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Molecular Evolutionary And Functional Analyses Of Vibrio Pathogenicity Island 2 From Vibrio Cholerae
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Book Synopsis Molecular, Evolutionary and Functional Analyses of Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 from Vibrio Cholerae by : William S. Jermyn
Download or read book Molecular, Evolutionary and Functional Analyses of Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 from Vibrio Cholerae written by William S. Jermyn and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibrio cholerae is a Gram negative, curved rod shaped bacterium and is ubiquitous in marine an estuarine environments. V. cholerae is the etiological agent of the profuse, secretory diarrheal disease cholera. Two critical virulence factors, the toxin coregulated pilin (TCP) and cholera toxin (CT) is responsible for the pathogenicity of the bacterium. Both virulence factors are encoded on mobile genetic elements that can be transferred to non-pathogenic strains, enabling these strains to colonise and cause disease. The genes encoding the TCP pilin are located on the Vibrio pathogenicity island; whereas the CT genes are encoded on a filamentous bacteriophage CTX. Neuraminidase is a virulence factor that is thought to act synergistically with CT, by increasing the numbers of receptors available for CT binding. Numerous reports have suggested that neuraminidase is horizontally transferred in bacteria, for example the carriage of the nanH gene on Fels-1 bacteriophage in Salmonella typhimurium LT2. The aim of this thesis was to examine the mechanism of horizontal transfer of nanH in V. cholerae. Molecular and bioinformatics analyses revealed that nanH is encoded on a second pathogenicity island in V. cholerae, which was subsequently named Vibrio pathogenicity island-2 (VPI-2). The island is 57.3 kb in size and consists of three distinct regions; a type-1 restriction modification system, a nan-nag region and a Mu phage-like region. VPI-2 exhibits many of the characteristics of pathogenicity islands such as being located adjacent to a tRNA gene and is found predominantly in pathogenic strains. Interestingly, the island is also prevalent in V. mimicus, a species of Vibrio that is closely related to V. cholerae. The VPI-2 is inserted into the same chromosomal site in both species, adjacent to a tRNA serine and consists of both the nan-nag and Mu phage regions. Intriguingly, the Mu phage region is predominantly associated with clinical isolates whereas the nan-nag region is prevalent in both clinical and environmental isolates. Multi locus sequence analysis indicates that the VPI-2 has recently been transferred between the two species.
Book Synopsis Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 by : Salvador Almagro-Moreno
Download or read book Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 written by Salvador Almagro-Moreno and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of many pathogenic species is due to the acquisition of genetic material in the form of pathogenicity islands (PAIs). As a model PAI, we work with Vibrio Pathogenicity Island-2 (VPI-2), a 57 kb integrative element encoded within pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae is a natural inhabitant of brackish and estuarine environments; however it is widely known as the etiological agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera. A neuraminidase (NanH) is encoded within VPI-2 that unmasks the receptors of the cholera toxin, the main cause of the watery diarrhea. The term sialic acid embraces a diverse group of nine-carbon aminosugars that are widely found in mucous surfaces such as the human gut. In this study, we examined the distribution and evolution of the genes involved in the catabolism of sialic acid among bacteria (Nan) and found that they were confined to pathogenic and commensal organisms. We also uncovered several putative HGT events, some of them among kingdoms. Subsequently, we determined the function of the NanA, NanE and NanK proteins encoded within VPI-2 in V. cholerae. In addition, we found that the ability to utilize sialic acid as a carbon source conferred a competitive advantage to pathogenic isolates of V. cholerae, highlighting an important relationship between the exploitation of host{u2019}s resources and bacterial colonization. Consequently, we focused on the first step in the transfer of virulence genes within a PAI through the study of VPI-2 excision. We found that VPI-2 excision is affected by environmental stimuli. and is tightly regulated by its cognate integrase and two novel RDFs. Interestingly, one of the RDFs also affected the excision of another PAI, showing for the first time cross-talk among two PAIs. We also studied the evolution of VPI-2 among a wide number of sequenced V. cholerae.
Book Synopsis Vibrio Cholerae and Cholera by : Kaye Wachsmuth
Download or read book Vibrio Cholerae and Cholera written by Kaye Wachsmuth and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the latest molecular studies of virulence, colonization, gene regulation, and the O1 antigen. Gives an in-depth and analytical approach to the epidemiology of cholera that includes outbreak investigations, case-control studies, and surveillance functions. Describes the molecular approach to epidemiologic problems and questions. Tracks the global spread of cholera by genetically defining individual strains. Addresses possible intervention and prevention strategies, including the latest vaccines, and their public health relevance.
Book Synopsis Vibrios in the Environment by : Rita R. Colwell
Download or read book Vibrios in the Environment written by Rita R. Colwell and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1984 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Pangenome written by Hervé Tettelin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book offers the first comprehensive account of the pan-genome concept and its manifold implications. The realization that the genetic repertoire of a biological species always encompasses more than the genome of each individual is one of the earliest examples of big data in biology that opened biology to the unbounded. The study of genetic variation observed within a species challenges existing views and has profound consequences for our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning bacterial biology and evolution. The underlying rationale extends well beyond the initial prokaryotic focus to all kingdoms of life and evolves into similar concepts for metagenomes, phenomes and epigenomes. The book’s respective chapters address a range of topics, from the serendipitous emergence of the pan-genome concept and its impacts on the fields of microbiology, vaccinology and antimicrobial resistance, to the study of microbial communities, bioinformatic applications and mathematical models that tie in with complex systems and economic theory. Given its scope, the book will appeal to a broad readership interested in population dynamics, evolutionary biology and genomics.
Book Synopsis Molecular Medical Microbiology by : Yi-Wei Tang
Download or read book Molecular Medical Microbiology written by Yi-Wei Tang and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-09-14 with total page 2214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The molecular age has brought about dramatic changes in medical microbiology, and great leaps in our understanding of the mechanisms of infectious disease. Molecular Medical Microbiology is the first book to synthesise the many new developments in both molecular and clinical research in a single comprehensive resource. This timely and authoritative three-volume work is an invaluable reference source of medical bacteriology. Comprising more than 100 chapters, organized into 17 major sections, the scope of this impressive work is wide-ranging. Written by experts in the field, chapters include cutting-edge information, and clinical overviews for each major bacterial group, in addition to the latest updates on vaccine development, molecular technology and diagnostic technology. Topics covered include bacterial structure, cell function, and genetics; mechanisms of pathogenesis and prevention; antibacterial agents; and infections ranging from gastrointestinal to urinary tract, centrtal nervous system, respiratory tract, and more. - The first comprehensive and accessible reference on molecular medical microbiology - Full color presentation througout - In-depth discussion of individual pathogenic bacteria in a system-oriented approach - Includes a clinical overview for each major bacterial group - Presents the latest information on vaccine development, molecular technology, and diagnostic technology - More than 100 chapters covering all major groups of bacteria - Written by an international panel of authors who are experts in their respective disciplines
Book Synopsis Vibrio ecology, pathogenesis and evolution by : Rita R Colwell
Download or read book Vibrio ecology, pathogenesis and evolution written by Rita R Colwell and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-10-24 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vibrios are Gram-negative bacilli that occur naturally in marine, estuarine, and freshwater systems. Some species include human and animal pathogens capable of causing gastroenteritis, wound infections, cholera, and fatal septicemia. Over the past decades, cutting edge research on Vibrio genomics has promoted a tremendous advance in our knowledge of these pathogens. Significant developments include the discovery of emerging epidemic clones, tracking the spread of new strain variants, and an intensified appreciation of the role of mobile genetic elements in antibiotic resistance spread as well as pathogenesis. Furthermore, improved understanding of the interaction of Vibrios with a variety of living organisms in the aquatic environment has documented the significant role of environmental reservoirs in their seasonal cycle favoring persistence of the pathogen during inter-epidemic periods and enhancing disease transmission. This Research Topic is dedicated to our current understanding in these areas and will bring together leading experts in the field to provide a deep overview of Vibrios ecology and evolution, and will suggest the pathway of future research in this field.
Author :Michael L. Vasil Publisher :American Society for Microbiology Press ISBN 13 :1555816762 Total Pages :1189 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (558 download)
Book Synopsis Regulation of Bacterial Virulence by : Michael L. Vasil
Download or read book Regulation of Bacterial Virulence written by Michael L. Vasil and published by American Society for Microbiology Press. This book was released on 2012-12-05 with total page 1189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive compendium of scholarly contributions relating to bacterial virulence gene regulation. • Provides insights into global control and the switch between distinct infectious states (e.g., acute vs. chronic). • Considers key issues about the mechanisms of gene regulation relating to: surface factors, exported toxins and export mechanisms. • Reflects on how the regulation of intracellular lifestyles and the response to stress can ultimately have an impact on the outcome of an infection. • Highlights and examines some emerging regulatory mechanisms of special significance. • Serves as an ideal compendium of valuable topics for students, researchers and faculty with interests in how the mechanisms of gene regulation ultimately affect the outcome of an array of bacterial infectious diseases.
Download or read book The Vibrios written by A. L. Furniss and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis by : Barbara H. Iglewski
Download or read book Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis written by Barbara H. Iglewski and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1990-01-01 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Basis of Bacterial Pathogenesis focuses on the molecular mechanism of disease associated with bacterial pathogens. Topics covered include the population genetics of bacterial pathogenesis; environmental modulation of gene expression in gram-negative pathogens; and bacterial invasion and intracellular growth. Bacterial toxins are also discussed. This volume is comprised of 20 chapters and begins with an overview of pathogenesis, paying particular attention to common elements and genetic mechanisms of regulation. The discovery that many bacterial pathogens are clonal, with individual clones often having a greater virulence than others, is then considered. The next section deals with the regulation of synthesis of surface components and their role in colonization of the host and/or evasion of the host immune defense systems; antigenic variation and its role in evasion of the host immune response; and the role of iron acquisition systems in the colonization of the host. Subsequent chapters explore the invasion and intracellular growth of facultative and obligate intracellular parasites. The last section is devoted to studies on the role of bacterial toxic products in pathogenesis. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) and exotoxins are described. This book should be of interest to molecular biologists, physiologists, clinical specialists, pathologists, and geneticists.
Download or read book Bacteriophages written by David R. Harper and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-30 with total page 1376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first major reference work dedicated to the mannifold industrial and medical applications of bacteriophages provides both theoretical and practical insights into the emerging field of bacteriophage biotechnology. The book introduces to bacteriophage biology, ecology and history and reviews the latest technologies and tools in bacteriophage detection, strain optimization and nanotechnology. Usage of bacteriophages in food safety, agriculture, and different therapeutic areas is discussed in detail. This book serves as essential guide for researchers in applied microbiology, biotechnology and medicine coming from both academia and industry.
Book Synopsis Microbial Genomic Islands in Adaptation and Pathogenicity by : Indra Mani
Download or read book Microbial Genomic Islands in Adaptation and Pathogenicity written by Indra Mani and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-03-31 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book elucidates the role of microbial genomic islands (GEIs) in genome stability, plasticity, evolutionary adaptation, and pathogenicity in the bacterial population. The initial chapters of the book present tools, including bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, next-generation sequencing, and molecular biology techniques, for the analysis of the genomic islands. The book also discusses the importance of genomic islands in bacterial speciation, acquisition of genes related to resistome, nitrogen fixation, mobilomes, and nutritional fitness and adaptation. It provides recent advances in understanding microbial genomic islands' distribution, evolution, and mechanistic modes of behavior in pathogenic, non-pathogenic, and environmental species. This book is a valuable source for beginners in molecular microbiology, students, researchers, clinicians, stakeholders, and policymakers interested in understanding the role of GEIs in the adaptive evolution of microorganisms.
Book Synopsis Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases by : Alan D.T. Barrett
Download or read book Vaccines for Biodefense and Emerging and Neglected Diseases written by Alan D.T. Barrett and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2009-03-05 with total page 1519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last 20 years has seen a rapid increase in infectious diseases, particularly those that are termed "emerging diseases" such as SARS, "neglected diseases" such as malaria and those that are deemed biothreats such as anthrax. It is well-recognized that the most effective modality for preventing infectious diseases is vaccination. This book provides researchers with a better understanding of what is currently known about these diseases, including whether there is a vaccine available or under development. It also informs readers of the key issues in development of a vaccine for each disease. - Provides a comprehensive treatise of the agents that are responsible for emerging and neglected diseases and those that can be used as biothreats - Includes the processes such as the vaccine development pathway, vaccine manufacturing and regulatory issues that are critical to the generation of these vaccines to the marketplace - Each chapter will include a map of the world showing where that particular disease is naturally found
Book Synopsis Restriction Endonucleases by : Alfred Pingoud
Download or read book Restriction Endonucleases written by Alfred Pingoud and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Restriction enzymes are highly specific nucleases which occur ubiquitously among prokaryotic organisms, where they serve to protect bacterial cells against foreign DNA. Many different types of restriction enzymes are known, among them multi-subunit enzymes which depend on ATP or GTP hydrolysis for target site location. The best known representatives, the orthodox type II restriction endonucleases, are homodimers which recognize palindromic sequences, 4 to 8 base pairs in length, and cleave the DNA within or immediately adjacent to the recognition site. In addition to their important biological role (up to 10 % of the genomes of prokaryotic organisms code for restriction/modification systems!), they are among the most important enzymes used for the analysis and recombination of DNA. In addition, they are model systems for the study of protein-nucleic acids interactions and, because of their ubiquitous occurence, also for the understanding of the mechanisms of evolution.
Author :Australian Academy of Science Publisher :Canberra : Australian National University Press ISBN 13 : Total Pages :264 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (91 download)
Book Synopsis The Impact of Civilisation on the Biology of Man by : Australian Academy of Science
Download or read book The Impact of Civilisation on the Biology of Man written by Australian Academy of Science and published by Canberra : Australian National University Press. This book was released on 1970 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Bacterial Chromatin by : Remus T. Dame
Download or read book Bacterial Chromatin written by Remus T. Dame and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Foodborne Microbial Pathogens by : Arun Bhunia
Download or read book Foodborne Microbial Pathogens written by Arun Bhunia and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-22 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At last, here is a graduate-level textbook that focuses on the very latest information on the molecular and cellular mechanism of several major foodborne bacterial pathogens. For the first time in the field, this book makes the link between foodborne illness and immunology. It also covers virulence genes and their regulation in the host or the food environment, pathogenicity testing models, clinical symptoms and prevention and control strategies. Unlike other textbooks this one also covers the host/parasite interaction to a level where readers have a real appreciation of the disease mechanism. It is imperative that we acquire a better understanding of foodborne pathogens. And this is what this brilliant and timely contribution to the subject offers.
