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Modelling Nitrogen Use In Dairy Cattle
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Book Synopsis Modelling Nitrogen Use in Dairy Cattle by : Kristan Foster Reed
Download or read book Modelling Nitrogen Use in Dairy Cattle written by Kristan Foster Reed and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dairy production systems strive to improve their efficiency of production and reduce the amount of nutrients lost to the environment through better farm-level nutrient cycling. Loss of nitrogenous compounds such as nitrous oxide, ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates is of concern due to negative environmental impacts including surface and ground water contamination, acid rain, and contributions to global warming. In practice, measurement of nitrogen (N) excretion in manure routinely is impractical, necessitating the use of models to estimate theses values. In order to improve nutrient management plans, methods used to estimate manure excretion must minimize prediction error. One aspect of farm management that has potential to reduce N loss to the environment is to increase the efficiency of conversion of feed N into milk N (MNE, g milk N/g N intake), thus reducing the amount of N excreted in manure. Due to the complexities of ruminant digestion, little progress has been made at identifying ways to increase MNE despite current on-farm values far below the potential maximum efficiency. Mathematical models are an essential tool for integrating the complexities of ruminant digestion and metabolism in order to work towards improved MNE. The objective of this dissertation was to apply modeling techniques to improve prediction of manure N excretion and identify factors that contribute to MNE. The first chapter reviews currently available models and identifies weaknesses in model development methods. The second chapter uses a large database of indirect calorimetry observations to develop a set of empirical N excretion models which are further evaluated in Chapter 3. In the fourth chapter, the relationship between dietary energy content and MNE is explored through the use of a multivariate Bayesian model that simultaneously estimates milk, urine, and fecal N. A dynamic Bayesian modeling technique is illustrated through a 3 pool rumen N model in Chapter 5 and highlights the benefits of this technique for the animal science community. In the last chapter, a dynamic, process-based model of total N and essential amino acid N digestion and metabolism is developed to estimate the effect of targeted amino-acid delivery on MNE. Dietary energy content and intake was also incorporated into this model to assess the effect of energy on N cycling within the dairy cow. The models presented in this dissertation can be used to assist in nutrient management planning and to guide future investigations aimed at improving MNE.
Book Synopsis Modelling of Nitrogen Flow and Excretion in Dairy Cows by : W. M. van Straalen
Download or read book Modelling of Nitrogen Flow and Excretion in Dairy Cows written by W. M. van Straalen and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protein degradation of ruminant diets. Validation of protein evaluation systems by means of milk production experiments with dairy cows. Rumen degradation and intestinal digestion of grass and clover at two maturity levels during the season in dairy cows. Intestinal digestibility of protein from grass and clover in dairy cows measured with mobile nylon bag and other methods. Digestion of feed amino acids in the rumen and small intestine of dairy cows measured with nylon bag techniques. Development and validation of a model to describe N flows in dairy cows.
Author :Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Publisher :Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 13 :925107920X Total Pages :139 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (51 download)
Book Synopsis Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Download or read book Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2013 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Greenhouse gas emissions by the livestock sector could be cut by as much as 30 percent through the wider use of existing best practices and technologies. FAO conducted a detailed analysis of GHG emissions at multiple stages of various livestock supply chains, including the production and transport of animal feed, on-farm energy use, emissions from animal digestion and manure decay, as well as the post-slaughter transport, refrigeration and packaging of animal products. This report represents the most comprehensive estimate made to-date of livestocks contribution to global warming as well as the sectors potential to help tackle the problem. This publication is aimed at professionals in food and agriculture as well as policy makers.
Book Synopsis Modelling the Nitrogen Surplus and the Efficiency of Nitrogen Use in Flemish Dairy Farms by : Elena Ramírez Fanlo
Download or read book Modelling the Nitrogen Surplus and the Efficiency of Nitrogen Use in Flemish Dairy Farms written by Elena Ramírez Fanlo and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Models to Predict Ruminal Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Supply and Nitrogen Excretion in Cattle by : Cristina Lanzas
Download or read book Models to Predict Ruminal Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Supply and Nitrogen Excretion in Cattle written by Cristina Lanzas and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To mitigate the negative environmental impact of farming, it is important that diets are formulated to accurately match requirements. For that, an adequate characterization of feed composition and its variability is crucial. The original Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein (CNCPS) feed carbohydrate and protein fractionation schemes were evaluated and modified to improve predictions of the rumen degradable protein (RDP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and microbial protein supply. For carbohydrates, a new expanded scheme was developed; the CA1 is volatile fatty acids (VFA), CA2 is lactic acid, CA3 is other organic acids, CA4 is sugars, CB1 is starch, CB2 is soluble fiber, CB3 is available neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and CC is unavailable NDF. The expanded scheme accounted for more variation in changes in silage quality and non-fiber carbohydrate composition. The CNCPS and National Research Council (NRC) protein schemes were evaluated using Monte Carlo techniques. Both schemes shared similar limitations including (1) the range of RDP and RUP was over-predicted; (2) the methods used to estimate degradation rates had low accuracy and repeatability, and (3) the assumptions underlying the kinetic models were too restrictive to mimic ruminal digestion. The CNCPS protein scheme was revised and alternative schemes were developed. Predictions of RDP and RUP were improved by assigning rates obtained with the inhibitory in vitro system to a combined insoluble protein B fraction, or by redefining A and B1 fractions as the non amino-N and amino-N in the soluble fraction, respectively. Urea recycled to the rumen may represent an important source of N for microbes. A dynamic mechanistic model was developed to be used as a component of ration formulation models to predict N recycling to the GIT and urinary urea N. Recycling processes were modeled as positive feedbacks, while renal excretion was modeled as a negative feedback. Both processes were assumed to be regulated by N intake. Model simulations suggested that accurately accounting for urea recycled to the rumen reduces degradable nitrogen needed in the diet, and the use of the NRC 1985 empirical equation to predict urea recycling to the rumen may greatly underestimate recycling in lactating dairy cows. (Abstract).
Book Synopsis Mathematical Modelling in Animal Nutrition by : J. France
Download or read book Mathematical Modelling in Animal Nutrition written by J. France and published by CABI. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mathematical modelling is increasingly applicable to the practical sciences. Here, mathematical approaches are applied to the study of mechanisms of digestion and metabolism in primary animal species. It also explores common themes between species, and provides an integrated approach to mathematical modelling in animal nutrition.
Book Synopsis Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations by : National Research Council
Download or read book Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-04-07 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs discusses the need for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to implement a new method for estimating the amount of ammonia, nitrous oxide, methane, and other pollutants emitted from livestock and poultry farms, and for determining how these emissions are dispersed in the atmosphere. The committee calls for the EPA and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to establish a joint council to coordinate and oversee short - and long-term research to estimate emissions from animal feeding operations accurately and to develop mitigation strategies. Their recommendation was for the joint council to focus its efforts first on those pollutants that pose the greatest risk to the environment and public health.
Book Synopsis Prediction and Improved Estimation in Linear Models by : John Bibby
Download or read book Prediction and Improved Estimation in Linear Models written by John Bibby and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1977 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Good,No Highlights,No Markup,all pages are intact, Slight Shelfwear,may have the corners slightly dented, may have slight color changes/slightly damaged spine.
Book Synopsis Ruminant Nutrition by : Robert Jarrige
Download or read book Ruminant Nutrition written by Robert Jarrige and published by John Libbey Eurotext. This book was released on 1989 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deals with feed evaluation systems, the nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock and the feeding value of a wide range of feedstuffs. This book lists about 800 typical forages, 65 crop residues and 120 concentrate and by-product feeds. It is suitable for teachers, specialist scientists and industrialists.
Download or read book Animal Manure written by Heidi M. Waldrip and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-05-05 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of meat, milk, and eggs consumed in the United States are produced in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO). With concentrated animal operations, in turn comes concentrated manure accumulation, which can pose a threat of contamination of air, soil, and water if improperly managed. Animal Manure: Production, Characteristics, Environmental Concerns, and Management navigates these important environmental concerns while detailing opportunities for environmentally and economically beneficial utilization.
Book Synopsis Modelling nutrient digestion and utilisation in farm animals by : D. Sauvant
Download or read book Modelling nutrient digestion and utilisation in farm animals written by D. Sauvant and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "For more than 30 years, modelling has been an important method for integrating, in a flexible, comprehensive and widely applicable way, basic knowledge and biological concepts on digestion and metabolism in farm animals. The purpose of this book is to present the 'state of art' in this area. The chapters are written by leading teams and researchers in this field of study, mainly from Europe, North America and Australasia. Considerable progress has been made in topics dealing with: modelling methods, feeding behaviour, digestion and metabolic processes in ruminants and monogastric animals. This progress is clearly illustrated by the emergence of a new paradigm in animal nutrition, which has moved from the aim to cover the requirements of the animal to explaining and predicting the responses of the animals to diets (e.g. productivity and efficiency, impact on quality of products, environmental aspects, health and well-being). In this book several chapters illustrate that through empirical models, meta-analysis is an efficient tool to synthesize information gathered over recent decades. In addition, compared with other books on modelling farm animal nutrition, two new aspects received particular attention: expanding knowledge of the individual animal to understanding the functioning and management of herds, and the consideration of the environmental impact of animal production. This book is a valuable source of information for researchers, nutritionists, advisors, and graduate students who want to have up-to-date and concise information on mathematical modelling applied to farm animals."
Book Synopsis Development of a Dynamic Rumen and Gastro-intestinal Model in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System to Predict the Nutrient Supply and Requirements of Dairy Cattle by : Ryan John Higgs
Download or read book Development of a Dynamic Rumen and Gastro-intestinal Model in the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System to Predict the Nutrient Supply and Requirements of Dairy Cattle written by Ryan John Higgs and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The high value of milk protein, increasing feed costs, and growing concern for the environment has made nitrogen utilization a central component in ration balancing on dairy farms. The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) is a nutritional model that enables the formulation of diets that closely match predicted animal requirements. The CNCPS includes a library of approximately 800 different ingredients which provide the platform for describing the chemical composition of the diet. The objectives of this research were 1) to review and update the chemical composition of feeds in the feed library, 2) develop new capability within the model to predict nitrogen and amino acid supply and requirements and, 3) investigate the potential to improve nitrogen utilization in high producing dairy cows through using the new model to formulate diets precisely to animal requirements. The feed library was updated using a procedure that combined linear regression, matrix regression and genetic algorithm optimization to predict uncertain values. Each feed was evaluated and updated where required to be consistent with data from commercial laboratories. Amino acid profiles were also updated using contemporary datasets. A new, dynamic version of the rumen and gastro-intestinal (GIT) submodel was constructed in the system dynamics modeling software Vensim®. The new model included, among other things, estimations of protozoal growth, endogenous N transactions along the entire GIT and a new system to estimate N digestion in the small intestine. Relative to measured data, the model was able to predict the flows of microbial, un-degraded feed, and total non-ammonia N with a high degree of accuracy and precision (R2 = 0.97, 0.90 and 0.98, respectively). Lactating dairy cows fed diets formulated to be adequate in rumen N and EAA supply using the model were able to produce>40 kg milk on diets
Book Synopsis Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism by : R.L. Baldwin
Download or read book Modeling Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism written by R.L. Baldwin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1995-05-31 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Role of mminants in human food production; Whyan animal scientist would choose to model animal systems; Basic organization of this book; Modeling principIes and terminology; Classification of models; Objectives in modeling; The modeling process I objective statements, block diagrams, equation forms and parameterization; Steps in modeling; Setting the modeling objective; Block diagrams; Formulation of mathematical statements; Development of numerical inputs; The modeling process II - solution algorithms, model evaluations and parameter estimation; Model solution algorithms; Evaluation of management and research models; Evaluation and use of analytical models for parameter estimation; Decision support software; Animal energetic models; Thermodynamic concepts in nutrition; Historical development of bases for feeding system models; Energy requirements for maintenance and production; Equations used to estimate maintenance and costs of production; Components of maintenanace; Protein and amino acid models; Current protein and amino acid systems; Analytic models of amino aicd and protein metabolism; Dynamic modeling; Biology and algebraic models of ruminant digestion; The rumen microbes and their metabolism; Balance models of ruminant digestion; An analytical model of rumen digestion; Microbial growth elements; Biology and algebraic models of growth; Classical equations for growth; Nutritional models of growth; Concepts of lhe basic biology of growth used in mechanistic models; Biology of lactation; Decent evolution of feeding systems for lactating dairy cattle; An analytical model of nutrient transactions during lactation; Dynamic models of ruminant digestion; Early dynamic models; Current dynamic models; Dynamic models of ruminant adipose tissue metabolism; Evolution of steady-state balance model; Radioisotope tracer elemets; Dynamic models of ruminant mammary metabolism; Development of model inputs and initial parameters; Descriptions of a model of mammary gland metabolism; Dynamic models of liver and viscera metabolism; Overall structure and notation; Mechanistic, dynamic models of growth; Beef growth models; Sheep growth and metabolism model; Lactation Background on MOLL Y. CSL; The program MOLL Y. CSL; Evaluation and use of a growth and lactation model; Behavioral analyses; Sensitivity analyses; Bioeconomic analyse.
Book Synopsis Development of a Model for Formulating Dairy Cow and Beef Cattle Diets to Reduce Nitrogen Losses to the Environment by : Hanna Mary Victoria Olsson
Download or read book Development of a Model for Formulating Dairy Cow and Beef Cattle Diets to Reduce Nitrogen Losses to the Environment written by Hanna Mary Victoria Olsson and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development of New Computational Models for Predicting Nitrogen Excretion in Dairy Cattle by : Xianjiang Chen
Download or read book Development of New Computational Models for Predicting Nitrogen Excretion in Dairy Cattle written by Xianjiang Chen and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This note is part of Quality testing.
Book Synopsis Energy Nutrition in Ruminants by : E.R. Orskov
Download or read book Energy Nutrition in Ruminants written by E.R. Orskov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended to be a companion volume to 'Protein Nutrition in Ruminants' (1982, Academic Press), which emphasized both the role of proteins and new systems for their evaluation. Here the focus is on energy-yielding nutrients and problems involved in evaluating them. Nonetheless in both volumes there is explicit recognition of the interdependence of energy and protein nutrition. I have not attempted to review comprehensively all the literature relating to ruminant energy nutrition and must apologize to colleagues whose work is not fully reported. Where possible tables and figures are taken from the studies of our group at the Rowett Research Institute since, if for no other reason, I am most familiar with these data. I have first considered the nutrition of the newborn and have stressed the role of behaviour 'in determining whether nutrients enter or bypass the rumen. The development of the rumen, the of anaerobic fermentation and the roles of various principles . species of rumen bacteria, protozoa and fungi in relation to different substrates, are summarized. This is followed by accounts of the factors affecting the utilization of different substrates and the v vi Preface absorption and metabolism of the end-products of fermentation and digestion, together with estimates of digestive capacity in various segments of the gut. The ruminant's requirements for energy-yielding nutrients is considered in relation to the per formance of various activities and to environmental conditions, particular attention being paid to the requirement for glucose precursors.
Book Synopsis Development and Initial Testing of an Improved Model for Prediction of Daily Microbial Nitrogen Flow from the Rumen of the Dairy Cow by : Mary Beth Roe
Download or read book Development and Initial Testing of an Improved Model for Prediction of Daily Microbial Nitrogen Flow from the Rumen of the Dairy Cow written by Mary Beth Roe and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
