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Author : C. Calore
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (79 download)
Download or read book Modeling Studies of Cold Water Injection Into Fluid-depleted, Vapor-dominated Geothermal Reservoirs written by C. Calore and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling Studies of Cold Water Injection Into Fluid-Depleted, Vapor-Dominated Geothermal Reservoirs written by and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reinjection experiments in the strongly fluid-depleted reservoir of Larderello have revealed the possibility of increasing production rates and overall heat extraction by injection into high permeability, low pressure zones of the reservoir (Giovannoni et al., 1981; Cappetti et al., 1983; Bertrami et al., 1985). A large fraction (over 80%) of the injected water was recovered as steam in the most favorable area and, despite the short distance between injection and producing wells (the minimum distance being about 150 m), no significant temperature change has been observed in the latter, after 3 years of injection at a rate ranging from 10 to 50 kg/s (Bertrami et al., 1985). The physical processes involved in cold water injection into a ''superheated'' fractured reservoir are not yet fully understood, and this insufficient knowledge of the fundamental mechanisms limits the possibility of forecasting future reservoir behavior and optimizing the heat extraction process. Numerical simulation can be a very effective tool in the study of the complex phenomena involved, allowing a rapid examination of different situations and conditions, a systematic investigation of the effects of various parameters on reservoir performance, and some insight into long term behavior. We have performed simulation experiments on simple one-dimensional, porous and fractured reservoir models in order to study the migration of injected water, thermodynamic conditions in the boiling zone, heat extraction, and vapor generation. A two-dimensional radial porous medium model, with some characteristics typical of the high productivity zones of Larderello, has, also been applied for studying the- evolution. of the shape and the thermodynamic conditions of the injection plume in the presence of gravity, reservoir heterogeneities and anisotropy.
Author :
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 27 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (685 download)
Download or read book Numerical Studies of Cold Water Injection Into Vapor-dominated Geothermal Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent reservoir pressure and steam flow rate declines at The Geysers geothermal field in California have attracted interest in studies of increased cold water injection into this system. In this paper, numerical studies of such injection into a fractured vapor-dominated reservoir are conducted using a two-dimensional radial, double-porosity model. The results obtained indicate that cold water injection into superheated (low-pressure) zones will greatly enhance the productivities of steam wells. Injection into two-phase zones with significant liquid reserves in the matrix blocks does not appear to aid in steam recovery until most of the original liquid reserves are depleted. Sensitivity studies are conducted over the range of fracture and matrix permeabilities applicable to the Geysers. The sensitivity of the grid size is also conducted, and shows very large grid effects. A fine vertical space discretization near the bottom of the reservoir is necessary to accurately predict the boiling of the injected water. 28 refs., 15 figs., 3 tabs.
Author :
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)
Download or read book Grid Orientation Effects in the Simulation of Cold Water Injection Into Depleted Vapor Zones written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vapor-dominated geothermal reservoirs such as Larderello, Italy, and The Geysers, California, are fundamentally water-short systems. This is apparent from the relatively low pressures in the natural state, typically about 35 bars at 1000 m depth, which is much below hydrostatic pressures. It is also apparent from the high heat content of the produced fluids, typically superheated steam. Large-scale production from these systems has caused reservoir pressures and well flow rates to decline, leading to an underutilization of installed electrical generating capacity. Clearly, these reservoirs are beginning to run out of fluid, while heat reserves in place are still enormous. (At Larderello, there is a long-term trend of increasing formation temperatures in the upper productive zones of the reservoir; Sestini, 1970). Reinjection of colder waste waters, or injection of waters from a source other than the geothermal reservoir, is the primary means by which dwindling fluid reserves can be replenished. A considerable body of field experience with injection has been accumulated at Larderello and The Geysers; the results have been mixed. There are well documented cases where injection has increased flow rates of nearby wells. Return of injected fluid as steam from production wells has been observed directly through chemical and isotopic changes of produced fluids (Giovannoni et al., 1981; Nuti et al., 1981). In other cases injection has caused thermal interference and has degraded the temperature and pressure of production wells. Water injection into depleted vapor zones gives rise to complex two-phase fluid flow and heat transfer processes with phase change. These are further complicated by the fractured-porous nature of the reservoir rocks. An optimization of injection design and operating practice is desirable; this requires realistic and robust mathematical modeling capabilities.
Author :
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)
Download or read book Proceedings written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)
Download or read book Proceedings Geothermal Program Review XV written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 922 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (129 download)
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 922 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : E. Okandan
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400936915
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Geothermal Reservoir Engineering written by E. Okandan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the oil crisis of 1973, we suddenly became aware that fossil fuel resources are limited and will be exhausted soon if new alternatives are not put into use immediately. Conservation measures and extensive research on new sources of energy has eased the demand on fossil fuels, especially crude oil. Geothermal energy as an alternative; source had its share in this devel opment and electricity producing capacity increased from 700 to 4700 MWe during 1970 to 1985. Geothermal reservoir engineering emerged as an impor tant field in the assessment of geothermal sources. During the 25 years of its development, several areas were identified that needed further at tention for the correct description and interpretation of reservoir be havior. This fact as accepted by all operators is vital for the steady and continuous operation of power plants. During this NATO ASI, a detailed review of theory and field case his tories on geothermal reservoir engineering was presented. In understanding .the reservoir, conceptual models, natural state models, well bore measure ments, transient and tracer testing provide data which are indispensable. They are powerful tools in understanding reservoir behavior provided we know how to interpret them. During lectures the theory and practical applications of these interpretive methods were discussed.
Download or read book Reinjection Studies of Vapor-dominated Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The basic physical phenomena associated with geothermal injection are reviewed; problems associated with its numerical simulation are discussed; and the results of some numerical studies are presented. The particular problems chosen for study are: injection of cold water into a thin (single layer) reservoir; a five-spot production/injection configuration in a thin (single layer) reservoir; injection of cold water into a thick (multi-layer) reservoir; and injection of cold water into a one-dimensonal vertical column, representing a cross section of Larderello geothermal reservoir. (MHR).
Download or read book Placat, angaaende hvorledes der i Overeensstemmelse med de Bestemmelser, som indeholdes i den ved Placat af Dags Dato bekiendgiorte ny Brev-Posttaxt for Kongeriget Danmark og Hertugdömmerne Slesvig og Holsteen, skal forholdes i Kongeriget Norge written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book Workshop Report written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Geological Survey (U.S.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book Simulation of Steam Transport in Vapor-dominated Geothermal Reservoirs written by Geological Survey (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Ronald C. Schroeder
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (835 download)
Download or read book Reinjection Studies of Vapor - Dominated Systems written by Ronald C. Schroeder and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The basic physical phenomena associated with geothermal injection are reviewed; problems associated with its numerical simulation are discussed; and the results of some numerical studies are presented. The particular problems chosen for study are: injection of cold water into a thin (single layer) reservoir; a five-spot production/injection configuration in a thin (single layer) reservoir; injection of cold water into a thick (multi-layer) reservoir; and injection of cold water into a one-dimensonal vertical column, representing a cross section of Larderello geothermal reservoir. (MHR).
Download or read book Depletion Modeling of Liquid Dominated Geothermal Reservoirs written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Depletion models for liquid-dominated geothermal reservoirs are derived and presented. The depletion models are divided into two categories: confined and unconfined. For both cases depletion models with no recharge (or influx), and depletion models including recharge, are used to match field data from the Svartsengi high temperature geothermal field in Iceland. The influx models included with the mass and energy balances are adopted from the petroleum engineering literature. The match to production data from Svartsengi is improved when influx was included. The Schilthuis steady-state influx gives a satisfactory match. The finite aquifer method of Fetkovitch, and the unsteady state method of Hurst gave reasonable answers, but not as good. The best match is obtained using Hurst simplified solution when lambda = 1.3 x 10−4 m−1. From the match the cross-sectional area of the aquifer was calculated as 3.6 km2. The drawdown was predicted using the Hurst simplified method, and compared with predicted drawdown from a boiling model and an empirical log-log model. A large difference between the models was obtained. The predicted drawdown using the Hurst simplified method falls between the other two. Injection has been considered by defining the net rate as being the production rate minus the injection rate. No thermal of transient effects were taken into account. Prediction using three different net rates shows that the pressure can be maintained using the Hurst simplified method if there is significant fluid reinjection. 32 refs., 44 figs., 2 tabs.
Author : Gudmundur S. Bodvarsson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 8 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (786 download)
Download or read book Modeling Studies of Geothermal Systems with a Free Water Surface written by Gudmundur S. Bodvarsson and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A numerical simulator was developed for the modeling of air-steam-water systems. The simulator was applied to various problems involving injection into or production from a geothermal reservoir in hydraulic communication with a shallow free-surface aquifer. First, a one-dimensional column problem is considered and the water level movement during exploitation is studied using different capillary pressure functions. Second, a two-dimensional radial model is used to study and compare reservoir depletion for cases with and without a free-surface aquifer. Finally, the contamination of a shallow free-surface aquifer due to cold water injection is investigated. The primary aim of these studies is to obtain an understanding of the response of a reservoir in hydraulic communication with a unconfined aquifer during exploitation or injection and to determine under which circumstances conventional modeling techniques (fully saturated systems) can be applied to such systems.
Author : M. P. Hochstein
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780868690087
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Proceedings of the 17th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop 1995 written by M. P. Hochstein and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Depletion Modeling of Liquid Dominated Geothermal Reservoirs written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Depletion models for liquid-dominated geothermal reservoirs are derived and presented. The depletion models are divided into two categories: confined and unconfined. For both cases depletion models with no recharge (or influx), and depletion models including recharge, are used to match field data from the Svartsengi high temperature geothermal field in Iceland. The influx models included with the mass and energy balances are adopted from the petroleum engineering literature. The match to production data from Svartsengi is improved when influx was included. The Schilthuis steady-state influx gives a satisfactory match. The finite aquifer method of Fetkovitch, and the unsteady state method of Hurst gave reasonable answers, but not as good. The best match is obtained using Hurst simplified solution when lambda = 1.3 x 10−4 m−1. From the match the cross-sectional area of the aquifer was calculated as 3.6 km2. The drawdown was predicted using the Hurst simplified method, and compared with predicted drawdown from a boiling model and an empirical log-log model. A large difference between the models was obtained. The predicted drawdown using the Hurst simplified method falls between the other two. Injection has been considered by defining the net rate as being the production rate minus the injection rate. No thermal of transient effects were taken into account. Prediction using three different net rates shows that the pressure can be maintained using the Hurst simplified method if there is significant fluid reinjection. 32 refs., 44 figs., 2 tabs.
