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Nighttime Visibility Of Raised Pavement Markers And Wet Pavement Markings Under Service Conditions
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Book Synopsis Nighttime Visibility of Raised Pavement Markers and Wet Pavement Markings Under Service Conditions by : Priyanka Sarker
Download or read book Nighttime Visibility of Raised Pavement Markers and Wet Pavement Markings Under Service Conditions written by Priyanka Sarker and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 97 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Snow plowable raised pavement markers (RPMs) have been used in Ohio for the last four decades to provide visual guidance to motorists under inclement weather conditions. In recent years, due to the extended pavement resurfacing cycle employed by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT), rare incidents have occurred where the aged pavement surface failed to provide adequate support to the RPM castings. As a result, ODOT adopted a rigorous plan to identify and replace loose RPMs. In addition, ODOT initiated this study to evaluate the performance of other alternative materials and determine whether they can provide equivalent or better delineation than the existing system. These materials included 3M all weather paint (AWP) and 3M 380 wet retroreflective (WR) extended season (ES) durable tape, in addition to the standard extruded thermoplastic that is commonly being used by ODOT on new asphalt surfaces. All materials were installed on Interstate 70 following an asphalt resurfacing project. The 3M AWP was installed on rumble strips and on the surface, while the 3M 380WR ES durable tape and the extruded thermoplastic were installed in groove and on the surface. These materials were evaluated for dry and wet retroreflectivity, dry and wet night visibility, daytime color, and durability for a period of 1.5 years. As expected, the extruded thermoplastic had the lowest retroreflectivity values and night visibility distances under wet conditions. The 3M AWP and the 3M 380WR ES durable tape provided high initial dry and wet retroreflectivity and night visibility. However, their performance was significantly compromised during the first and second winter seasons due to traffic and snow plowing activities. Finally, the RPMs had consistently higher wet night visibility distances than all pavement markings. Therefore, it was concluded that given the harsh environmental conditions in Ohio, it will not be cost effective to use 3M AWP or 3M 380WR ES durable tape as a replacement for RPMs.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Pavement Markings for Improved Visibility During Wet Night Conditions by : Benjamin H. Cottrell
Download or read book Evaluation of Pavement Markings for Improved Visibility During Wet Night Conditions written by Benjamin H. Cottrell and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study evaluated the night visibility of waffle tape and paint with large beads, particularly during wet night conditions. Data were collected at two sites along a primary arterial. The evaluation included an examination of (1) the application of the markings, (2) the visibility of the markings using retroreflectometer measurements and subjective assessments, and (3) the costeffectiveness of the markings. The study revealed: (1) compared with paint with standard beads, the waffle tape and paint with large beads were slightly more retroreflective during light rain at night and recovered quicker after flooding out, (2) the marginal improvement in visibility during periods of light rain do not offset the operational problems of applying paint with large beads, and (3) the benefits of waffle tape during light rain do not appear to justify its use solely for wet night visibility. Because of the above findings, snowplowable raised pavement markers, which are very visible in wet night conditions, appear to be more cost-effective. The study recommends that (1) VDOT continue to use and maimain snowplowable raised pavement markers for visibility during wet night conditions, (2) VDOT continue to monitor FHWA's study on all weather pavement markings, and (3) the Suffolk District consider testing nonsnowplowable raised pavement markers to assess their use as a low-cost alternative to improve visibility during wet night conditions where snowplowing occurs infrequently.
Book Synopsis Long-term Pavement Marking Practices by : James Migletz
Download or read book Long-term Pavement Marking Practices written by James Migletz and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2002 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 306: Long-Term Pavement Marking Practices documents the current and best practices for managing pavement marking systems, identifies future needs, and addresses driver needs and methods of communicating information to drivers, selection criteria (e.g., reflectivity, pavement service life, wet weather performance), materials (e.g., color, durability, cost), specifications, construction practices, inventory management systems, and more.
Book Synopsis Durable, Retroreflective Pavement Markings and Markers Increase Visibility for Drivers in Wet, Night Conditions by : Misty A. Boos
Download or read book Durable, Retroreflective Pavement Markings and Markers Increase Visibility for Drivers in Wet, Night Conditions written by Misty A. Boos and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 14 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increasing retroreflectivity of markings during rainy, foggy, nighttime conditions is a major challenge. Research has shown that pavement markings reduce crashes at night on dry pavement, but not at night on wet pavement. (Migletz, 2002 pg. 6) Because of the need to improve visibility for drivers under adverse conditions, recent research (2000 to the present) has been targeted toward understanding visibility needs and developing minimum retroreflectivity specifications for different driver groups under different environmental conditions. Research on this topic has been compiled in this RSB in section II: "Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings." Increased retroreflectivity performance in wet, night conditions may help to reduce fatalities, but ensuring and defining this improved performance includes a particular set of challenges. For example, "Pavement marking retroreflectivity under wet pavement conditions averaged only 46% of the comparable values under dry pavement conditions. For example, to achieve a wet pavement retroreflectivity of 150 mcd/m2/lux, the marking would need a dry-pavement retroreflectivity of 326 mcd/m2/lux." (Migletz, 2002 pg. 2) Challenges to improving retroreflectivity performance mentioned in recent research include: Type of material and installation methods; Service life, durability and cost of durable materials; Damage to materials by forces such as weather and traffic wear; Setting minimum reflectivity standards (as cited in the MUTCD 2003 and/or by state DOTs); Developing strategies and tools to measure retroreflectivity; Marking and marker installation issues including increasing shortages of skilled workers for installation and maintenance; Location of installation, climate and traffic load on roadway; Funding and standards for maintenance; Many new technologies entering the market, each requiring evaluation; Environmental regulations; Product acceptance and approval; Driver needs (including differing needs based on driver age and time of day); Vehicle type and the visibility concerns of trucks vs. cars. The durability and service life of retroreflective materials is of particular concern because the service life of some pavement markings and markers can be very short (as little as 6 months in some cases). When these markings fail or their reflectivity is reduced drivers experience difficulty seeing the road. (Migletz, 2002). The following organizations have explored the durability or service-life of pavement markers and markings. Their work can be found in section I: "Durability of Retroreflective Pavement Markings, Markers": Texas Transportation Institute (TTI); Virginia Transportation Research Council (VTRC); Federal Highway Administration (FHWA); New Jersey DOT; Alabama DOT; Oregon DOT; Florida DOT; Georgia DOT; Indiana DOT; American Society of Civil Engineers; ARRB Group Ltd. The following organizations have proposed research into retroreflectivity or wet, nighttime driving conditions. Their proposals can be found in this RSB Section III: "Research in Progress": Oregon State University; Iowa State University; Mississippi State University; North Dakota DOT; Pennsylvania DOT. When durable, retroreflective pavement markings are properly selected for a site and installed and maintained correctly they can help drivers navigate in wet night conditions and they have the potential to decrease traffic fatalities. Research, listed in the following pages, provides an overview of current work, but much exploration remains to be done on this complex issue.
Book Synopsis Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings by : Ronald Bruce Gibbons
Download or read book Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings written by Ronald Bruce Gibbons and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report describes an investigation into the performance of pavement markings in wet night conditions. The performance of a typical pavement marking will degrade when it gets wet. This is a result of the flooding of the marking optics, thereby reducing retroreflectivity. Several technologies are available to improve wet marking performance. In this project, six technologies were tested using both standard measurement methods and participant evaluations. The results show that two of the marking technologies, raised retroreflective markers and wet retroreflective tape, outperformed the group under all conditions. These markings were also highly accepted by the participants. The results also show that the standard paint and glass beads technology is the worst performing and the least desirable of those evaluated. A comparison of the ASTM retroreflectivity measurement methods and the measured luminance results also indicates that the methods are suitable for the conditions used in the evaluation; however, possible additions and corrections to the methods are outlined in this report. A follow-up study is underway to allow development of a performance-based specification for pavement markings for wet night visibility.
Book Synopsis Pavement Marking Visibility Requirements During Wet Night Conditions by : Ronald Bruce Gibbons
Download or read book Pavement Marking Visibility Requirements During Wet Night Conditions written by Ronald Bruce Gibbons and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigated the performance of pavement markings in wet night conditions. Typically, performance will decrease in wet conditions. The degradation is a result of flooding of the marking optics and a change in the optical media, thereby reducing retroreflectivity and the visibility distance. Several technologies are available to improve the visibility of markings under wet conditions. This study used four technologies and evaluated them in a dynamic situation. In the experiment, vehicles were driven by older participants and visibility was measured based on the detection distances of the beginning or ending of a continuous edge marking. The results indicate that a specifically designed wet retroreflective tape performed better than the currently used paint and glass bead technology. Paint with large glass beads and profiled thermoplastics also showed an improvement over the standard paint and glass bead technology. A relationship between retroreflectivity and the detection distance was found, which was used to postulate a minimum required value for visibility during wet night conditions. A value of 200 mcd/m2/lx appears to provide a reasonable detection distance for a minimum performance requirement.
Book Synopsis Assessment of the Durability of Wet Night Visible Pavement Markings by : Ronald Bruce Gibbons
Download or read book Assessment of the Durability of Wet Night Visible Pavement Markings written by Ronald Bruce Gibbons and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project encompassed a research effort to establish the durability of pavement markings in an on-road installation. Six marking technologies were installed on a portion of Route 460 in Blacksburg, Virginia. A human factors experiment in natural rain conditions was performed to establish the visibility needs of the driver. The retroreflectivity of the markings was measured at intervals of 2 to 5 months, with six measurements over the course of 23 months. The numbers of snow plow crossings and chemical treatments were also measured. Although all markings lost a considerable amount of retroreflectivity after the first winter, the markings installed in grooves or in rumble strips were shown to retain more retroreflectivity and receive less damage than markings installed on the surface of the roadway. Twenty-three months after installation, the retroreflectivity for all markings in active rain conditions had dropped below the 150 mcd/m2/lx minimum recommended from previous research. The reflective tape was the closest to maintaining the minimum with a mean retroreflectivity of 137mcd/m2/lx in 1 in/hr rain. Several other markings maintained a retroreflectivity above 84 mcd/m2/lx; this may still provide a benefit over standard paint. The study recommends that VDOT's Traffic Engineering Division install pavement markings in grooves or in rumble strips. VDOT will determine where the use of grooves or rumble strips is appropriate. Because pavement marking visibility is more critical for high-speed roadways such as interstate roadways and major arterials, these roads should be the highest priority. Grooved markings may also be desired for high-volume roadways where markings may be exposed to higher levels of wear from traffic. The study markings on Route 460 in Blacksburg should be monitored for two more years. The study team should make the measurements after each winter through 2013 and report the findings to VDOT in a brief report. VDOT staff should perform additional cost-benefit analyses to address standard VDOT policy, procedures, and practices and possible supplier warranties.
Book Synopsis Permanent Concrete Pavement Markings by : David Darwin
Download or read book Permanent Concrete Pavement Markings written by David Darwin and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The visibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness of surface pavement markings and previous experience with permanent concrete paving markings (PCPM) (markings with a service life similar to that of the pavement) are described. The use of durable materials, such as thermoplastics, polyesters, and epoxies, improves the service life of surface markings. However, these marking materials still exhibit problems of adhesion to pavement and rapid wear in high traffic areas. Snow removal procedures significantly reduce marking service life. Wet nighttime visibility is a continuing problem with surface markings. Previous attempts at developing PCPM have produced systems with very good durability, but poor nighttime visibility. The potential for developing cost-effective PCPM systems that can provide both long-term durability and adequate visibility throughout the service life and the requirements for such systems are discussed. Polymers, such as epoxies, can provide superior durability and adhesion to pavement. The application of larger than standard size glass beads can improve wet nighttime visibility. The cost of PCPM systems can be significantly reduced using effective methods of placing grooves in which the marking material is placed. Generally, there is a good probability that a cost-effective PCPM system with satisfactory durability and visibility can be developed. The PCPM systems with thicknesses of 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) or less will be cost-effective for a 20-year service life, and the systems with thicknesses of 3.2 mm (1/8 in.) or less will be cost-effective for a 10-year service life.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Raised Pavement Markers for Roadway Delineation During Fog by : Frank D. Shepard
Download or read book Evaluation of Raised Pavement Markers for Roadway Delineation During Fog written by Frank D. Shepard and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reduced visibility on the highway due to adverse weather conditions results in an inability of motorists to readily observe pavement markings, signs, and vehicles. The condition that presents the most serious restriction is fog, although rainfall during the night frequently creates serious visibility problems. Because of the ability of reflex reflective devices and materials to provide pavement and roadway delineation at relatively low costs, the feasibility of using them for roadway delineation and vehicle guidance during fog was investigated, with emphasis on the nighttime visibility characteristics. Also, consideration was given to various experimental methods of marker placement for roadway delineation and to protecting the markers from snowplow damage. Two types of corner-cube raised markers were placed along the highway edge line on 20-ft. (6.1 m) centers. In one placement concept, snowplowable and non-snowplowable markers were placed on the pavement surface; in a second, concept, the markers were recessed below the pavement surface in grooves. The marking systems were subjectively evaluated by observing the legibility properties during fog and noting the number of markers visible. Based on the observations, the raised pavement markers were thought to provide sufficient nighttime roadway delineation for vehicle guidance during light to medium density fogs. Although data were not available for dense fog, it is felt that adequate delineation would be provided for such fog conditions. The method of grooving the pavement in the vicinity of the edge line for the purpose of recessing the markers to provide snowplowability was found to be feasible, providing adequate drainage is provided and a groove is placed in front of the marker. The length of the groove depends upon the reflectivity-distance requirements.
Book Synopsis Non-permanent Pavement Markings in Work Zones by : David L. Harkey
Download or read book Non-permanent Pavement Markings in Work Zones written by David L. Harkey and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings by : Ronald Bruce Gibbons
Download or read book Wet Night Visibility of Pavement Markings written by Ronald Bruce Gibbons and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This executive summary describes an investigation into the performance of pavement markings in wet night conditions. The performance of a typical pavement marking will degrade when it gets wet. This is a result of the flooding of the marking optics, thereby reducing retroreflectivity. Several technologies are available to improve wet marking performance. In this project, six technologies were tested using both standard measurement methods and participant evaluations. The results show that two of the marking technologies, raised retroreflective markers and wet retroreflective tape, outperformed the group under all conditions. These markings were also highly accepted by the participants. The results also show that the standard paint and glass beads technology is the worst performing and the least desirable of those evaluated. A comparison of the ASTM retroreflectivity measurement methods and the measured luminance results also indicates that the methods are suitable for the conditions used in the evaluation; however, possible additions and corrections to the methods are outlined in this report. A follow-up study is underway to allow development of a performance-based specification for pavement markings for wet night visibility.
Book Synopsis Pavement Markings for Improved Visibility During Wet Night Conditions by : Benjamin H. Cottrell
Download or read book Pavement Markings for Improved Visibility During Wet Night Conditions written by Benjamin H. Cottrell and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Safety Evaluation of Permanent Raised Pavement Markers by : Geni Brafman Bahar
Download or read book Safety Evaluation of Permanent Raised Pavement Markers written by Geni Brafman Bahar and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2004 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 518: Safety Evaluation of Permanent Raised Pavement Markers examines the safety performance of snowplowable permanent raised pavement markers on two-lane roadways and four-lane freeways"--Publisher's description.
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Pavement Marking Materials for Wet Night Conditions. Final Report by : L. Ellis King
Download or read book Evaluation of Pavement Marking Materials for Wet Night Conditions. Final Report written by L. Ellis King and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Lane Markings in Night Driving: a Review of Past Research and of the Present Situation by : Kåre Rumar
Download or read book Lane Markings in Night Driving: a Review of Past Research and of the Present Situation written by Kåre Rumar and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the basic driver tasks is to follow the road. In daytime driving, when the visibility of the road in clear weather is unobstructed, this is normally not a problem. However, when driving at night on dark roads with low beams, it is often quite difficult to see the direction the road is taking. Indeed, drivers state that poor road guidance is their main problem in night driving. To overcome this problem, roads are fitted with retroreflective pavement markings, which are visible in night driving. This study was conducted to review the role, effects, and functioning of lane marking in night driving. The report consists of five sections. Section 1 details the scope and the limitations of this report. Section 2 presents a discussion of drivers’ needs for road guidance by means of pavement markers in general and lane markings in particular. Section 3 reviews the voluminous previous research on lane markings, focusing primarily on visibility and photometric characteristics of lane markings in night driving. Section 4 provides a summary of the issues related to lane markings. Section 5 presents the general conclusions and proposals for research topics and technical developments. The overall conclusion is that while drivers need both long-range guidance (a preview time of at least 5 s) and short-range guidance (a preview time of up to 3 s), present pavement markings often offer only short-range road guidance, especially in wet road conditions. Despite the extensive past research on pavement markings, many general and specificquestions remain to be answered.
Book Synopsis Evaluation and Modeling of Pavement Marking Characteristics Based on Laboratory and Field Data by : Maged M. Mohamed
Download or read book Evaluation and Modeling of Pavement Marking Characteristics Based on Laboratory and Field Data written by Maged M. Mohamed and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drivers rely on the visibility of pavement markings to maintain a safe road path especially during nighttime and challenging weather conditions. With the growing demand for pavement marking materials, durability and long-term weatherability of these products is critical. Current performance evaluation methodology using field test-deck protocols requires significant time and resources, and under these protocols the performance of a pavement marking can be monitored for a period of up to three years. In addition, safety-related issues such as exposing technical staff to road hazards while applying the marking materials and collecting measurements, along with road closure consequences, are of concern. The primary goals of this research were to develop an accelerated laboratory-based procedure that could evaluate the performance of pavement markings, overcome the shortcomings of current evaluation practice, and investigate the safety performance of pavement markings based on existing crash data and results from a driver simulation study. For the laboratory-based procedure, a three-wheel polisher device (TWPD) and xenon arc chamber (XAC) were employed to replicate varying traffic, snowplowing, and weather conditions. The deterioration of the physical measurements (i.e., dry and wet retroreflectivity, color change, and durability) of waterborne and thermoplastic markings was modeled. All of the performance measures logarithmically deteriorated under different TWPD loadings, except for the durability of the thermoplastic markings which followed a linear degradation function. A significant reduction in percent retroreflectivity was observed in the initial part of the TWPD testing but leveled out as the number of cycles increased. This deterioration pattern is similar to what occurs in the field, as retroreflectivity dramatically decreases after the first few months of installation and then stabilizes before the end of its service life. On the other hand, a linear increase in retroreflectivity and color change occurred during the artificial weathering exposure time (i.e. 2,000 hours) due to the change in surface physical properties. The color analysis revealed an important relationship between pavement marking retroreflectivity and color change. After traffic loading, all colors darkened due to the exposure of the black asphaltic color or the abrasion of the upper layer of marking, and in turn retroreflected less light while different color change patterns were experienced under the artificial weathering. The color analysis results showed that when a color closely resembles white, the sample retroreflected more light. The TWPD and weatherometer effectively simulated and accelerated the operational and environmental effects (e.g., traffic, snowplowing, sunlight, moisture, and temperature) so that assessment of pavement marking performance could be completed in an abbreviated time frame. The results yielded a significant relationship between all performance measures assessed in both the laboratory and field. Evaluating the performance of pavement marking products using an accelerated laboratory-based procedure provides a department of transportation (DOT) with a flexible tool to cope with the rapidly evolving industry through the establishment of guidelines that might be used for the selection and maintenance of the pavement markings. This procedure can be used to compare different marking materials and assess marking materials whether they bear severe traffic operating conditions or harsh climates before implementation in short period of time. To assess the safety performance of pavement markings, specifically on two-way, two-lane rural roads which are common in the state of Idaho, two separate approaches were adopted. First, a crash analysis study over eight years (2010-2017) on rural roads in Idaho was conducted to understand the relationship between retroreflectivity deterioration of edgelines and crash occurrence. Field retroreflectivity data for waterborne edgeline markings from thirty-eight sites were collected and modeled over twelve months across six districts with different environmental conditions. The results yielded a logarithmic relationship between retroreflectivity and age, and pavement markings in districts subjected to higher ground snow loads deteriorated faster than those with lower ground snow loads. This faster deterioration trend in northern districts was attributed to winter maintenance activities and harsh weather. Even though, a clear statistical pattern was determined for District 1, which was subjected to the higher ground snow loads among all districts, the methodology used in this study could not definitively conclude that crash rate increased with lower edgeline retroreflectivity. Second, a study using the University of Idaho's driving simulator was implemented to evaluate the safety effects of different edgeline pavement marking widths (e.g., 4-inch and 6-inch) and deteriorations (e.g., 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% deterioration) on driver behavior. The results indicated that statistically significant differences were observed during nighttime conditions when comparing the driver's lane deviation (vehicle's lateral position) between the wider 6-inch longitudinal edgeline pavement markings and standard 4-inch edgeline marking. Drivers consistently maintained a lane position that slightly favored the edgeline side when exposed to a 4-inch marking and increasingly shifted away from the centerline as edgeline deterioration worsened. The results of the statistical analysis implied that 4-inch markings and severely deteriorated pavement markings cause higher variation values in driver lateral position which in turn could affect overall driver safety. This research benefits transportation agencies, particularly those sited in cold-weather regions, by enabling them to predict the deterioration of marking materials and assist in the scheduling of maintenance marking projects to maximize the operational and safety benefits of the existing material. This research also make recommendations with regard to a minimum retroreflectivity threshold that should be maintained for pavement markings of two-way, two-lane rural roads and the use of wide pavement markings.
Book Synopsis Uniform Vehicle Code and Model Traffic Ordinance by : National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances
Download or read book Uniform Vehicle Code and Model Traffic Ordinance written by National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
