsets by focusing on the inhibitory C-type lectin Ly49 family of receptors found in mice, or the functional analogues in humans, the killer-cell immunoglobulin like receptors (KIRs), which bind major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and play a critical role in NK cell function and self-tolerance. The presence of distinct NK cell subsets that express inhibitory Ly49 receptors capable of binding self-MHC I with high affinity selectively exhibit increased cytolytic activity, in a process that has been termed "licensing" or "education" of NK cells. Conversely, NK cells failing to express inhibitory receptors or inhibitory receptors that are capable of binding to self-MHC I molecules have decreased cytotoxic function and have historically been considered hyporesponsive or unlicensed NK cells. For my dissertation, I focused on whether the diversity in NK cell function could be explained by delineating NK cells into specific subsets based on the concept of licensing, and whether this delineation could explain the differences in NK cell effector function, especially in the context of viral infection. I hypothesized that licensing determines the specific role of NK cell subpopulations and that this can help explain whether NK cell subsets utilize different mechanisms to modulate the immune response during viral infection. By using different mouse strains, which differ in their MHC-haplotype expression, and two unrelated families of virus (influenza A and mouse cytomegalovirus), our studies have demonstrated a critical demarcation between the functions of licensed and unlicensed NK cell subsets. Our studies show that the licensed NK cell subset exhibits classical effector functions: they produce increased levels of interferon-[gamma] and mediate direct anti-viral responses. Conversely, we show that the unlicensed NK cell subsets function as modulators of adaptive immunity by helping to prime immune response. Additionally, we've shown that the licensed and unlicensed subsets have unique trafficking, tissue distribution, effector and immunoregulatory functions during viral infection that are conserved across different strains of mice.
Book Synopsis Natural Killer Cells by : Jacques Zimmer
Download or read book Natural Killer Cells written by Jacques Zimmer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-01-12 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural killer (NK) cells have been at the forefront of immunology for two decades. During that time, a great amount of information about these cells has been obtained. They are important in antiinfectious and antitumoral defense and shape the adaptive immune response. In addition, they can act as immunoregulatory cells. In recent years, the therapeutic potential of NK cells in cancer immunotherapy has become increasingly evident. This book describes in detail current knowledge about NK cells and covers a broad range of NK cell-related topics, including those that are not frequently reviewed, e.g. NK cells and allergy or NK cells and skin diseases.
Book Synopsis Natural Killer Cells by : Michael T. Lotze
Download or read book Natural Killer Cells written by Michael T. Lotze and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-11-12 with total page 709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Killer Cells explains the importance of killer cells and how they are produced. It mentions that the most likely explanation for killer cell production is that they serve as a complementary system for T cells as a primary defense against viruses. However, these cells defend against certain viruses only, such as herpes viruses and influenza viruses. The book also explains the primary functions of killer cells, and it discusses how these cells help recognize damaged tissues, limit further damage to tissues, and regenerate damaged tissues. It discusses how these cells mature and develop, and it covers the different isolation, culture, and propagation methods of these cells. Furthermore, it focuses on the different killer cells that are present in various parts of the human body. The book concludes by explaining that natural killer cells are utilized for clinical therapy of malignancies, and that they have led to positive outcomes in the field of biology and medicine. - Provides a broad, detailed coverage of the biology and interactions of NK cells for students, fellows, scientists, and practitioners - Includes figures, histologic sections, and illustrations of the ontogeny of NK cells
Book Synopsis Successes and Challenges of NK Immunotherapy by : Benjamin Bonavida
Download or read book Successes and Challenges of NK Immunotherapy written by Benjamin Bonavida and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-06-23 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Successes and Challenges of NK Immunotherapy: Increasing Anti-tumor Efficacy describes the unique therapeutic applications of NK cells to fight cancers and eliminate the bulk and subset of cancer stem cells responsible for metastasis, relapse and recurrences. The book provides information on the development, engineering, mechanisms of action, response to various preclinical models, and applications in various clinical trials. Sections cover the development of highly engineered cytotoxic NK cells, their mechanisms of action, preclinical and clinical applications, the development and application of CAR-NK cells, and new NK-drug conjugates, also emphasizing that activated NK cells can target and kill highly resistant cancer stem cells. Written by the leading experts on NK immunotherapy worldwide, this is a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians and members of the biomedical field who are interested in understanding novel and efficient therapies to fight cancers. Discusses the unique developmental applications of NK immunotherapy against cancers, which differs greatly from other types of immunotherapies Provides up-to-date and highly relevant information through chapters written by the leading researchers in the field Presents a significant number of schematic diagrams for easy understanding and reproducibility
Book Synopsis Essential Immunology by : Ivan Maurice Roitt
Download or read book Essential Immunology written by Ivan Maurice Roitt and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Cytokine Storm Syndrome by : Randy Q. Cron
Download or read book Cytokine Storm Syndrome written by Randy Q. Cron and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-09 with total page 607 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cytokine Storm Syndromes, including HLH and MAS, are frequently fatal disorders, particularly if not recognized early and treated during presentation. The genetics of Cytokine Storm Syndromes are being defined with many of the risk alleles giving rise to mutations in the perforin-mediated cytolytic pathway used by CD8 cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. These are being studied using murine models. Up to 10% of the general population may carry risk alleles for developing Cytokine Storm Syndromes, and Cytokine Storm Syndromes are being increasingly recognized around the world in pediatric and adult hospitals. A variety of infectious, rheumatic, and oncologic triggers are commonly associated with Cytokine Storm Syndromes, but understanding this disorder is critical for all researchers and physicians to ensure timely and appropriate therapy. This textbook, the first of its kind, addresses all aspects of the disorder – from genetics, pathophysiology, and ongoing research, to clinical presentations, risk factors, and treatment.
Book Synopsis The T Cell Receptor FactsBook by : Marie-Paule Lefranc
Download or read book The T Cell Receptor FactsBook written by Marie-Paule Lefranc and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2001-07-13 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The T Cell Receptor FactsBook contains entries on all the 176 functional variable, diversity, joining, and constant regions of the human T cell receptor, including alpha, beta, gamma, and delta loci. Introductory chapters summarize information of T cell receptor chain synthesis, chromosomal location, and an overview of the human T cell receptor loci.
