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Neuroprotective Effect Of Intraocular Bdnf And Optogenetic Stimulation Of Visual Cortex On Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival And Function In The Rat Following Optic Nerve Injury
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Book Synopsis Neuroprotective Effect of Intraocular BDNF and Optogenetic Stimulation of Visual Cortex on Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Function in the Rat Following Optic Nerve Injury by : Fatma Madi
Download or read book Neuroprotective Effect of Intraocular BDNF and Optogenetic Stimulation of Visual Cortex on Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Function in the Rat Following Optic Nerve Injury written by Fatma Madi and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Promotes Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Reduces Tyrosine Receptor Kinase B Protein and MRNA in Vivo by : Hao Chen (University and college faculty member)
Download or read book Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Promotes Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Reduces Tyrosine Receptor Kinase B Protein and MRNA in Vivo written by Hao Chen (University and college faculty member) and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ocular Neuroprotection by : Leonard Levin
Download or read book Ocular Neuroprotection written by Leonard Levin and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-07 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocular neuroprotection is aimed at protecting the death of photoreceptors, retinal ganglion, or other important neurons in cases of disease or trauma. Levin (ophthalmology and neurology, U. of Wisconsin at Madison, US) and Di Polo (pathology and cell biology, U. of Montreal, Canada) present 18 chapt.
Book Synopsis Characterization of Novel Neuroprotectants for Rescuing Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in an Ocular Hypertensive Model of Glaucoma by : Qingling Fu
Download or read book Characterization of Novel Neuroprotectants for Rescuing Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in an Ocular Hypertensive Model of Glaucoma written by Qingling Fu and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Characterization of Novel Neuroprotectants for Rescuing Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in an Ocular Hypertensive Model of Glaucoma" by Qingling, Fu, 付清玲, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled Characterization of Novel Neuroprotectants for Rescuing Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in an Ocular Hypertensive Model of Glaucoma Submitted by FU Qing-Ling for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Hong Kong in September 2007 Glaucoma is a progressive neuropathy characterized by loss of vision as a result of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. There are no effective neuroprotective agents to treat this disorder. In this study, several novel neuroprotectants were identified to rescue damaged RGCs in a rat glaucoma model of ocular hypertension. The first part of my study was focused on the role of erythropoietin (EPO)/ EPO receptor (EPOR) on RGCs after glaucomatous injury. EPO is a neuroprotectant for central nerve system (CNS) neurons in addition to being a hematopoietic cytokine in the serum. Here we found that Muller cell is the main source of EPO in the retina. Expression of EPO and EPOR was increased significantly after ocular hypertension. Disturbing the activity of endogenous EPO and EPOR with soluble EPOR exacerbated RGC loss after injury, suggesting EPO as an endogenous neurotrophin in response to injury. Similarly, local or systemic treatment of recombinant human EPO rescued damaged RGCs. Hence EPO may be a self-protective factor after damage and exogenous administration of EPO may promote RGC survival. The second part of this study was to investigate the effect of LINGO-1 antagonists on RGC survival after ocular hypertension. Three myelin proteins bind to Nogo66 receptor (NgR1) that mediates the inhibition of axonal regeneration via two transmembrane co-receptors, LINGO-1 and p75/TROY in the CNS. This study demonstrated that exogenously added soluble human LINGO-1 (LINGO-1-Fc) and anti-LINGO-1 mAb 1A7 promoted RGC survival up to 4 weeks after the induction of elevated IOP. More importantly, it is found that LINGO-1 binds to and negatively regulates activation of TrkB receptor by BDNF. Administering LINGO-1-Fc or 1A7 activated TrkB after binding with the high level endogenous BDNF in the injured retina and anti-BDNF antibody significantly reversed the neuroprotective activity of LINGO-1-Fc or 1A7. These results indicate that LINGO-1-Fc and 1A7 have neuroprotective activity and may act by up-regulating the function of BDNF/TrkB. The third part of this study was to examine the effect of soluble NgR1-Fc protein (sNgR310-Fc) on the RGC survival after glaucomatous injury. Intra-vitreous administration of sNgR310-Fc efficiently rescues RGC loss in a rat ocular hypertension glaucoma model up to 4 weeks without altering the IOP. This neuroprotective mechanism is partially attributed to 1] the removal of accumulating neurotoxic β-amyloids in the glaucoma eye and/or, 2] an agonistic interaction between sNgR310-Fc and the neurotropin-X receptor in the retina. Hence, sNgR310-Fc confers neuroprotection in addition to neuro-repair therapeutic advantages, and is a promising candidate for treating axonopathies, retinopathies and CNS injuries. In conclusion, our data indicate that LINGO-1 and NgR1 antagonists also have neuroprotective effects on damaged RGCs in a well-established rat chronic glaucoma model in addition to axonal regeneration. Thus, the antagonists may provide an attractive dual therapeutic strategy of both preventing neurodegeneration a
Book Synopsis Neuroprotective Effects of Brn3b in PC12 Cells and Retinal Ganglion Cells Under Glaucomatous Conditions by : Nitasha R. Phatak
Download or read book Neuroprotective Effects of Brn3b in PC12 Cells and Retinal Ganglion Cells Under Glaucomatous Conditions written by Nitasha R. Phatak and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Glaucoma is a group of chronic progressive optic neuropathies commonly characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) (a subset of glaucoma patients display neurodegenerative effects at ‘normal’ IOP) leading to axonal degeneration, optic nerve head cupping and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cell death (RGCs), which result in visual field defects and blindness. While there are medications available to lower IOP, there is an unmet need for neuroprotective treatments for glaucoma, since some neurodegenerative effects persist despite lowering IOP. The main focus of this study was on the class 4 POU domain transcription factor, Brn3b, which has been shown to play a key role in the development of RGCs. Two previous studies from other labs showed that a decrease in Brn3b expression occurs in animal model of glaucoma. A recent publication from our laboratory demonstrated neuroprotective effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated expression of Brn3b in a rat model of ocular hypertension. This research project identified some mechanisms of Brn3b-mediated neuroprotection in cultured PC12 cells (under the condition of hypoxia) and also in vivo in the Morrison's model of ocular hypertension in rats. In the first part of the study, we demonstrated the effect of overexpression of Brn3b on various markers of synaptic plasticity in PC12 cells under conditions of normoxia as well as hypoxia. Immunoblot as well as immunocytochemical analyses revealed an increase in expression of neurite growth markers, GAP-43 and ac-TUBA, by Brn3b upregulation both under conditions of normoxia as well as hypoxia. . This suggests that transcription factor Brn3b has the ability to upregulate expression genes contributing to synaptic plasticity genes both under ‘normal’ conditions and during a glaucomatous insult (hypoxia). In the concluding part of this study, cell survival factors including, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-AKT were studied as potential targets of Brn3b-mediated neuroprotection. Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of Brn3b in rat eyes with elevated IOP promoted an upregulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-AKT in RGCs, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Taken together, the evidence suggests that Brn3b has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for neuroprotection during ocular neurodegenerative diseases like glaucoma.
Book Synopsis NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GINK by : Ching Lai
Download or read book NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF GINK written by Ching Lai and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Neuroprotective Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Rat Glaucoma Model" by Ching, Lai, 賴晴, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Abstract of thesis entitled Neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on retinal ganglion cells in a rat glaucoma model submitted by Ching Lai for the degree of Master of Philosophy at the University of Hong Kong in August 2003 Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy that ultimately causes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and loss of vision. Current therapies on this disease only aim at controlling intraocular pressure (IOP). However, patients undergoing such therapies may still develop RGCs degeneration. Therefore a new "therapy" has been suggested and is named neuroprotection. Neuroprotection aims at protecting and rescuing RGCs from damage. One suggested neuroprotectant is the Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE). GBE is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has been shown to increase ocular blood flow velocity and thus may improve vision. However, the direct effect of GBE on RGCs survival has not been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the neuroprotective effect of GBE on RGCs in an ocular hypertension model. By using a laser-induced ocular hypertension model, we have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of GBE on RGC survival. After administered Sprague- Dawley rats with 12 mg/ml, 120 mg/ml and 200 mg/ml GBE, RGC death observed in experimental glaucoma was virtually abolished. The possible neuroprotective mechanisms of GBE on experimental glaucoma were also examined in this study. It has been proposed that GBE protects neurons by modulating glial responses. We found that the number of OX42 immunopositive microglia was increased after GBE treatment in glaucomatous retinas. Based on the morphological analysis, the numbers of both the resting and activated forms of microglia were increased with GBE administration. The protective effect of GBE on RGCs was partially removed by inhibiting the response of microglia with the microglia inhibitory factor. We have also studied the role of other glial cells in protecting RGCs. Macroglia such as astrocytes and Muller cells were studied by quantifying the GFAP immunolabeled glial cells in the glaucomatous retina. Immunoreactivity of GFAP was enhanced after 1.2 mg/ml, 12 mg/ml and 120 mg/ml GBE treatments. In experiments on different survival periods after GBE administration, GBE was shown to induce an earlier onset and a sustained expression of GFAP in the glaucomatous retina when compared with the controls. Application of GBE may therefore be a potentially useful treatment in preventing the loss of vision in glaucoma patients. DOI: 10.5353/th_b2949405 Subjects: Retinal ganglion cells Ginkgo - Therapeutic use Glaucoma Rats as laboratory animals
Book Synopsis Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Plasticity of Extrastriate Visual Cortex Following Neonatal Damage to Primary Visual Cortex by : Kurt R. Illig
Download or read book Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Plasticity of Extrastriate Visual Cortex Following Neonatal Damage to Primary Visual Cortex written by Kurt R. Illig and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Spatiotemporal Assessment of Axonal Transport and Cytoskeletal Structure in Retinal Ganglion Cells Following Acute Elevated Intraocular Pressure in the Rat by : Andrea Nuschke
Download or read book Spatiotemporal Assessment of Axonal Transport and Cytoskeletal Structure in Retinal Ganglion Cells Following Acute Elevated Intraocular Pressure in the Rat written by Andrea Nuschke and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons relay visual information to the brain via the optic nerves (ONs) and optic tracts of the vertebrate visual pathway. RGC loss leads to irreversible blindness in many optic neuropathies, and is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Studies of experimentally elevated IOP have identified axonal transport (AT) disruption, cytoskeletal modification, and glial activation as contributing factors to RGC death. However, the capacity of these factors to recover following a transient IOP elevation remains unclear. This thesis employed AT tracing and immunological techniques to examine the spatiotemporal progression of RGC and glial responses in rat retina and ON following 30 or 90 minutes of acute elevated IOP, representing a sub-critical or critical insult, respectively. Anterograde AT was examined over 24 hours, and retrograde AT over 14 days, post-injury. Neurofilament (NF) phosphorylation and glial activation were evaluated concurrently with anterograde AT. Thirty minutes of elevated IOP did not cause RGC loss, however, retrograde AT was mildly reduced at all time points. There was a trend towards NF dephosphorylation in the optic nerve head (ONH), and some microglial activation was observed. Conversely, 90 minutes of elevated IOP caused significant RGC loss by 3 hours (40%), followed by a second wave of loss by 7 days (98%). Accumulation of phosphorylated NF was observed in a subset of RGC somas, the proportion of which increased with eccentricity. All AT was significantly disrupted at the ONH, and reduced retrograde AT in the ON suggested dysfunction in the distal axon or terminal. Microglial processes were increased in the inner plexiform layer, and activated microglia became prominent through all retinal layers over 24 hours. Notably, loss of AT function was not recovered following either duration of elevated IOP. These findings suggest that, rather than exhibiting reversible dysfunction following a sub-critical insult, RGCs succumb to high IOP-induced stress in a cell-by-cell manner that is acute and permanent, the degree of which depends on the duration of IOP elevation - short insults (e.g. 30 minutes duration) cause dysfunction and/or loss of a small population of vulnerable RGCs, whereas longer insults affect proportionally more RGCs. Differences in extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors likely contribute to variation in the critical threshold across the RGC population. This work contributes to a timeline of cellular events following acute elevated IOP, and supports the importance of studying critical injury and subtype-specific differences in RGCs.
Download or read book Webvision written by Helga Kolb and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ocular Tissue Engineering by : Dimitrios Karamichos
Download or read book Ocular Tissue Engineering written by Dimitrios Karamichos and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-10-01 with total page 1 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Ocular Tissue Engineering" that was published in JFB
Book Synopsis Imaging in Glaucoma by : Joel S. Schuman
Download or read book Imaging in Glaucoma written by Joel S. Schuman and published by Slack. This book was released on 1997 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text presents a comprehensive evaluation of the recent and emerging imaging technologies for the clinical assessment of glaucoma. It should provide an understanding of the technology that is available and the results to expect from each method.
Book Synopsis Ocular Therapeutics by : Thomas Yorio
Download or read book Ocular Therapeutics written by Thomas Yorio and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2011-04-28 with total page 537 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocular Therapeutics: Eye on New Discovery focuses on emerging areas in ocular research, from new approaches to dry eye to gene therapy in the management of retinal diseases. This comprehensive book features more than 25 chapters of information that will be vital for ocular investigators and ophthalmologists bringing them new information on promising therapeutics. It is the intent of this book to provide not only information on current approaches to treatment, but also in giving the reader a greater understanding as to what may become available for treating a number of important eye diseases. Each chapter features some new aspect of treatment that holds great promise for the future. The approach has been to concentrate on those areas of ocular diseases that are more prevalent. It also features new insight for drug delivery and for managing devasting diseases, such as macula edema and glaucoma, two of the leading causes of blindness in the United States. This book will serve as an important resource as it contains a number of relevant references highlighted for their importance to the field. New investigators will be able to obtain an historical perspective for each of the topics and to develop an understanding of the new research directions that are underway. Ocular Therapeutics: Eye on New Discovery is more than a reference book, as it also provides an important glimpse into the near future. * Contains information that is vital for ocular investigators and ophthalmologists bringing them new information on promising therapeutics.* Provides not only information on current approaches to treatment, but also gives the reader a greater understanding as to what may become available for treating a number of important eye diseases.* Historical perspective for each of the topics as well as an important glimpse into the near future to develop an understanding of the new research directions underway.* New insight for drug delivery and for managing devastating diseases, such as macula edema and glaucoma, two of the leading causes of blindness in the United States
Book Synopsis Generation of Neurons and Their Integration in Pre-Existing Circuits in the Postnatal Brain: Signalling in Physiological and Regenerative Contexts by : Helena Mira
Download or read book Generation of Neurons and Their Integration in Pre-Existing Circuits in the Postnatal Brain: Signalling in Physiological and Regenerative Contexts written by Helena Mira and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Book Synopsis Development of the Cerebellum from Molecular Aspects to Diseases by : Hassan Marzban
Download or read book Development of the Cerebellum from Molecular Aspects to Diseases written by Hassan Marzban and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-27 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The authors present the most current and cutting-edge knowledge regarding the molecular basis of cerebellar development, focusing on information relevant to laboratory scientists and clinicians providing service to patients with cerebellar disorders. Knowledge obtained from advanced neuroimaging techniques that are used during development, and from molecular- and genetic-based studies has provided rapidly-growing evidence that the cerebellum is a brain region that is highly impacted by developmental defects. Cerebellar defects result in significant intellectual and motor function impairment that affects both the patients and their families.
Book Synopsis A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Eye by : Mackenzie
Download or read book A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Eye written by Mackenzie and published by . This book was released on 1840 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The olivo-cerebellar system by : Egidio D'Angelo
Download or read book The olivo-cerebellar system written by Egidio D'Angelo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-04-29 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last decades, investigations on the olivo-cerebellar system have attained a high level of sophistication, which led to redefinitions of several structural and functional properties of neurons, synapses, connections and circuits. Research has expanded and deepened in so many directions and so many theories and models have been proposed that an ensemble review of the matter is now needed. Yet, hot topics remain open and scientific discussion is very lively at several fronts. One major question, here as well as in other major brain circuits, is how single neurons and synaptic properties emerge at the network level and contribute to behavioural regulation via neuronal plasticity. Other major aspects that this Research Topic covers and discusses include the development and circuit organization of the olivo-cerebellar network, the established and recent theories of learning and motor control, and the emerging role of the cerebellum in cognitive processing. By touching on such varied and encompassing subjects, this Frontiers Special Topic aims to highlight the state of the art and stimulate future research. We hope that this unique collection of high-quality articles from experts in the field will provide scientists with a powerful basis of knowledge and inspiration to enucleate the major issues deserving further attention.
Book Synopsis Retinal Degenerations by : Matthew M. LaVail
Download or read book Retinal Degenerations written by Matthew M. LaVail and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The topics in this volume explore the etiology, cellular mechanisms, epidemiology, genetics, models and potential therapeutic measures for the blinding diseases of retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Special focus is highlighted in the areas of Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Degeneration and Cell Death (extremely important because very little is known how or why photoreceptors die in these diseases, despite an abundance of genetic information), Age-Related Macular Degeneration (with several novel approaches to its analysis), Usher Syndrome (the most severe form of retinitis pigmentosa, which includes an early or congenital loss of hearing along with blindness), and Gene Therapy. In addition, the section on Basic Science Related to Retinal Degeneration is particularly strong with several laboratories reporting on new discoveries in the area of outer segment phagocytosis, a key component of photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial cell interactions in normal and degenerating retinas.
