Motherhood Respectability And Baby Farming In Victorian And Edwardian London

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Motherhood, Respectability and Baby-Farming in Victorian and Edwardian London

Author : Joshua G. Stuart-Bennett
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000642445
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Motherhood, Respectability and Baby-Farming in Victorian and Edwardian London by : Joshua G. Stuart-Bennett

Download or read book Motherhood, Respectability and Baby-Farming in Victorian and Edwardian London written by Joshua G. Stuart-Bennett and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-10 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Motherhood, Respectability and Baby-Farming in Victorian and Edwardian London explores a largely obscured marketplace of motherhood that provided ways for women to manage the stigma of illegitimacy and their respectable identities within Victorian and Edwardian society. It focuses on the extent of women’s ‘dirty work’, when maternal problem management was fundamental to the general maintenance of respectability and, by extension, to Empire and Civilisation. Despite its intrigue, history has struggled to understand and represent an uncomfortable but significant artefact of Western modernising society: ‘baby-farming’. During a period when ideologies of respectability and civilisation arguably mattered most, the ‘right’ kind of parenthood – especially motherhood – became paramount. As the ‘wrong’ offspring could jeopardise a woman’s chances of being respectable, a wholesale, informal, and somewhat clandestine marketplace emerged that catered to various maternal difficulties. Within this marketplace, a pregnancy or newborn child who may have compromised a woman’s respectability could be ‘disposed’ of through different means, for a fee. From the Victorian period to the present, the commercialised maternal practices associated with baby-farming have become firmly established within collective consciousness as being synonymous with child murder, female pathology, and ‘infanticide for hire’. This book provides a revised, far more complex, and nuanced narrative history which reveals all that was associated with baby-farming – including all possible outcomes – to be entirely natural, rational, and even necessary products of their time; an understandable outcome of the period’s ‘civilising offensive’. Motherhood, Respectability and Baby-Farming in Victorian and Edwardian London will be of great interest to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, history, and gender studies.

Motherhood, Respectability and Baby-Farming in Victorian and Edwardian London

Author : Joshua G. Stuart-Bennett
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781003161806
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (618 download)

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Book Synopsis Motherhood, Respectability and Baby-Farming in Victorian and Edwardian London by : Joshua G. Stuart-Bennett

Download or read book Motherhood, Respectability and Baby-Farming in Victorian and Edwardian London written by Joshua G. Stuart-Bennett and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Motherhood, Respectability & Baby-Farming in Victorian & Edwardian London explores the largely obscured marketplace of motherhood that provided ways for women to manage the stigma of illegitimacy and their respectable identities within Victorian and Edwardian society. It focuses on the extent of women's 'dirty work', when maternal problem management was fundamental to the general maintenance of respectability and, by extension, to Empire and Civilisation. Despite its intrigue, history has struggled to understand and represent an uncomfortable but significant artifact of Western modernising society: 'baby-farming'. During a period when ideologies of respectability and civilisation arguably mattered most, the 'right' kind of parenthood - especially motherhood - became paramount. As the 'wrong' offspring could jeopardise a woman's chances of being respectable, a wholesale, informal, and somewhat clandestine marketplace emerged that catered to various maternal difficulties. Within this marketplace, a pregnancy or new-born child who may have compromised a woman's respectability could be 'disposed' of through different means, for a fee. From the Victorian period to the present, the commercialised maternal practices associated with baby-farming have become firmly established within collective consciousness as being synonymous with child murder, female pathology, and 'infanticide for hire'. This book provides a revised, far more complex, and nuanced narrative history which reveals all that was associated with baby-farming - including all possible outcomes - to be entirely natural, rational, and even necessary products of their time; an understandable outcome of the period's 'civilising offensive'. Motherhood, Respectability & Baby-Farming in Victorian & Edwardian London will be of great interest to students and scholars of criminology, sociology, history, and gender studies"--

Mrs Beeton and Mrs Marshall

Author : Emma Kay
Publisher : Pen and Sword History
ISBN 13 : 139900901X
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Mrs Beeton and Mrs Marshall by : Emma Kay

Download or read book Mrs Beeton and Mrs Marshall written by Emma Kay and published by Pen and Sword History. This book was released on 2024-02-29 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The name Mrs Beeton has endured for well over a century, synonymous with all things reassuringly culinary, while her contemporary Agnes Bertha Marshall remains somewhat of an enigma. Both Isabella Beeton and Agnes Bertha Marshall lived within a short distance of each other in Pinner, worked in London, wrote about, and shared a passion for food, all just a couple of decades apart. While Isabella Beeton compiled one successful book of collected recipes, Agnes built a cookery empire, including a training school, the development of innovative kitchen equipment, a range of cooking ingredients, an employment agency and a successful weekly journal, as well as writing three incredibly popular recipe books. Mrs Beeton and Mrs Marshall: A Tale Of Two Victorian Cooks intrudes on the private lives of both these women, whose careers eclipsed two very different halves of the Victorian era. While there are similarities between the two, their narratives explore class and background, highlight the social and economic contrasts of the nineteenth century, the ascension of the cookery industry in general and the burgeoning power of suffragism.

Children, Care and Crime

Author : Alison Gerard
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000770559
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Children, Care and Crime by : Alison Gerard

Download or read book Children, Care and Crime written by Alison Gerard and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-02 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The historical context of colonisation situates the analysis in Children, Care and Crime of the involvement of children with care experience in the criminal justice system in an Australian jurisdiction (New South Wales), focusing on residential care, policing, the provision of legal services and interactions in the Children’s Court. While the majority of children in care do not have contact with the criminal justice system, this book explores why those with care experience, and Indigenous children, are over-represented in this system. Drawing on findings from an innovative, mixed-method study – court observations, file reviews and qualitative interviews – the book investigates historical and contemporary processes of colonisation and criminalisation. The book outlines the impact of trauma and responses to trauma, including inter-generational trauma caused by policies of colonisation and criminalisation. It then follows a child’s journey through the continuum of care to the criminal justice system, examining data at each stage including the residential care environment, interactions with police, the provision of legal services and experiences at the Children’s Court. Drawing together an analysis of the gendered and racialised treatment of women and girls with care experience in the criminal justice system, the book particularly focuses on legacies of forced removal and apprenticeship which targeted Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women and girls. Through analysing what practices from England and Wales might offer the NSW context, our findings are enriched by further reflection on how decriminalisation pathways might be imagined. While there have been many policy initiatives developed to address criminalisation, in all parts of the study little evidence was found of implementation and impact. To conclude, the book examines the way that ‘hope tropes’ are regularly deployed in child protection and criminal justice to dangle the prospect of reform, and even to produce pockets of success, only to be whittled away by well-worn pathways to routine criminalisation. The conclusion also considers what a transformative agenda would look like and how monitoring and accountability mechanisms are key to new ways of operating. Finally, the book explores strengths-based approaches and how they might take shape in the child protection and criminal justice systems. Children, Care and Crime is aimed at researchers, lawyers and criminal justice practitioners, police, Judges and Magistrates, policy-makers and those working in child protection, the criminal justice system or delivering services to children or adults with care experience. The research is multidisciplinary and therefore will be of broad appeal to the criminology, law, psychology, sociology and social work disciplines. The book is most suitable for undergraduate courses focusing on youth justice and policing, and postgraduates researching in this field.

Demystifying Modern Slavery

Author : Rose Broad
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 0429624204
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Demystifying Modern Slavery by : Rose Broad

Download or read book Demystifying Modern Slavery written by Rose Broad and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-11 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who are the perpetrators of modern slavery? Why do they exploit others? What might be done to stop exploitation recurring? These are the questions answered in this book. Reporting on the first primary study of modern slavery offenders, the book depicts the findings of in-depth interviews with people accused of, and convicted for, committing modern slavery offences. The different forms that modern slavery takes are explained chapter by chapter: organized crime, people smuggling, labour exploitation, domestic servitude, sham marriage, the trafficking of adults for sexual exploitation and child sex trafficking. Using case studies to illuminate the perspectives of those deemed perpetrators, we show that few modern slavery offenders conform to stereotypes of people traffickers. Through an interpretive analysis of offenders’ life stories, we reveal the points in the past and present where interventions could have prevented victims from becoming trapped in exploitation. We show that while national governments and international bodies often appear resolute in their efforts to tackle modern slavery and people trafficking, they have also obscured their own roles in compounding the plights of those at the sharp ends of globalization. In racializing the actions of sex traffickers, grooming gangs, and organized criminals, the modern slavery agenda has mystified the roles market dynamics, the absence of workers’ rights, and immigration controls play in generating vulnerabilities to exploitation. This book will be of interest to a wide range of students, policymakers and practitioners concerned with modern slavery, human trafficking, border control and immigration, globalization and inequality, as well as the more disciplinefocused criminological audiences concerned with why people commit crimes, what should be done about them and the, often paradoxical, consequences of social control across borders. Given the book’s strong focus on narrative, psychosocial and social network methodologies, it will also appeal to audiences across the social sciences concerned with applying these novel approaches to difficult to reach populations.

Violence

Author : David Wästerfors
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000624064
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Violence by : David Wästerfors

Download or read book Violence written by David Wästerfors and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-08-29 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book considers how the concept of violence has been interpreted, used, defined, and explored by social researchers and thinkers. It does not provide a final answer to the question of what violence is or how it should be explained (or prevented), and instead offers a variety of useful ways of thinking about and theorising the phenomenon, mainly from a sociological standpoint. It outlines four ways of understanding violence: • Violence as situation: the tension that exists between category-driven and situational explanations. • Violence as speciality: the study of particularly violent actors, and how they may be understood by reference to childhood histories, technologies, institutions, culture, class, and gender. • Violence as politics: political violence and violent politics. • Violence as storytelling: representations of violence from a narrative perspective. Concluding with reflections on possible convergences between the four approaches and new directions for research, this book offers a unique and experimental approach to discussing and reconstructing the concept of violence. It is essential reading for criminologists, sociologists, and philosophers alike.

Crime, Criminal Justice and Religion

Author : Philip Birch
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000821544
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Crime, Criminal Justice and Religion by : Philip Birch

Download or read book Crime, Criminal Justice and Religion written by Philip Birch and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crime, Criminal Justice and Religion: A Critical Appraisal seeks to bridge a gap in the examination of crime and criminal justice by taking both a historical and a contemporary lens to explore the influence of religion. Offering unique perspectives that consider the impact on modern-day policy and practice, the book scrutinises a range of issues such as abortion, hate crime and desistance as well as reflecting upon the influence religion can have on criminal justice professions. The book acts to renew the importance of, and recognise, the influence and impact religion has in terms of how we view and ultimately address crime and deliver criminal justice. One of the first books to cover the area of crime, criminal justice and religion, the book is split into three parts, with part 1 - 'Contextualising Crime, Criminal Justice and Religion' - providing an introduction to crime, criminal justice and religion, and reflections on the role religion has had, and continues to have, in how crime is understood and how we respond to it. Part 2 - 'Appraisal of Institutions and Professional Practice' - considers the issue of religion through institutions and professions of criminal justice, such as the police and legal profession, while part 3 - 'Appraisal of Contemporary Issues' - explores a range of crime and criminal justice issues in on which religion has had an impact, such as the death penalty and terrorism. Crime, Criminal Justice and Religion will be of primary interest to academics, researchers and students in criminology, law, sociology, psychology, social policy and related Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences disciplines. It will also be of interest to theologians, both as scholars and practitioners. The book is a body of work that will appeal at an international level and will also be a key resource for a range of practitioners across the globe working on issues concerning crime and criminal justice.

Technology and Domestic and Family Violence

Author : Bridget Harris
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000819833
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Technology and Domestic and Family Violence by : Bridget Harris

Download or read book Technology and Domestic and Family Violence written by Bridget Harris and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-01-30 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together academics and advocates to explore an emerging issue: the use of technology by perpetrators of domestic and family violence. Of interest too is critique of government and non-government activities in this arena and how technology can be harnessed to respond to harm. Domestic and family violence (DFV) is widely recognised as an important social issue, impacting the safety and wellbeing of victim/survivors and their children, and on a broader scale, threatening risk and security on global levels. This book provides insights drawn from research and practice in the Global South and Global North to provide an evidence base and real-world solutions and initiatives to understand, address and ultimately prevent technology-facilitated domestic and family violence and how technology can be used to effect positive change and empower victim/survivors and communities. Technology and Domestic and Family Violence will be of great interest to students and scholars on victimology, criminology, social work, law, women’s studies, sociology and media studies. It will also be a valuable reference for practitioners, government and non-government advocates working on issues around domestic violence.

The Intersections of Family Violence and Sexual Offending

Author : Gemma Hamilton
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000643344
Total Pages : 189 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis The Intersections of Family Violence and Sexual Offending by : Gemma Hamilton

Download or read book The Intersections of Family Violence and Sexual Offending written by Gemma Hamilton and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-09-02 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Often examined separately, this timely volume provides a detailed exploration of the nexus between family violence and sexual offending. Recognising family and sexual violence as highly interrelated issues, it uncovers the challenges and paradoxes of addressing them as separate versus coinciding problems. What is lost and gained when we treat family violence and sexual offending according to the same framework? Light is shed on the nature and dynamics of offending; various terminology (e.g., domestic abuse, intimate partner violence, grooming, coercive control); political and policy contexts; myths and misconceptions; policing and investigative responses; children as overlooked victim-survivors; and the punishment and treatment of offenders. Drawing on international literature, case studies, and stakeholder interviews, the book encourages critical consideration to inform future policy, practise, and research, ultimately prompting stronger approaches to reflect victim-survivors’ realities and needs. The book is relevant to the work of professionals in the social service and criminal justice sectors (e.g., police, policymakers, social workers, advocates, and counsellors), and will be of key interest to researchers and students in diverse academic fields such as criminology, forensic psychology, social work, and socio-legal studies.

Mass Mediated Representations of Crime and Criminality

Author : Julie B. Wiest
Publisher : Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1800437587
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Mass Mediated Representations of Crime and Criminality by : Julie B. Wiest

Download or read book Mass Mediated Representations of Crime and Criminality written by Julie B. Wiest and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2021-05-28 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sponsored by the Communication, Information Technologies, and Media Sociology section of the American Sociological Association (CITAMS), this volume features social science research that examines the practices, patterns and messages related to representations of crime in mass media around the world.

Love and Toil

Author : Ellen Ross
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0195039572
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Love and Toil by : Ellen Ross

Download or read book Love and Toil written by Ellen Ross and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1993 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The feisty warm-hearted "mum" has long figured as a symbol of the working class in Britain, yet working-class history has emphasized male organizations such as clubs, unions, or political parties. Investigating a different dimension of social history, Love and Toil focuses on motherhood among the London poor in the late Victorian and Edwardian years, and on the cultures, communities, and ties with husbands and children that women created. Mothers' skills in managing the family budget, earning income, and caring for their children were critical in protecting households from the worst hardships of industrial capitalism, yet poverty or the threat of it molded intimate relationships and left its imprint on personalities. This book is also a case study demonstrating the larger argument that the concept of "motherhood" is more socially and historically constructed than biologically determined. Shaky household economics, pressure toward respectability, the close proximity of neighbors, the precariousness of infant and child life, and little chance of better lives for their children shaped the work and emotions of motherhood much more than did the biological experiences of pregnancy, birth, and lactation. This beautifully written book, embellished with Cockney slang and music hall songs, addresses fascinating questions in the fields of women's studies, labor history, social policy, and family history."--pub. description.

BABY FARMERS of the 19th CENTURY

Author : Sylvia Perrini
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781484128725
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (287 download)

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Book Synopsis BABY FARMERS of the 19th CENTURY by : Sylvia Perrini

Download or read book BABY FARMERS of the 19th CENTURY written by Sylvia Perrini and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2013-04-16 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this short book, author Sylvia Perrini profiles eleven Baby Farmers. Baby farmers both repulsed and fascinated the public of the day. The term "Baby Farming" was first used by the British Medical Journal in 1867, in an article entitled "Baby-Farming" in which they described a mother who had turned her children over to the "baby farmer" with the clear understanding that they would be neglected until they died. Over the course of the following year the British Medical Journal, published in a series of sensationalist pieces that many baby farmers committed serial infanticide. The articles attracted a great deal of attention and brought the term "baby farming" into widespread use. Baby farmers were women who looked after children for a fee. Legitimate baby farms supplied a much in demand service for unmarried, pregnant women in the Victorian era. The majority of baby farmers were caring and honest. A number of them, though, abandoned, starved, or even killed the infants in their care to increase their profits. Barely a week would pass without the police finding a little corpse abandoned in a railway carriage, left on the banks of a canal, or thrown into the swiftly flowing River Thames. There were strict laws against the mistreatment of animals but, until 1872, there were no such laws to govern baby farmers. Anyone could be a baby farmer; there were no regulations to conform to, no qualifications to be met, no paperwork, and no supervision of the premises or type of care the children received. For the middle-classes, baby farms offered the perfect solution. The pregnant daughter would be sent to the country and once the infant was born, he or she would be farmed out and, all being well, forgotten. The battle against baby farming was fought more or less continuously from 1865, to 1943, seventy-eight years to push through effective legislation to regulate this "social evil."

Victorian Women, Unwed Mothers and the London Foundling Hospital

Author : Jessica A. Sheetz-Nguyen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781350048966
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (489 download)

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Book Synopsis Victorian Women, Unwed Mothers and the London Foundling Hospital by : Jessica A. Sheetz-Nguyen

Download or read book Victorian Women, Unwed Mothers and the London Foundling Hospital written by Jessica A. Sheetz-Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This volume seeks to address the questions of poverty, charity, and public welfare, taking the nineteenth-century London Foundling Hospital as its focus. It delineates the social rules that constructed the gendered world of the Victorian age, and uses 'respectability' as a factor for analysis: the women who successfully petitioned the Foundling Hospital for admission of their infants were not East End prostitutes, but rather unmarried women, often domestic servants, determined to maintain social respectability. The administrators of the Foundling Hospital reviewed over two hundred petitions annually; deliberated on about one hundred cases; and accepted not more than 25 per cent of all cases. Using primary material from the Foundling Hospital's extensive archives, this study moves methodically from the broad social and geographical context of London and the Foundling Hospital itself, to the micro-historical case data of individual mothers and infants."--Bloomsbury Publishing.

Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School

Author : J. A. Mangan
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136347992
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (363 download)

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Book Synopsis Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School by : J. A. Mangan

Download or read book Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School written by J. A. Mangan and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-10-12 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Games obsessed the Victorian and Edwardian public schools. The obsession has become widely known as athleticism. When it appeared in 1981, this book was the first major study of the games ethos which dominated the lives of many Victorian and Edwardian public schoolboys. Written with Professor Mangan's customary panache, it has become a classic, the seminal work on the social and cultural history of modern sport.

Ideal Homes?

Author : Tony Chapman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134695845
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (346 download)

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Book Synopsis Ideal Homes? by : Tony Chapman

Download or read book Ideal Homes? written by Tony Chapman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-09-11 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal Homes? shows how both popular images and experiences of home life relate to the ability of society's members to produce and respond to social change. The book provides for the first time an analysis of the space of the home and the experiences of home life by writers from a wide range of disciplines, including sociology, architecture, geography and anthropology. It covers a range of subjects, including gender roles, different generations relationships to home, the changing nature of the family, transition and risk and alternative visions of home.

A Criminological Biography of an Arms Dealer

Author : Yarin Eski
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351374109
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis A Criminological Biography of an Arms Dealer by : Yarin Eski

Download or read book A Criminological Biography of an Arms Dealer written by Yarin Eski and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-01-31 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many, the arms trade and its dealers are the root cause of regional wars and global terrorism. In both public and academic debates, arms dealers are considered immoral as they profit from conflict, due to their key position in the international arms trading business. Nevertheless, there seems to be little to no interest in the personal lives of those actively involved. In his criminological biography of a licensed arms dealer, Yarin Eski provides an in-depth, interdisciplinary approach to and understanding of the global arms trade, revealing a deep insider view placed in a wider sociocultural context. From early discussions about childhood and career choices, to reflections on becoming and being an arms trader, Eski offers a methodologically embedded approach and advances biographical writing in the field of Criminology. It is a unique and thought-provoking contribution to the fields of criminology, ethnography, sociology, critical security studies, policing studies, war studies and international politics and offers an unparalleled insight from within.

The Victorian Governess

Author : Kathryn Hughes
Publisher : A&C Black
ISBN 13 : 9781852853259
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (532 download)

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Book Synopsis The Victorian Governess by : Kathryn Hughes

Download or read book The Victorian Governess written by Kathryn Hughes and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The figure of the governess is very familiar from nineteenth-century literature. Much less is known about the governess in reality. This book is the first rounded exploration of what the life of the home schoolroom was actually like. Drawing on original diaries and a variety of previously undiscovered sources, Kathryn Hughes describes why the period 1840-80 was the classic age of governesses. She examines their numbers, recruitment, teaching methods, social position and prospects. The governess provides a key to the central Victorian concept of the lady. Her education consisted of a series of accomplishments designed to attract a husband able to keep her in the style to which she had become accustomed from birth. Becoming a governess was the only acceptable way of earning money open to a lady whose family could not support her in leisure. Being paid to educate another woman's children set in play a series of social and emotional tensions. The governess was a surrogate mother, who was herself childless, a young woman whose marriage prospects were restricted, and a family member who was sometimes mistaken for a servant.