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Nitrogen Deposition And Its Effects On The Soils Vegetation And Fire Risk In Southern California Deserts
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Book Synopsis Nitrogen Deposition and Its Effects on the Soils, Vegetation, and Fire Risk in Southern California Deserts by : Leela Ellen Rao
Download or read book Nitrogen Deposition and Its Effects on the Soils, Vegetation, and Fire Risk in Southern California Deserts written by Leela Ellen Rao and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Fire on Vegetation and Small Mammal Communities in a Mojave Desert Joshua Tree Woodland by : Michael Stuart Vamstad
Download or read book Effects of Fire on Vegetation and Small Mammal Communities in a Mojave Desert Joshua Tree Woodland written by Michael Stuart Vamstad and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on the Carbon Allocation and Nutrient Concentration of Southern California Vegetation by : Shelley Lawrence
Download or read book Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on the Carbon Allocation and Nutrient Concentration of Southern California Vegetation written by Shelley Lawrence and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coastal sage scrub and chaparral vegetation of Southern California have become fragmented due to a loss of habitat over the past several decades, which has been caused by several contributing factors such as agriculture, urbanization, increased fire frequency and intensity. Although nitrogen deposition has also been found to be a contributing factor to the loss of coastal sage scrub (CSS) and chaparral habitats in previous studies, the mechanism for these effects not been examined. Leaf tissue from existing field plots, fertilized with nitrogen since 2003, was analyzed for carbon allocation patterns and nutrient retention on a seasonal and annual basis from 2006, 2008 and 2010. Nitrogen fertilization did not have an effect on carbon allocation to cellulose, holocellulose or lignin fractions of leaf tissue in CSS California sagebrush (Artemisia californica) or chaparral chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) shrubs. However, it was found that seasonal and interannual variation in soluble carbon were highest in both species, but without any N treatment interaction. It was also found that year and season did have a significant effect on carbon allocation, and these temporal variations were correlated with precipitation rates and nutrient availability. The lack of nitrogen effect in the soluble carbon, holocellulose and lignin fractions suggests these avenues of carbon allocation are linked to life history traits that are specific to each species such as drought tolerance, woodiness, and maturation.
Book Synopsis Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity by : Mark A. Sutton
Download or read book Nitrogen Deposition, Critical Loads and Biodiversity written by Mark A. Sutton and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-04-10 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together extended reviews and papers of new scientific research on atmospheric nitrogen deposition impacts globally. While there is a wealth of evidence on the magnitude, components and effects of nitrogen disposition on floral biodiversity in Europe and North America, there is an obvious lack of information on impacts on above- and below-ground fauna, and all impacts in other parts of the world, with no clear overview of how the different strands of evidence fit together. This overall synthesis is targeted at the international conventions, but is equally readable for scientists, environmental managers, conservation agencies and policy makers. 'This timely book highlights the global nitrogen deposition problem. Major regions of the world are exceeding sustainability thresholds for adverse effects on ecosystem function and biodiversity. This highlights the importance of ongoing work, including under the Convention on Biological Diversity, in developing indicators and monitoring nitrogen deposition effects to enable appropriate measures. This book presents a milestone towards this global goal as the international community works toward meeting the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, especially Target 8: "By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity". Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity “This key volume highlights the global challenge to reduce atmospheric nitrogen pollution resulting from energy production, transport and agricultural activities. It takes forward the agenda recently launched in the UNEP commissioned report ‘Our Nutrient World”. Dr. Anjan Datta, UNEP.
Book Synopsis Air Pollution and Its Impacts on U.S. National Parks by : Timothy J. Sullivan
Download or read book Air Pollution and Its Impacts on U.S. National Parks written by Timothy J. Sullivan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-02-03 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A variety of air pollutants are emitted into the atmosphere from human-caused and natural emissions sources throughout the United States and elsewhere. These contaminants impact sensitive natural resources in wilderness, including the national parks. The system of national parks in the United States is among our greatest assets. This book provides a compilation and synthesis of current scientific understanding regarding the causes and effects of these pollutants within national park lands. It describes pollutant emissions, deposition, and exposures; it identifies the critical (tipping point) loads of pollutant deposition at which adverse impacts are manifested.
Book Synopsis Operationalizing the Concepts of Resilience and Resistance for Managing Ecosystems and Species at Risk by : Jeanne C. Chambers
Download or read book Operationalizing the Concepts of Resilience and Resistance for Managing Ecosystems and Species at Risk written by Jeanne C. Chambers and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-07-17 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ecosystems of California by : Harold Mooney
Download or read book Ecosystems of California written by Harold Mooney and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 1008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for CaliforniaÕs remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem typeÑits distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state, Ecosystems of California covers the state from oceans to mountaintops using multiple lenses: past and present, flora and fauna, aquatic and terrestrial, natural and managed. Each chapter evaluates natural processes for a specific ecosystem, describes drivers of change, and discusses how that ecosystem may be altered in the future. This book also explores the drivers of CaliforniaÕs ecological patterns and the history of the stateÕs various ecosystems, outlining how the challenges of climate change and invasive species and opportunities for regulation and stewardship could potentially affect the stateÕs ecosystems. The text explicitly incorporates both human impacts and conservation and restoration efforts and shows how ecosystems support human well-being. Edited by two esteemed ecosystem ecologists and with overviews by leading experts on each ecosystem, this definitive work will be indispensable for natural resource management and conservation professionals as well as for undergraduate or graduate students of CaliforniaÕs environment and curious naturalists.
Book Synopsis Ecohydrological Analysis of the Transport of Nitrate and Ammonium in Sandy Desert Soils in Southern California by : Julie Marie Scanlan
Download or read book Ecohydrological Analysis of the Transport of Nitrate and Ammonium in Sandy Desert Soils in Southern California written by Julie Marie Scanlan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Biodiversity written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-02-05 with total page 5485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 7-volume Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Second Edition maintains the reputation of the highly regarded original, presenting the most current information available in this globally crucial area of research and study. It brings together the dimensions of biodiversity and examines both the services it provides and the measures to protect it. Major themes of the work include the evolution of biodiversity, systems for classifying and defining biodiversity, ecological patterns and theories of biodiversity, and an assessment of contemporary patterns and trends in biodiversity. The science of biodiversity has become the science of our future. It is an interdisciplinary field spanning areas of both physical and life sciences. Our awareness of the loss of biodiversity has brought a long overdue appreciation of the magnitude of this loss and a determination to develop the tools to protect our future. Second edition includes over 100 new articles and 226 updated articles covering this multidisciplinary field— from evolution to habits to economics, in 7 volumes The editors of this edition are all well respected, instantly recognizable academics operating at the top of their respective fields in biodiversity research; readers can be assured that they are reading material that has been meticulously checked and reviewed by experts Approximately 1,800 figures and 350 tables complement the text, and more than 3,000 glossary entries explain key terms
Book Synopsis Nitrogen Deposition Alters Nitrogen Cycling and Exotic Annual Grass Litter Decomposition in Southern California by : Abby Glenn Sirulnik
Download or read book Nitrogen Deposition Alters Nitrogen Cycling and Exotic Annual Grass Litter Decomposition in Southern California written by Abby Glenn Sirulnik and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Nitric Oxide (NO) Efflux of Chaparral Soil in Southern California by : Catherine DeFotis
Download or read book Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Nitric Oxide (NO) Efflux of Chaparral Soil in Southern California written by Catherine DeFotis and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large amounts of nitrogen (N) are being deposited in urban areas of southern California, which are altering the carbon (C) and N cycling of semi-arid shrubland ecosystems. It is possible that these N inputs are exceeding biotic demand, leading to "N saturation" and increasing the losses of N from leaching and gaseous efflux. N input to soil increases the microbial process of nitrification, which releases nitric oxide (NO) into the atmosphere as a byproduct. The production of NO in chaparral soils is not fully characterized and more experimentation is needed to understand the environmental controls on NO flux from semi-arid soils. Thus, a laboratory incubation experiment was executed to see how NO efflux of chaparral soil varied as function of N addition (0-5 gN/m2) under various soil temperature (0-40°C) and moisture conditions (10.5-72.7%). Based on limited research, I hypothesized that the NO efflux of southern California chaparral soils would i) increase as a function of N addition, ii) present an optimum response as a function of soil moisture, and iii) increase as an exponential function of temperature. Results indicate that NO efflux increased linearly with N addition, supporting the hypothesis that an increase in N availability will increase NO efflux. NO efflux also increased as a function of soil temperature and was well-described using the Arrhenius model, supporting hypothesis 3, and the NO efflux followed an optimum response as a function of soil moisture, supporting hypothesis 2. In general, the greatest NO efflux was observed from soil samples treated with 5 gN/m2 (NH4)2SO4, brought to 25% water-filled pore space (WFPS), and at a temperature of 34.4°C. There was high sensitivity to temperature changes between 0 and 5 gN/m2 (NH4)2SO4 and in soil moistures
Book Synopsis Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US by : Matthew J. Germino
Download or read book Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US written by Matthew J. Germino and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-01-22 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Invasions by exotic grasses, particularly annuals, rank among the most extensive and intensive ways that humans are contributing to the transformation of the earth’s surface. The problem is particularly notable with a suite of exotic grasses in the Bromus genus in the arid and semiarid regions that dominate the western United States, which extend from the dry basins near the Sierra and Cascade Ranges across the Intermountain Region and Rockies to about 105° longitude. This genus includes approximately 150 species that have a wide range of invasive and non-invasive tendencies in their home ranges and in North America. Bromus species that became invasive upon introduction to North America in the late 1800’s, such as Bromus tectorum and B. rubens, have since became the dominant cover on millions of hectares. Here, millenia of ecosystem development led to landscapes that would otherwise be dominated by perennial shrubs, herbs, and biotic soil crusts that were able to persist in spite of variable and scarce precipitation. This native ecosystem resilience is increasingly coveted by land owners and managers as more hectares lose their resistance to Bromus grasses and similar exotics and as climate, land use, and disturbance-regime changes are also superimposed. Managers are increasingly challenged to glean basic services from these ecosystems as they become invaded. Exotic annual grasses reduce wildlife and livestock carrying capacity and increase the frequency and extent of wildfi res and associated soil erosion. This book uses a unique ecoregional and multidisciplinary approach to evaluate the invasiveness, impacts, and management of the large Bromus genus. Students, researchers, and practitioners interested in Bromus specifically and invasive exotics in general will benefit from the depth of knowledge summarized in the book.
Book Synopsis Ecosystems of California by : Harold Mooney
Download or read book Ecosystems of California written by Harold Mooney and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2016-01-19 with total page 1009 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long-anticipated reference and sourcebook for California’s remarkable ecological abundance provides an integrated assessment of each major ecosystem type—its distribution, structure, function, and management. A comprehensive synthesis of our knowledge about this biologically diverse state, Ecosystems of California covers the state from oceans to mountaintops using multiple lenses: past and present, flora and fauna, aquatic and terrestrial, natural and managed. Each chapter evaluates natural processes for a specific ecosystem, describes drivers of change, and discusses how that ecosystem may be altered in the future. This book also explores the drivers of California’s ecological patterns and the history of the state’s various ecosystems, outlining how the challenges of climate change and invasive species and opportunities for regulation and stewardship could potentially affect the state’s ecosystems. The text explicitly incorporates both human impacts and conservation and restoration efforts and shows how ecosystems support human well-being. Edited by two esteemed ecosystem ecologists and with overviews by leading experts on each ecosystem, this definitive work will be indispensable for natural resource management and conservation professionals as well as for undergraduate or graduate students of California’s environment and curious naturalists.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Plant Community Dynamics in a Heterogeneous Savanna Landscape by : Elise M. Tulloss
Download or read book The Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Plant Community Dynamics in a Heterogeneous Savanna Landscape written by Elise M. Tulloss and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Urbanization and agricultural intensification in California has increased N emissions and, consequently, deposition to adjacent oak savanna landscapes. The total amount and chemical form of this deposition varies across the landscape at multiple spatial scales and through time. At a coarse scale, there is a non-linear gradient in N deposition across the California oak savanna region such that savanna sites closest to sources of N emissions receive greater deposition than sites in more remote areas. At a fine scale within savanna sites, a strong research foundation in oak woodland systems has described heterogeneity in soil resources created by the existence of oak canopies. This phenomenon, termed islands of fertility, is a net result of enhanced nutrient inputs and retention facilitated by the tree, with nitrogen deposition being recently suggested as a primary cause of enhanced inputs. The interaction between the regional-scale gradient of N deposition, the local-scale island of fertility, and the seasonal variability of N deposition results in heterogeneous soil N resources. Nitrogen availability is greatest beneath oaks and at sites on the high end of the regional gradient and during seasonal pulses of N deposition associated with precipitation events. These heterogeneous soil N resources play a critical role in structuring plant communities under current and increased N deposition. The aim of this dissertation was to investigate how N deposition varies at multiple scales depending on specific landscape drivers, such as site context and vegetation structure, and tease apart the effect of that heterogeneous N deposition on native and exotic competitive dynamics relative to multiple controlling factors. I quantified a gradient of N deposition across 6 oak savanna sites in north-central California. At the regional scale, sites closer to pollutant emissions received greater N deposition and sites in remote areas received less. At the local, within-site scale, the oak canopy was a hotspot of higher N deposition. The magnitude of the hotspot effect beneath oaks was not constant across the regional gradient, but rather oaks at the high end of the regional gradient received proportionally more N deposition than oaks at the low end of the gradient. This finding emphasized the importance of landscape context to within-site dynamics. The N deposition gradient was complex because several other soil and climate variables co-varied. Subsequent research was designed to experimentally tease apart the relative effect of N deposition on plant community dynamics from other factors that varied across this complex gradient, including soil type, which varied across the regional scale, and light availability, which varied between canopy and open areas at the local scale. A greenhouse experiment examined competitive interactions among native and exotic grasses in response to N fertilization, soil type, and light availability. Native and exotic grasses were both most sensitive to N deposition during the period of rapid vegetative growth in early spring. Invasive exotic grass was not becoming competitively dominant under increased N. Overall, N increased plant biomass, height, and seed mass altering the outcome of species interactions in a few cases, and thus, was important not as a single driving factor, but rather in the context of the other environmental factors I manipulated. This result indicated that N deposition must be considered together with the complex suite of environmental factors to predict effects to plant communities. In advancing our understanding of landscape and ecosystem ecology, the dissertation research highlighted the importance of landscape context and complex interactions among spatially and temporally heterogeneous factors in influencing dynamics within wildlands.
Book Synopsis Soil Nutrient Cycling and Storage in Semi-arid Shrubland Ecosystems Exposed to High N Deposition in Southern California by : Gypsiana Zorba-Denison
Download or read book Soil Nutrient Cycling and Storage in Semi-arid Shrubland Ecosystems Exposed to High N Deposition in Southern California written by Gypsiana Zorba-Denison and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California by : Paul R. Miller
Download or read book Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California written by Paul R. Miller and published by Springer. This book was released on 1999 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1950s, the pines native to the San Bernardino Mountains in Southern California have shown symptoms of decline that have proven to result from exposure to ozone, a major plant-damaging gas in photochemical oxidant air pollution. Because of their proximity to major urban areas, the San Bernardino Mountains have served as a natural laboratory for studying effects of oxidant and acidic air pollution on a mixed-conifer forest. This volume presents a body of research conducted over more than thirty years, including an intensive interdisciplinary five-year study begun in 1991. Chapters include studies of the relationships of biogeography and climate to the region's air pollution, the chemical and physiological mechanisms of ozone injury, as well as the impacts of nitrogen-containing pollutants and natural stresses on polluted forests. The synthesis of such long-term studies provides insights into the combined influences of pollutants on ecosystem function in forested regions with Mediterranean-type climates.
Book Synopsis The European Nitrogen Assessment by : Mark A. Sutton
Download or read book The European Nitrogen Assessment written by Mark A. Sutton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-14 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the first continental-scale assessment of reactive nitrogen in the environment, this book sets the related environmental problems in context by providing a multidisciplinary introduction to the nitrogen cycle processes. Issues of upscaling from farm plot and city to national and continental scales are addressed in detail with emphasis on opportunities for better management at local to global levels. The five key societal threats posed by reactive nitrogen are assessed, providing a framework for joined-up management of the nitrogen cycle in Europe, including the first cost-benefit analysis for different reactive nitrogen forms and future scenarios. Incorporating comprehensive maps, a handy technical synopsis and a summary for policy makers, this landmark volume is an essential reference for academic researchers across a wide range of disciplines, as well as stakeholders and policy makers. It is also a valuable tool in communicating the key environmental issues and future challenges to the wider public.
