Multiscale Study Of Chemical Looping Technology And Its Applications For Low Carbon Energy Conversions

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Multiscale Study of Chemical Looping Technology and Its Applications for Low Carbon Energy Conversions

Author : Liang Zeng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (838 download)

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Book Synopsis Multiscale Study of Chemical Looping Technology and Its Applications for Low Carbon Energy Conversions by : Liang Zeng

Download or read book Multiscale Study of Chemical Looping Technology and Its Applications for Low Carbon Energy Conversions written by Liang Zeng and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The chemical looping strategy for fossil energy applications promises to achieve an efficient energy conversion system for electricity, liquid fuels, hydrogen and/or chemicals generation, while economically separate CO2 by looping reaction design in the process. Chemical looping particle performance, looping reactor engineering, and process design and applications are the key drivers to the success of chemical looping process development. In order to better understand and further scale up the chemical looping process, issues such as cost, time, measurement, safety, and other uncertainties need to be examined. To address these uncertainties, advanced reaction/reactor modeling and process simulation are highly desired and the modeling efforts can accelerate the chemical looping technology development, reduce the pilot-scale facility design time and operating campaigns, as well as reduce the cost and technical risks. The purpose of this work is thus to conduct multiscale modeling and simulations on the key aspects of chemical looping technology, including particle reaction kinetics, reactor design and operation, and process synthesis and optimization.

Chemical Looping Systems for Fossil Energy Conversions

Author : Liang-Shih Fan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118063139
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical Looping Systems for Fossil Energy Conversions by : Liang-Shih Fan

Download or read book Chemical Looping Systems for Fossil Energy Conversions written by Liang-Shih Fan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-14 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the current carbonaceous fuel conversion technologies based on chemical looping concepts in the context of traditional or conventional technologies. The key features of the chemical looping processes, their ability to generate a sequestration-ready CO2 stream, are thoroughly discussed. Chapter 2 is devoted entirely to the performance of particles in chemical looping technology and covers the subjects of solid particle design, synthesis, properties, and reactive characteristics. The looping processes can be applied for combustion and/or gasification of carbon-based material such as coal, natural gas, petroleum coke, and biomass directly or indirectly for steam, syngas, hydrogen, chemicals, electricity, and liquid fuels production. Details of the energy conversion efficiency and the economics of these looping processes for combustion and gasification applications in contrast to those of the conventional processes are given in Chapters 3, 4, and 5.Finally, Chapter 6 presents additional chemical looping applications that are potentially beneficial, including those for H2 storage and onboard H2 production, CO2 capture in combustion flue gas, power generation using fuel cell, steam-methane reforming, tar sand digestion, and chemicals and liquid fuel production. A CD is appended to this book that contains the chemical looping simulation files and the simulation results based on the ASPEN Plus software for such reactors as gasifier, reducer, oxidizer and combustor, and for such processes as conventional gasification processes, Syngas Chemical Looping Process, Calcium Looping Process, and Carbonation-Calcination Reaction (CCR) Process. Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.

Handbook of Chemical Looping Technology

Author : Ronald W. Breault
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527342028
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Chemical Looping Technology by : Ronald W. Breault

Download or read book Handbook of Chemical Looping Technology written by Ronald W. Breault and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-01-22 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive and up-to-date handbook on this highly topical field, covering everything from new process concepts to commercial applications. Describing novel developments as well as established methods, the authors start with the evaluation of different oxygen carriers and subsequently illuminate various technological concepts for the energy conversion process. They then go on to discuss the potential for commercial applications in gaseous, coal, and fuel combustion processes in industry. The result is an invaluable source for every scientist in the field, from inorganic chemists in academia to chemical engineers in industry.

Chemical Looping Partial Oxidation

Author : Liang-Shih Fan
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107194393
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical Looping Partial Oxidation by : Liang-Shih Fan

Calcium and Chemical Looping Technology for Power Generation and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture

Author : Paul Fennell
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857097601
Total Pages : 467 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis Calcium and Chemical Looping Technology for Power Generation and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture by : Paul Fennell

Download or read book Calcium and Chemical Looping Technology for Power Generation and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture written by Paul Fennell and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-05-21 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calcium and Chemical Looping Technology for Power Generation and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture reviews the fundamental principles, systems, oxygen carriers, and carbon dioxide carriers relevant to chemical looping and combustion. Chapters review the market development, economics, and deployment of these systems, also providing detailed information on the variety of materials and processes that will help to shape the future of CO2 capture ready power plants. Reviews the fundamental principles, systems, oxygen carriers, and carbon dioxide carriers relevant to calcium and chemical looping Provides a lucid explanation of advanced concepts and developments in calcium and chemical looping, high pressure systems, and alternative CO2 carriers Presents information on the market development, economics, and deployment of these systems

Chemical Looping Partial Oxidation

Author : Liang-Shih Fan
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108160417
Total Pages : 497 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical Looping Partial Oxidation by : Liang-Shih Fan

Download or read book Chemical Looping Partial Oxidation written by Liang-Shih Fan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-10-12 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first comprehensive guide to the principles and techniques of chemical looping partial oxidation. With authoritative explanations from a pioneer of the chemical looping process, you will: • Gain a holistic overview of metal oxide reaction engineering, with coverage of ionic diffusion, nanostructure formation, morphological evolution, phase equilibrium, and recyclability properties of metal oxides during redox reactions • Learn about the gasification of solid fuels, the reforming of natural gas, and the catalytic conversion of methane to olefins • Understand the importance of reactor design and process integration in enabling metal oxide oxygen carriers to produce desired products • Discover other applications of catalytic metal oxides, including the production of maleic anhydride and solar energy conversions Aspen Plus® simulation software and results accompany the book online. This is an invaluable reference for researchers and industry professionals in the fields of chemical, energy and environmental engineering, and students studying process design and optimization.

23 European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering

Author : Calin-Cristian Cormos
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN 13 : 0128085320
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis 23 European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering by : Calin-Cristian Cormos

Download or read book 23 European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering written by Calin-Cristian Cormos and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-06-10 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions generated from energy sector in the following years is a compulsory step to the transition to low carbon resource efficient economy. Among various methods to reduce CO2 emissions, Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have a special importance. A promising carbon capture method to be applied in energy conversion processes for reducing the energy penalty associated with carbon capture is based on chemical looping systems. This paper investigates CO2 capture based on chemical looping systems suitable to be applied in an IGCC plant for energy vectors poly-generation with emphasis on hydrogen and power co-generation case. The coal-based IGCC cases produce about 400 – 600 MW net electricity and a flexible hydrogen output from zero up to 150 MW hydrogen (based on hydrogen lower heating value) with almost total carbon capture rate of the used fossil fuel. A particular accent is put in the paper on the assessment of process integration issues of gasifier island and syngas conditioning line with the chemical looping unit, mathematical modeling and simulation of whole plant, thermal and power integration of chemical looping unit in the whole IGCC plant (using pinch analysis) and discussing quality specifications for captured CO2 stream considering storage in geological formations or using for EOR.

Handbook of Chemical Looping Technology

Author : Ronald W. Breault
Publisher : Wiley-VCH
ISBN 13 : 9783527809356
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Chemical Looping Technology by : Ronald W. Breault

Download or read book Handbook of Chemical Looping Technology written by Ronald W. Breault and published by Wiley-VCH. This book was released on 2018-11-12 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive and up-to-date handbook on this highly topical field, covering everything from new process concepts to commercial applications. Describing novel developments as well as established methods, the authors start with the evaluation of different oxygen carriers and subsequently illuminate various technological concepts for the energy conversion process. They then go on to discuss the potential for commercial applications in gaseous, coal, and fuel combustion processes in industry. The result is an invaluable source for every scientist in the field, from inorganic chemists in academia to chemical engineers in industry.

Multiscale Kinetic Modelling for Chemical Looping Applications

Author : Yu-Yen Chen (Ph. D. in chemical engineering)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Multiscale Kinetic Modelling for Chemical Looping Applications by : Yu-Yen Chen (Ph. D. in chemical engineering)

Download or read book Multiscale Kinetic Modelling for Chemical Looping Applications written by Yu-Yen Chen (Ph. D. in chemical engineering) and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical looping is an effeicient technology for chemical processing. The core concept of chemical looping is to decompose a given chemical reaction into multiple sub-reactions by looping recyclable chemical intermediates. Such a scheme inherently prevents the undesired mixing between the feedstock and products so that highly concentrated products can be directly collected, yielding an economically viable process that minimizes the energy intensive penalty required for downstram gas separations and product purifications. By looping different types of intermediates, such as oxides or sulfides, chemical looping can be a versatile platform for transforming different types of feedstock into heat and electricity, syngas and hydrogen, or even value-add chemicals. The aim of this dissertation is to develop general methodologies for the design of materials and reactors in chemical looping systems through kinetic modelling under different scales. Ab initio quantum chemical calculations, specifically, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, were performed to explore the reaction pathways and energetics in three different chemical looping processes, including CH4 and CO oxidation on iron oxides, H2S splitting for H2 production using iron sulfides, and CH4 partial oxidation for syngas generation by a highly coking-resistant hybird oxide material. Detailed electronic-structure analyses were performed to elucidate the underlying physics and to identify the key reactivity descriptors, thus providing rationales at the molecular level for the future looping material design and optimization. These DFT predictions were validated by temperature-programmed reductions (TPR) and cyclic redox experiments in thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) apparatus and fix-beds. Once the optimized chemical formula is determined, the materials would be synthesized into particles with size of desired hydrodynamic properties for upscale operations. Therefore, gas-solid kinetic models in the continuum scale that simultaneously consider the chemical reactions and the gaseous reactan/product diffusion through the external gas-film and the interior of the paricle are of great importance for the reactor design and overall process optimization. Based on the experimental observations, we developed generalized and physically significant kinetic models for the redox of 1.5 mm iron-titanium composite metal oxide sperical paritcles without presuming any rate-limiting mechanisms. Our results revealed the importance of the topochemical pattern in the multistep gas-solid reactions. Methods to improve the redox kinetics based on pyhsical modifications without changing the chemical formula were proposed. To achieve a comprehensive reactor modelling, coupling of kinetics and transport properties is essential. We performed experiments in a three-phase cold-flow apparatus to simulate the hydrodynamics of solid fuels in a packed moving-bed reactor. Empirical models that describe the momentum exchange between the pneumatically transported fine powders and the packed dense-particles in movind-bed reactors was developed.

Development of Chemical Looping Combustion Technology for Energy Application - Process Modeling, Experimental Aspect, and Exergy Analysis

Download Development of Chemical Looping Combustion Technology for Energy Application - Process Modeling, Experimental Aspect, and Exergy Analysis PDF Online Free

Author : Yitao Zhang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (131 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of Chemical Looping Combustion Technology for Energy Application - Process Modeling, Experimental Aspect, and Exergy Analysis by : Yitao Zhang

Download or read book Development of Chemical Looping Combustion Technology for Energy Application - Process Modeling, Experimental Aspect, and Exergy Analysis written by Yitao Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the rising concern of climate change, extensive research has been conducted in recent years on the mitigation of global warming. Greenhouse gas emissions are considered as the key driver of global warming. Among the various greenhouse gases, CO2 is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect. Therefore, mitigation of CO2 emission is the key to address global warming. Chemical looping is an energy conversion technology that can directly produce a concentrated CO2 stream, ready for sequestration and utilization, without the need for an individual CO2 separation step, and thus, has the potential to drastically reduce the energy consumption and cost associated with CO2 capture in carbonaceous fuel energy conversion systems. In this dissertation, process modeling and analysis are conducted on solid fuel power production processes to quantify the energy penalty and exergy losses associated with CO2 capture technologies, including state-of-the-art solvent-based CO2 absorption, oxy-combustion using high purity oxygen, and chemical looping combustion technology. Following the comparison of various power production processes using solid fuel with and without CO2 capture, a comprehensive analysis is performed to investigate the effect of varying operation conditions on the performance of chemical looping combustion reactor system. The coal-direct chemical looping process is a chemical looping combustion technology using moving bed reducer configuration that can directly use coal as the feedstock without requiring upstream gasification steps. An integrated 250 kWth coal-direct chemical looping pilot unit using iron-based oxygen carriers has been constructed and demonstrated for long-term continuous operations. The principles for the design and operation of the primary reactor system are discussed in this dissertation. The results of a successful 288-hour continuous demonstration with pulverized bituminous coal are reported. The results from the pilot unit highlight the concept of the chemical looping combustion process as a promising solid fuel combustion technology with CO2 capture. To investigate chemical looping technology for hydrogen production, process simulation and analysis is performed on two distinct configurations for chemical looping H2 generation process. The simulation results of two chemical looping H2 generation configurations are compared with the conventional steam-methane reforming system to underscore the attractiveness of the chemical looping configurations.

Process/Equipment Co-Simulation on Syngas Chemical Looping Process

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)

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Book Synopsis Process/Equipment Co-Simulation on Syngas Chemical Looping Process by :

Download or read book Process/Equipment Co-Simulation on Syngas Chemical Looping Process written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chemical looping strategy for fossil energy applications promises to achieve an efficient energy conversion system for electricity, liquid fuels, hydrogen and/or chemicals generation, while economically separate CO2 by looping reaction design in the process. Chemical looping particle performance, looping reactor engineering, and process design and applications are the key drivers to the success of chemical looping process development. In order to better understand and further scale up the chemical looping process, issues such as cost, time, measurement, safety, and other uncertainties need to be examined. To address these uncertainties, advanced reaction/reactor modeling and process simulation are highly desired and the modeling efforts can accelerate the chemical looping technology development, reduce the pilot-scale facility design time and operating campaigns, as well as reduce the cost and technical risks. The purpose of this work is thus to conduct multiscale modeling and simulations on the key aspects of chemical looping technology, including particle reaction kinetics, reactor design and operation, and process synthesis and optimization.

Investigation of Chemical Looping Oxygen Carriers and Processes for Hydrocarbon Oxidation and Selective Alkane Oxidation to Chemicals

Download Investigation of Chemical Looping Oxygen Carriers and Processes for Hydrocarbon Oxidation and Selective Alkane Oxidation to Chemicals PDF Online Free

Author : Elena Yin-Yin Chung
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (972 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation of Chemical Looping Oxygen Carriers and Processes for Hydrocarbon Oxidation and Selective Alkane Oxidation to Chemicals by : Elena Yin-Yin Chung

Download or read book Investigation of Chemical Looping Oxygen Carriers and Processes for Hydrocarbon Oxidation and Selective Alkane Oxidation to Chemicals written by Elena Yin-Yin Chung and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to overcome these process limitations, the chemical looping technology platform presents an attractive opportunity to convert hydrocarbons to flexible products utilizing intermediate oxygen carriers rather than gaseous co-fed oxidants. This study compares the traditional co-feed approach to the chemical looping approach for selectively controlling both the OCM and selective n-butane oxidation reactions with a focus on overcoming the technical issues that prevented these processes from achieving commercial application. These experimental results are used in process simulations in order to model and compare the theoretical commercial co-feed system with the commercial chemical looping system. For example, previous work demonstrated that pressure and steam have an effect on methane conversion and C2+ selectivity with the OCM co-feed and chemical looping processes. Initial simulations demonstrate that with proper heat integration, the OCM chemical looping process exhibits promising reactor and process operations for an alternative direct approach to utilize methane. The processes demonstrate that the application of chemical looping can be used as a novel and efficient approach for the conversion of hydrocarbons, especially alkanes, to electricity with CO2 capture, syngas and chemicals. With the emerging challenge of climate change and the continued escalation of energy demands, innovative and flexible fuel conversion technologies are necessary and gaining recognition. Chemical looping technologies have the potential to not only reduce energy costs, but also to mitigate carbon emissions. Historically, the general concept of this reduction-oxidation mechanism has been suggested, but the process was never commercialized. Recent interests in carbon capture techniques have revitalized the adaptive chemical looping system. Chemical looping technologies can utilize both gaseous and solid fuels such as natural gas and coal, respectively, for power, hydrogen or chemical generation. However, the success of technological adoption requires a thorough understanding of the types of chemical looping techniques, the design considerations, and the reactor modes of configurations.

Multiphase Reactor Engineering for Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Applications

Author : Yi Cheng
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119251060
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Multiphase Reactor Engineering for Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Applications by : Yi Cheng

Download or read book Multiphase Reactor Engineering for Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Applications written by Yi Cheng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-21 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive review on the brand-new development of several multiphase reactor techniques applied in energy-related processes Explains the fundamentals of multiphase reactors as well as the sophisticated applications Helps the reader to understand the key problems and solutions of clean coal conversion techniques Details the emerging processes for novel refining technology, clean coal conversion techniques, low-cost hydrogen productions and CO2 capture and storage Introduces current energy-related processes and links the basic principles of emerging processes to the features of multiphase reactors providing an overview of energy conversion in combination with multiphase reactor engineering Includes case studies of novel reactors to illustrate the special features of these reactors

Chemical Engineering Progress

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 558 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Chemical Engineering Progress by :

Download or read book Chemical Engineering Progress written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Energy and Chemical Engineering - Outcomes from the EFCE Energy Section in the 12th European Congress on Chemical Engineering (ECCE12)

Author : Francois M. A. Marechal
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889710599
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Energy and Chemical Engineering - Outcomes from the EFCE Energy Section in the 12th European Congress on Chemical Engineering (ECCE12) by : Francois M. A. Marechal

Download or read book Energy and Chemical Engineering - Outcomes from the EFCE Energy Section in the 12th European Congress on Chemical Engineering (ECCE12) written by Francois M. A. Marechal and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-07-21 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Hydrogen Production Technologies

Author : Mehmet Sankir
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119283655
Total Pages : 653 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production Technologies by : Mehmet Sankir

Download or read book Hydrogen Production Technologies written by Mehmet Sankir and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive practical review of the new technologies used to obtain hydrogen more efficiently via catalytic, electrochemical, bio- and photohydrogen production. Hydrogen has been gaining more attention in both transportation and stationary power applications. Fuel cell-powered cars are on the roads and the automotive industry is demanding feasible and efficient technologies to produce hydrogen. The principles and methods described herein lead to reasonable mitigation of the great majority of problems associated with hydrogen production technologies. The chapters in this book are written by distinguished authors who have extensive experience in their fields, and readers will have a chance to compare the fundamental production techniques and learn about the pros and cons of these technologies. The book is organized into three parts. Part I shows the catalytic and electrochemical principles involved in hydrogen production technologies. Part II addresses hydrogen production from electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) by decomposing organic compound into hydrogen in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). The final part of the book is concerned with photohydrogen generation. Recent developments in the area of semiconductor-based nanomaterials, specifically semiconductor oxides, nitrides and metal free semiconductor-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen production are extensively discussed.

Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309484529
Total Pages : 511 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-04-08 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact.