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Modelisation Des Sols Urbains Pour Les Simulations De Latmosphere Aux Echelles Sub Meso
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Book Synopsis MODELISATION DES SOLS URBAINS POUR LES SIMULATIONS DE L'ATMOSPHERE AUX ECHELLES SUB-MESO by : EMMANUEL.. GUILLOTEAU
Download or read book MODELISATION DES SOLS URBAINS POUR LES SIMULATIONS DE L'ATMOSPHERE AUX ECHELLES SUB-MESO written by EMMANUEL.. GUILLOTEAU and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ON PROPOSE LES METHODES ET OUTILS DE REPRESENTATION DES ECHANGES ENTRE LE SOL URBAIN ET L'ATMOSPHERE, POUR LE MODELE COMMUNAUTAIRE SUBMESO DEDIE A LA SIMULATION DE LA PHYSICO-CHIMIE DE L'ATMOSPHERE URBAINE AUX ECHELLES SUB-MESO. LA PREMIERE PARTIE CONCERNE LA MODELISATION DES FLUX DE QUANTITE DE MOUVEMENT ET DE SCALAIRES ENTRE LE SOL ET L'ATMOSPHERE, MODELISATION BASEE SUR LA THEORIE DE SIMILITUDE DE MONIN-OBUKHOV. UNE NOUVELLE METHODE DE CALCUL DES COEFFICIENTS DE TRANSFERT EST DEVELOPPEE. CELLE-CI EST NON ITERATIVE, ADAPTEE AUX PLUS RECENTES RELATIONS SEMI-EMPIRIQUES FLUX-PROFILS ET PREND EN COMPTE DES LONGUEURS DE RUGOSITE DYNAMIQUE ET THERMIQUE DIFFERENTES. LA SECONDE PARTIE CONCERNE LA REPRESENTATION DES SOLS DANS LES MODELES ATMOSPHERIQUES. LES NOUVELLES PARAMETRISATIONS INTRODUITES PERMETTENT AU MODELE DE SOL RURAL DE TYPE FORCE-RESTORE EXISTANT DANS LE MODELE SUBMESO DE PRENDRE EN COMPTE LES PRINCIPAUX PROCESSUS THERMODYNAMIQUES DE LA CANOPEE URBAINE, POUR OBTENIR LES VARIABLES THERMODYNAMIQUES (TEMPERATURE ET HUMIDITE) REPRESENTATIVES DU SOL NECESSAIRES A L'ESTIMATION DES ECHANGES AVEC L'ATMOSPHERE. LA DERNIERE PARTIE CONCERNE LA DETERMINATION DE LA RUGOSITE DYNAMIQUE EN MILIEU URBAIN A L'AIDE DE SIMULATIONS NUMERIQUES. CELLES-CI SONT EFFECTUEES AVEC LE CODE DE CALCUL PETITE ECHELLE CHENSI, DONT LA VERSION VOLUMES FINIS A ETE DEVELOPPEE A CETTE OCCASION. LA METHODOLOGIE UTILISEE EST CELLE DES EXPERIENCES NUMERIQUES DE DEVELOPPEMENT DE COUCHE INTERNE AU-DESSUS DE QUARTIERS DE TRES GRANDE ENVERGURE CONSTITUES PAR DES ARRANGEMENTS REGULIERS DE BATIMENTS STYLISES. DANS LE CADRE DE LA THEORIE DE SIMILITUDE DE MONIN-OBUKHOV, L'ANALYSE DE LA SOUS-COUCHE EN EQUILIBRE A L'INTERIEUR DE LA COUCHE INTERNE FOURNIT LES PARAMETRES DE RUGOSITE DYNAMIQUE INTRINSEQUE DU QUARTIER. ON ANALYSE FINALEMENT LES LIMITES DE VALIDITE DE CETTE THEORIE POUR L'ATMOSPHERE URBAINE.
Book Synopsis Urban Air Quality: Measurement, Modelling and Management by : Ranjeet S. Sokhi
Download or read book Urban Air Quality: Measurement, Modelling and Management written by Ranjeet S. Sokhi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-28 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first international conference on urban air quality, held at the University ofHertfordshire in 1996, significant advances have taken place in the field of urban air pollution. In addition to the scientific advances in the measurement, modelling and management of urban air quality, significant progress has been achieved in relation to the establishment of major frameworks to ensure a more effective mechanism for international collaboration. Two such frameworks are SATURN (Studying Atmospheric Pollution in Urban Areas) and TRAPOS (Optimisation of Modelling Methods for Traffic Pollution in Streets). In response to such advances, the second international conference was held at the Technical University of Madrid in March 1999 with active participation of SATURN and TRAPOS investigators. The organisation of the conference was headed by the Institute of Physics in collaboration with the Technical University of Madrid and the University of Hertfordshire. The support of IUAPPA and AWMA ensured a truly worldwide promotion and participation. The meeting attracted 140 scientists from 26 different countries establishing it as a major forum for exchanging and discussing the latest research fmdings in this field.
Book Synopsis Meteorological and Air Quality Models for Urban Areas by : Alexander Baklanov
Download or read book Meteorological and Air Quality Models for Urban Areas written by Alexander Baklanov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-07-26 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book for the first time gives an overall view of the current situation in urbanization of meteorological and air quality models around the world. It discusses and makes recommendations on the best practice and strategy for urbanization of different types of meteorological and air quality models. Based on the selected presentations given at the COST728 workshop, the contributions are arranged in four parts: urban morphology and databases; parameterizations of urban canopy; strategy for urbanization of different types of models; and evaluation and city case studies / field studies. The chapters treat either dynamic (on wind and turbulent) and thermal effects (on temperature and energy in general). The final chapter of this volume summarizes the discussion and conclusions from the four main topics and provides recommendations and future requirements. This monograph is oriented towards numerical weather prediction and air quality modelling communities.
Book Synopsis Simulations numériques de l'atmosphère urbaine avec le modèle SUBMESO by : Sylvie Leroyer
Download or read book Simulations numériques de l'atmosphère urbaine avec le modèle SUBMESO written by Sylvie Leroyer and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: En vue de comprendre et prévoir les modes de dispersion des polluants émis dans les zones urbanisées, des simulations numériques sont menées à haute résolution. L’objectif est de reproduire les caractéristiques atmosphériques au-dessus d’un milieu complexe urbanisé. On a développé une méthode précise de mise en œuvre des simulations numériques de l’atmosphère urbaine à haute résolution spatiale en se basant sur trois outils complémentaires, optimisés sur l’exemple de Marseille : le modèle atmosphérique SUBMESO, en mode SGE (simulation des grandes échelles), le modèle de sol pour les échelles sub-meso urbanisé SM2-U, le logiciel de cartographie des caractéristiques morphologiques de la canopée urbaine DFMap. Pour pouvoir simuler l'atmosphère de villes côtières, on a développé et validé une méthode de calcul des flux à l’interface mer – atmosphère adaptée aux données de température disponibles par mesure ou télédétection. Une étude de sensibilité est ensuite menée sur une configuration académique de ville dans son environnement rural et/ou côtier, à l’aide de douze simulations permettant d’évaluer les rétroactions entre le modèle de sol et le modèle atmosphérique. Cinq autres simulations sont effectuées sur la région marseillaise au cours d'une période d'observation intensive de la campagne expérimentale CLU – ESCOMPTE, avec trois grilles emboîtées, permettant la première validation du couple SUBMESO – SM2-U, l’analyse des interactions entre la ville, les systèmes de brise et la topographie, et aussi l’étude des champs turbulents à très haute résolution. La méthode développée peut être utilisée pour l’étude de la qualité de l’air d’autres agglomérations.
Book Synopsis Simulations numériques de l'atmosphère urbaine avec le modèle SUBMESO by : Sylvie Leroyer
Download or read book Simulations numériques de l'atmosphère urbaine avec le modèle SUBMESO written by Sylvie Leroyer and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: En vue de comprendre et prévoir les modes de dispersion des polluants émis dans les zones urbanisées, des simulations numériques sont menées à haute résolution. L’objectif est de reproduire les caractéristiques atmosphériques au-dessus d’un milieu complexe urbanisé. On a développé une méthode précise de mise en œuvre des simulations numériques de l’atmosphère urbaine à haute résolution spatiale en se basant sur trois outils complémentaires, optimisés sur l’exemple de Marseille : le modèle atmosphérique SUBMESO, en mode SGE (simulation des grandes échelles), le modèle de sol pour les échelles sub-meso urbanisé SM2-U, le logiciel de cartographie des caractéristiques morphologiques de la canopée urbaine DFMap. Pour pouvoir simuler l'atmosphère de villes côtières, on a développé et validé une méthode de calcul des flux à l’interface mer – atmosphère adaptée aux données de température disponibles par mesure ou télédétection. Une étude de sensibilité est ensuite menée sur une configuration académique de ville dans son environnement rural et/ou côtier, à l’aide de douze simulations permettant d’évaluer les rétroactions entre le modèle de sol et le modèle atmosphérique. Cinq autres simulations sont effectuées sur la région marseillaise au cours d'une période d'observation intensive de la campagne expérimentale CLU – ESCOMPTE, avec trois grilles emboîtées, permettant la première validation du couple SUBMESO – SM2-U, l’analyse des interactions entre la ville, les systèmes de brise et la topographie, et aussi l’étude des champs turbulents à très haute résolution. La méthode développée peut être utilisée pour l’étude de la qualité de l’air d’autres agglomérations.
Book Synopsis Assimilation de données et couplage d'échelles pour la simulation de la dispersion atmosphérique en milieu urbain by : Chi Vuong Nguyen
Download or read book Assimilation de données et couplage d'échelles pour la simulation de la dispersion atmosphérique en milieu urbain written by Chi Vuong Nguyen and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La surveillance de la qualité de l'air est actuellement effectuée avec des mesures de concentration et à partir d'outils de modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique. Ces modèles numériques évaluent les concentrations des polluants avec une résolution spatio-temporelle plus fine que les mesures. Néanmoins, les estimations fournies par ces modèles sont moins précises que les mesures. Dans ce projet de recherche, nous avons étudié les approches de couplage d'échelles et d'assimilation de données pour améliorer les estimations fournies par le modèle de dispersion atmosphérique SIRANE, dédié à l'échelle urbaine. L'approche de couplage d'échelles consiste à déterminer les conditions aux limites d'une simulation à partir d'une autre simulation à plus grande échelle. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons analysé trois méthodes afin de coupler le modèle urbain SIRANE et le modèle à méso-échelle CHIMERE. Cette étude montre que ces méthodes permettent potentiellement d'estimer la qualité de l'air à l'échelle urbaine de manière plus satisfaisante que les modèles à méso-échelle (utilisés seuls). Cependant, elles n'améliorent pas forcément la modélisation des conditions aux limites d'une simulation à l'échelle urbaine et les estimations fournies par celles-ci. Cela est a priori lié au fait que les estimations fournies par le modèle CHIMERE ne sont pas suffisamment satisfaisantes sur notre cas d'étude. Il est néanmoins possible que ces méthodes améliorent les résultats à l'échelle urbaine en utilisant une simulation à l'échelle régionale de meilleure qualité. L'approche d'assimilation de données consiste à combiner les mesures et les données modélisées afin de déterminer la meilleure estimation de l'état d'un système. Durant cette thèse, nous avons étudié trois méthodes d'assimilation de données : la méthode de débiaisement, la méthode que nous avons nommée modulation de la contribution des sources et la méthode Best Linear Unbiased Estimator. Cette étude indique que ces méthodes permettent globalement d'améliorer les estimations fournies par le modèle SIRANE. L'étude de sensibilité vis-à-vis du nombre de mesures utilisées lors de l'assimilation de données indique qu'en général, plus ce nombre est élevé plus les résultats sont satisfaisants. Enfin, les résultats montrent que les performances statistiques associées à ces trois méthodes d'assimilation de données sont globalement comparables entre elles sur notre cas d'étude.
Book Synopsis The Mediterranean region under climate change by : Collectif
Download or read book The Mediterranean region under climate change written by Collectif and published by IRD Éditions. This book was released on 2018-11-19 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has been published by Allenvi (French National Alliance for Environmental Research) to coincide with the 22nd Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP22) in Marrakesh. It is the outcome of work by academic researchers on both sides of the Mediterranean and provides a remarkable scientific review of the mechanisms of climate change and its impacts on the environment, the economy, health and Mediterranean societies. It will also be valuable in developing responses that draw on “scientific evidence” to address the issues of adaptation, resource conservation, solutions and risk prevention. Reflecting the full complexity of the Mediterranean environment, the book is a major scientific contribution to the climate issue, where various scientific considerations converge to break down the boundaries between disciplines.
Download or read book ARS-W. written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Biodiversity and Sustainable Development by : Rabindra Nath Pati
Download or read book Biodiversity and Sustainable Development written by Rabindra Nath Pati and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Papers presented at the First Global Summit on Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, held at Raipur during 7-9 February 2009.
Download or read book Geosimulation written by Itzhak Benenson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-08-20 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geosimulation is hailed as ‘the next big thing’ in geographic modelling for urban studies. This book presents readers with an overview of this new and innovative field by introducing the spatial modelling environment and describing the latest research and development using cellular automata and multi-agent systems. Extensive case studies and working code is available from an associated website which demonstrate the technicalities of geosimulation, and provide readers with the tools to carry out their own modelling and testing. The first book to treat urban geosimulation explicitly, integrating socio-economic and environmental modelling approaches Provides the reader with a sound theoretical base in the science of geosimulation as well as applied material on the construction of geosimulation models Cross-references to an author-maintained associated website with downloadable working code for readers to apply the models presented in the book Visit the Author's Website for further information on Geosimulation, Geographic Automata Systems and Geographic Automata Software http://www.geosimulationbook.com
Download or read book WHYCOS written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Quaternary Vegetation Dynamics by : Jürgen Runge
Download or read book Quaternary Vegetation Dynamics written by Jürgen Runge and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-28 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book celebrates the relaunch of the African Pollen Database, presents state-of-the-art of modern and ancient pollen data from sub-Saharan Africa, and promotes Open Access science. Pollen grains are powerful tools for the study of past vegetation dynamics because they preserve well within sedimentary deposits and have a huge diversity in ornamentation that allows different taxa to be determined. The reconstruction of past vegetation from the examination of ancient pollen records thus can be used to characterize the nature of past landscapes (e.g. abundance of forests vs. grasslands), provide insights into changes in biodiversity, and gain empirical evidence of vegetation response to climatic change and human activity. In this, the 35th Volume of "Palaeoecology of Africa", we bring together new data and extensive synthetic reviews to provide novel insights into the relationships between human evolution, human activity, climate change and vegetation dynamics during the Quaternary, the last 2.6 million years. Current and ongoing climate and land-use change is exerting pressure on modern vegetation formations and threatening the livelihoods and wellbeing of many peoples in Africa. In this book the focus is on the Quaternary because it is during this geological period that the modern vegetation formations developed into their current configurations against a backdrop of high magnitude global climate change (glacial-interglacial cycles), human evolution, and a growing human land-use footprint. In this book the latest information is presented and collated from around the African continent to parameterize past vegetation states, identify the drivers of vegetation change, and assess the vegetation resilience to change. To achieve this research from two broad themes are covered: (i) the present is the key to the past (i.e. studies which improve our understanding of modern environments so that we can better interpret evidence from the past), and (ii) the past is the key to the future (i.e. studies which unlock information on how and why vegetation changed in the past so one can better anticipate trajectories of future change). This Open Access book will provide a strong foundation for future research exploring past ecological, environmental and climatic change within Africa and the surrounding islands. The book is organized regionally (covering western, eastern, central, and southern Africa) and it contains specialized articles focused on particular topics (such as modern pollen-vegetation relationships and fire as a driver of vegetation change), as well as regional and pan-African syntheses drawing together decades of research to assess key scientific questions (including the role of climate in driving vegetation change and the role of vegetation change in human evolution). These articles will be useful to students and teachers from high school to the highest level of university who are interested in the origins and dynamics of vegetation in Africa. Furthermore, it is also meant to provide societally relevant information that can act as an inspiration for the development of sustainable management practices for the future.
Download or read book Climate and Food Security written by and published by Int. Rice Res. Inst.. This book was released on 1989 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food security and agricultural research; Climatic variability and crop yields; Climatic vulnerability of major food crops; Climatic variability and factors of agricultural production; Climate modeling and climate change; Social and economic implications of climate-food interaction; Strategies for coping with climatic fluctuation and change.
Book Synopsis Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIV by : Douw G. Steyn
Download or read book Air Pollution Modeling and its Application XXIV written by Douw G. Steyn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-02-10 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current developments in air pollution modelling are explored as a series of contributions from researchers at the forefront of their field. This newest contribution on air pollution modelling and its application is focused on local, urban, regional and intercontinental modelling; data assimilation and air quality forecasting; model assessment and evaluation; aerosol transformation. Additionally, this work also examines the relationship between air quality and human health and the effects of climate change on air quality. The work is comprised of selected papers presented at the 34th International Technical Meeting on Air Pollution Modelling and its Application held in Montpellier, France in 2015. The book is intended as reference material for students and professors interested in air pollution modelling at the graduate level as well as researchers and professionals involved in developing and utilizing air pollution models.
Book Synopsis Urban Meteorology by : National Research Council
Download or read book Urban Meteorology written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-06-13 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the United Nations, three out of five people will be living in cities worldwide by the year 2030. The United States continues to experience urbanization with its vast urban corridors on the east and west coasts. Although urban weather is driven by large synoptic and meso-scale features, weather events unique to the urban environment arise from the characteristics of the typical urban setting, such as large areas covered by buildings of a variety of heights; paved streets and parking areas; means to supply electricity, natural gas, water, and raw materials; and generation of waste heat and materials. Urban Meteorology: Forecasting, Monitoring, and Meeting Users' Needs is based largely on the information provided at a Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate community workshop. This book describes the needs for end user communities, focusing in particular on needs that are not being met by current urban-level forecasting and monitoring. Urban Meteorology also describes current and emerging meteorological forecasting and monitoring capabilities that have had and will likely have the most impact on urban areas, some of which are not being utilized by the relevant end user communities. Urban Meteorology explains that users of urban meteorological information need high-quality information available in a wide variety of formats that foster its use and within time constraints set by users' decision processes. By advancing the science and technology related to urban meteorology with input from key end user communities, urban meteorologists can better meet the needs of diverse end users. To continue the advancement within the field of urban meteorology, there are both short-term needs-which might be addressed with small investments but promise large, quick returns-as well as future challenges that could require significant efforts and investments.
Book Synopsis The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment by : Jerome O. Nriagu
Download or read book The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment written by Jerome O. Nriagu and published by Elsevier-North-Holland Biomedical Press. This book was released on 1979 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Ricardian Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on African Cropland by : Pradeep Kurukulasuriya
Download or read book A Ricardian Analysis of the Impact of Climate Change on African Cropland written by Pradeep Kurukulasuriya and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2012 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the impact of climate change on cropland in Africa. It is based on a survey of more than 9,000 farmers in 11 countries: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Niger, Senegal, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The study uses a Ricardian cross-sectional approach in which net revenue is regressed on climate, water flow, soil, and economic variables. The results show that net revenues fall as precipitation falls or as temperatures warm across all the surveyed farms. In addition to examining all farms together, the study examined dryland and irrigated farms separately. Dryland farms are especially climate sensitive. Irrigated farms have a positive immediate response to warming because they are located in relatively cool parts of Africa. The study also examined some simple climate scenarios to see how Africa would respond to climate change. These uniform scenarios assume that only one aspect of climate changes and the change is uniform across all of Africa. In addition, the study examined three climate change scenarios from Atmospheric Oceanic General Circulation Models. These scenarios predicted changes in climate in each country over time. Not all countries are equally vulnerable to climate change. First, the climate scenarios predict different temperature and precipitation changes in each country. Second, it is also important whether a country is already hot and dry. Third, the extent to which farms are irrigated is also important.
