Mixed Faith And Shared Feeling

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Mixed Faith and Shared Feeling

Author : Musa Gurnis
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812295188
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Mixed Faith and Shared Feeling by : Musa Gurnis

Download or read book Mixed Faith and Shared Feeling written by Musa Gurnis and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixed Faith and Shared Feeling explores the mutually generative relationship between post-Reformation religious life and London's commercial theaters. It explores the dynamic exchange between the imaginatively transformative capacities of shared theatrical experience, with the particular ideological baggage that individual playgoers bring into the theater. While early modern English drama was shaped by the polyvocal, confessional scene in which it was embedded, Musa Gurnis contends that theater does not simply reflect culture but shapes it. According to Gurnis, shared theatrical experience allowed mixed-faith audiences to vicariously occupy alternative emotional and cognitive perspectives across the confessional spectrum. In looking at individual plays, such as Thomas Middleton's A Game of Chess and Shakespeare's Measure for Measure, Gurnis shows how theatrical process can restructure playgoers' experiences of confessional material and interrupt dominant habits of religious thought. She refutes any assumption that audiences consisted of conforming Church of England Protestants by tracking the complex and changing religious lives of seventy known playgoers. Arguing against work that seeks to draw fixed lines of religious affiliation around individual playwrights or companies, she highlights the common practice of cross-confessional collaboration among playhouse colleagues. Mixed Faith and Shared Feeling demonstrates how post-Reformation representational practices actively reshaped the ways ideologically diverse Londoners accessed the mixture of religious life across the spectrum of beliefs.

How God Becomes Real

Author : T.M. Luhrmann
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691234442
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis How God Becomes Real by : T.M. Luhrmann

Download or read book How God Becomes Real written by T.M. Luhrmann and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-26 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The hard work required to make God real, how it changes the people who do it, and why it helps explain the enduring power of faith How do gods and spirits come to feel vividly real to people—as if they were standing right next to them? Humans tend to see supernatural agents everywhere, as the cognitive science of religion has shown. But it isn’t easy to maintain a sense that there are invisible spirits who care about you. In How God Becomes Real, acclaimed anthropologist and scholar of religion T. M. Luhrmann argues that people must work incredibly hard to make gods real and that this effort—by changing the people who do it and giving them the benefits they seek from invisible others—helps to explain the enduring power of faith. Drawing on ethnographic studies of evangelical Christians, pagans, magicians, Zoroastrians, Black Catholics, Santeria initiates, and newly orthodox Jews, Luhrmann notes that none of these people behave as if gods and spirits are simply there. Rather, these worshippers make strenuous efforts to create a world in which invisible others matter and can become intensely present and real. The faithful accomplish this through detailed stories, absorption, the cultivation of inner senses, belief in a porous mind, strong sensory experiences, prayer, and other practices. Along the way, Luhrmann shows why faith is harder than belief, why prayer is a metacognitive activity like therapy, why becoming religious is like getting engrossed in a book, and much more. A fascinating account of why religious practices are more powerful than religious beliefs, How God Becomes Real suggests that faith is resilient not because it provides intuitions about gods and spirits—but because it changes the faithful in profound ways.

Theatre History Studies 2021, Vol 40

Author : Lisa Jackson-Schebetta
Publisher : University of Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 081737115X
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Theatre History Studies 2021, Vol 40 by : Lisa Jackson-Schebetta

Download or read book Theatre History Studies 2021, Vol 40 written by Lisa Jackson-Schebetta and published by University of Alabama Press. This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A peer-reviewed journal of theatre history and scholarship published annually since 1981 by the Mid-America Theatre Conference Introduction —LISA JACKSON-SCHEBETTA, WITH ODAI JOHNSON, CHRYSTYNA DAIL, AND JONATHAN SHANDELL PART I STUDIES IN THEATRE HISTORY Un-Reading Voltaire: The Ghost in the Cupboard of the House of Reason —ODAI JOHNSON Caricatured, Marginalized, and Erased: African American Artists and Philadelphia’s Negro Unit of the FTP, 1936–1939 —JONATHAN SHANDELL Stop Your Sobbing: White Fragility, Slippery Empathy, and Historical Consciousness in Branden Jacobs-Jenkins’s Appropriate —SCOTT PROUDFIT Asia and Alwin Nikolais: Interdisciplinarity, Orientalist Tendencies, and Midcentury American Dance —ANGELA K. AHLGREN PART II WITCH CHARACTERS AND WITCHY PERFORMANCE Editor’s Introduction to the Special Section Shifting Shapes: Witch Characters and Witchy Performances —CHRYSTYNA DAIL To Wright the Witch: The Case of Joanna Baillie’s Witchcraft —JANE BARNETTE Nothing Wicked This Way Comes: Shakespeare’s Subversion of Archetypal Witches in The Winter’s Tale —JESSICA HOLT Of Women and Witches: Performing the Female Body in Caryl Churchill’s Vinegar Tom —MAMATA SENGUPTA (Un)Limited: The Influence of Mentorship and Father-Daughter Relationships on Elphaba’s Heroine Journey in Wicked —REBECCA K. HAMMONDS Immersive Witches: New York City under the Spell of Sleep No More and Then She Fell —DAVID BISAHA PART III Essay from the Conference The Robert A. Schanke Award-Winning Essay, MATC 2020 New Conventions for a New Generation: High School Musicals and Broadway in the 2010s —LINDSEY MANTOAN

Publicity and the Early Modern Stage

Author : Allison K. Deutermann
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030523322
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis Publicity and the Early Modern Stage by : Allison K. Deutermann

Download or read book Publicity and the Early Modern Stage written by Allison K. Deutermann and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-07 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What did publicity look like before the eighteenth century? What were its uses and effects, and around whom was it organized? The essays in this collection ask these questions of early modern London. Together, they argue that commercial theater was a vital engine in celebrity’s production. The men and women associated with playing—not just actors and authors, but playgoers, characters, and the extraordinary local figures adjunct to playhouse productions—introduced new ways of thinking about the function and meaning of fame in the period; about the networks of communication through which it spread; and about theatrical publics. Drawing on the insights of Habermasean public sphere theory and on the interdisciplinary field of celebrity studies, Publicity and the Early Modern Stage introduces a new and comprehensive look at early modern theories and experiences of publicity.

Libels and Theater in Shakespeare's England

Author : Joseph Mansky
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009362763
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Libels and Theater in Shakespeare's England by : Joseph Mansky

Download or read book Libels and Theater in Shakespeare's England written by Joseph Mansky and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-09-30 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive history of the Elizabethan libel, this interdisciplinary account traces a viral and often virulent media ecosystem.

Globalizing Fortune on the Early Modern Stage

Author : Jane Hwang Degenhardt
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198867921
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Globalizing Fortune on the Early Modern Stage by : Jane Hwang Degenhardt

Download or read book Globalizing Fortune on the Early Modern Stage written by Jane Hwang Degenhardt and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-08-25 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How were understandings of chance, luck, and fortune affected by early capitalist developments such as the global expansion of English trade and colonial exploration? And how could the recognition that fortune wielded a powerful force in the world be squared with Protestant beliefs about theall-controlling hand of divine providence? Was everything pre-determined, or was there room for chance and human agency? Globalizing Fortune addresses these questions by demonstrating how English economic expansion and global transformation produced a new philosophy of fortune oriented arounddiscerning and optimizing unexpected opportunities. The popular theater played an influential role in dramatizing the new prospects and dangers opened up by nascent global economics and fostering a set of ethical practices for engaging with fortunes unpredictable turns. While largely derided as asinful, earthly distraction in the Boethian tradition of the Middle Ages, fortune made a comeback on the English Renaissance stage as a force associated with valiant risks, ennobling adventures, and purposeful action. The early modern stage also reveals how a new philosophy of fortune led toeconomic exploitation and racialized exclusions.Offering in-depth discussions of plays by Shakespeare, Marlowe, Heywood, Dekker, and others, Globalizing Fortune demonstrates how the history of the English commercial theaterlike that of English seaborne expansionwas also a history of fortune. The public theater not only shaped popularunderstandings of fortunes role in a culture undergoing economic transformation, but also addressed this transformation from a unique position because of its own implication in London commerce, its reliance on paying customers, and its vulnerability to the risks and contingencies of liveperformance. Drawing attention to an archive of plays dramatizing maritime travel, trade, and adventure, this book shows how the popular stage shaped evolving understandings of fortune by cultivating new viewing practices and mechanisms of theatrical wonder, as well as modeling proper ways of actingin the face of unknown outcomes and contingency. In short, Globalizing Fortune demonstrates how the public theater offered the first modern understanding of fortune as a globalizing commercial and ethical phenomenon.

The Arden Handbook of Shakespeare and Early Modern Drama

Author : Michelle M. Dowd
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 135016187X
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis The Arden Handbook of Shakespeare and Early Modern Drama by : Michelle M. Dowd

Download or read book The Arden Handbook of Shakespeare and Early Modern Drama written by Michelle M. Dowd and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2022-12-15 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How does our understanding of early modern performance, culture and identity change when we decentre Shakespeare? And how might a more inclusive approach to early modern drama help enable students to discuss a range of issues, including race and gender, in more productive ways? Underpinned by these questions, this collection offers a wide-ranging, authoritative guide to research on drama in Shakespeare's England, mapping the variety of approaches to the context and work of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. By paying attention to repertory, performance in and beyond playhouses, modes of performance, and lost and less-studied plays, the handbook reshapes our critical narratives about early modern drama. Chapters explore early modern drama through a range of cultural contexts and approaches, from material culture and emotion studies to early modern race work and new directions in disability and trans studies, as well as contemporary performance. Running through the collection is a shared focus on contemporary concerns, with contributors exploring how race, religion, environment, gender and sexuality animate 16th- and 17th-century drama and, crucially, the questions we bring to our study, teaching and research of it. The volume includes a ground-breaking assessment of the chronology of early modern drama, a survey of resources and an annotated bibliography to assist researchers as they pursue their own avenues of inquiry. Combining original research with an account of the current state of play, The Arden Handbook of Shakespeare and Early Modern Drama will be an invaluable resource both for experienced scholars and for those beginning work in the field.

Religious Dissimulation and Early Modern Drama

Author : Kilian Schindler
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009226312
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Religious Dissimulation and Early Modern Drama by : Kilian Schindler

Download or read book Religious Dissimulation and Early Modern Drama written by Kilian Schindler and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-07-31 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kilian Schindler reveals how religious persecution in early modern England was a shaping force for drama and conceptions of theatricality.

Being Both

Author : Susan Katz Miller
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 080701320X
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Being Both by : Susan Katz Miller

Download or read book Being Both written by Susan Katz Miller and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A book on the growing number of interfaith families raising children in two religions Susan Katz Miller grew up with a Jewish father and Christian mother, and was raised Jewish. Now in an interfaith marriage herself, she is a leader in the growing movement of families electing to raise children in both religions, rather than in one religion or the other (or without religion). Miller draws on original surveys and interviews with parents, students, teachers, and clergy, as well as on her own journey, in chronicling this grassroots movement. Being Both is a book for couples and families considering this pathway, and for the clergy and extended family who want to support them. Miller offers inspiration and reassurance for parents exploring the unique benefits and challenges of dual-faith education, and she rebuts many of the common myths about raising children with two faiths. Being Both heralds a new America of inevitable racial, ethnic, and religious intermarriage, and asks couples who choose both religions to celebrate this decision.

Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Reformation

Author : Dennis Taylor
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1666902098
Total Pages : 495 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (669 download)

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Book Synopsis Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Reformation by : Dennis Taylor

Download or read book Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Reformation written by Dennis Taylor and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-07-18 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Reformation: Literary Negotiation of Religious Difference explores how Shakespeare’s plays dramatize key issues of the Elizabethan Reformation, the conflict between the sacred, the critical, and the disenchanted; alternatively, the Catholic, the Protestant, and the secular. Each play imagines their reconciliation or the failure of reconcilation. The Catholic sacred is shadowed by its degeneration into superstition, Protestant critique by its unintended (fissaparous) consequences, the secular ordinary by stark disenchantment. Shakespeare shows how all three perspectives are needed if society is to face its intractable problems, thus providing a powerful model for our own ecumenical dialogues. Shakespeare begins with history plays contrasting the saintly but impractical King Henry VI, whose assassination is the ”primal crime,” with the pragmatic and secular Henry IV, until imagining in the later 1590’s how Hal can reconnect with sacred sources. At the same time in his comedies, Shakespeare imagines cooperative ways of resolving the national ”comedy of errors,” of sorting out erotic and marital and contemplative confusions by applying his triple lens. His late Elizabethan comedies achieve a polished balance of wit and devotion, ordinary and the sacred, old and new orders. Hamlet is Shakespeare’s ultimate Elizabethan consideration of these issues, its so-called lack of objective correlation a response to the unsorted trauma of the Reformation.

The Pursuit of Style in Early Modern Drama

Author : Matthew Hunter
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009050788
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Pursuit of Style in Early Modern Drama by : Matthew Hunter

Download or read book The Pursuit of Style in Early Modern Drama written by Matthew Hunter and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-08-25 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pursuit of Style in Early Modern Drama examines how early modern plays celebrated the power of different styles of talk to create dynamic forms of public address. Across the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, London expanded into an uncomfortably public city where everyone was a stranger to everyone else. The relentless anonymity of urban life spurred dreams of its opposite: of being a somebody rather than a nobody, of being the object of public attention rather than its subject. Drama gave life to this fantasy. Presented by strangers and to strangers, early modern plays codified different styles of talk as different forms of public sociability. Then, as now, to speak of style was to speak of a fantasy of public address. Offering fresh insight for scholars of literature and drama, Matthew Hunter reveals how this fantasy – which still holds us in its thrall – played out on the early modern stage.

The Drama of Serial Conversion in Early Modern England

Author : Holly Crawford Pickett
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 1512825654
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (128 download)

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Book Synopsis The Drama of Serial Conversion in Early Modern England by : Holly Crawford Pickett

Download or read book The Drama of Serial Conversion in Early Modern England written by Holly Crawford Pickett and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2024-03-12 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Drama of Serial Conversion in Early Modern England, Holly Crawford Pickett reconceptualizes early modern religious identity by exploring the astonishing stories of serial converts: historical figures such as William Alabaster, Kenelm Digby, William Chillingworth, and Marc Antonio De Dominis, along with fictional ones, who changed their religious affiliations between Catholicism and Protestantism multiple times. Pickett argues that serial converts both reveal and helped revise early modern understandings of the self. Through investigation of the techniques that serial converts used to stage and justify their conversions, Pickett demonstrates the performative nature of the act of conversion itself, offering a counternarrative to the paradigm of sincere, private conversion that was on the rise in the tumultuous years following the Reformation. Drawing from archival investigation into the lives and works of serial converts and performance studies theory, this book shows how the genres and conventions associated with conversion shaped not only forms of communication but also the very experience of conversion. By juxtaposing plays about serial conversion—by Thomas Dekker and Philip Massinger, Thomas Middleton, Elizabeth Cary, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare—with spiritual autobiographies, Pickett highlights the shared task of convert and playwright: performing conversion for an audience. Serial converts served as uncomfortable reminders to their contemporaries that religious identity is always unverifiable. The first study to explore serial conversion as a discrete phenomenon in this era, The Drama of Serial Conversion in Early Modern England challenges confessional divisions within much early modern historiography by analyzing the surprising convergence of Protestant and Catholic in the figure of the serial convert. It also reveals a neglected strain of religious discourse in early modern England that valued mutability and flexibility even in the midst of hardening and increasingly narrow understandings of conversion.

The Shapes of Fancy

Author : Christine Varnado
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452961638
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis The Shapes of Fancy by : Christine Varnado

Download or read book The Shapes of Fancy written by Christine Varnado and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2020-05-05 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring forms of desire unaccounted for in previous histories of sexuality What can the Renaissance tell us at our present moment about who and what is “queer,” as well as the political consequences of asking? In posing this question, The Shapes of Fancy offers a powerful new method of accounting for ineffable and diffuse forms of desire, mining early modern drama and prose literature to describe new patterns of affective resonance. Starting with the question of how and why readers seek traces of desire in texts from bygone times and places, The Shapes of Fancy demonstrates a practice of critical attunement to the psychic and historical circulations of affect across time within texts, from texts to readers, and among readers. Closely reading for uncharted desires as they recur in early modern drama, witchcraft pamphlets, and early Atlantic voyage narratives and demonstrating how each is structured by qualities of secrecy, impossibility, and excess, Christine Varnado follows four “shapes of fancy”: the desire to be used to others’ ends; indiscriminate, bottomless appetite; paranoid self-fulfilling suspicion; and melancholic longings for impossible transformations and affinities. These affective dynamics go awry in atypical and perverse ways. In other words, argues Varnado, these modes of feeling are recognizable on the page or stage as “queer” because of how, and not by whom, they are expressed. This new theorization of desire expands the notion of queerness in literature, decoupling the literary trace of queerness from the binary logics of same-sex versus opposite-sex and normative versus deviant that have governed early modern sexuality studies. Providing a set of methods for analyzing affect and desire in texts from any period, The Shapes of Fancy stages an impassioned defense of the inherently desirous nature of reading, making a case for readerly investment and identification as vital engines of meaning making and political insight.

Entertaining Uncertainty in the Early Modern Theater

Author : Lauren Robertson
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 100922512X
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Entertaining Uncertainty in the Early Modern Theater by : Lauren Robertson

Download or read book Entertaining Uncertainty in the Early Modern Theater written by Lauren Robertson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-12-31 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lauren Robertson's original study shows that the theater of Shakespeare and his contemporaries responded to the crises of knowledge that roiled through early modern England by rendering them spectacular. Revealing the radical, exciting instability of the early modern theater's representational practices, Robertson uncovers the uncertainty that went to the heart of playgoing experience in this period. Doubt was not merely the purview of Hamlet and other onstage characters, but was in fact constitutive of spectators' imaginative participation in performance. Within a culture in the midst of extreme epistemological upheaval, the commercial theater licensed spectators' suspension among opposed possibilities, transforming dubiety itself into exuberantly enjoyable, spectacular show. Robertson shows that the playhouse was a site for the entertainment of uncertainty in a double sense: its pleasures made the very trial of unknowing possible.

Shakespeare and Emotion

Author : Katharine A. Craik
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108245153
Total Pages : 708 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (82 download)

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Book Synopsis Shakespeare and Emotion by : Katharine A. Craik

Download or read book Shakespeare and Emotion written by Katharine A. Craik and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-22 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shakespeare and Emotion devotes sustained attention to the emotions as a novel way of exploring Shakespeare's works in their original contexts. A variety of disciplinary approaches drawn from literary, theatrical, historical, cultural and film studies brings the recent upsurge of interest in affect into conversation with some of the most urgent debates in Shakespeare studies. The volume provides both a comprehensive account of the current state of scholarship and a speculative forum for new research. Its chapters outline some important contexts for understanding Shakespeare's creativity through an emotional lens – from religion, rhetoric, and medicine, to language, acting and Bollywood – and offer a range of case studies which reveal particular emotions at work. Considering emotional and passionate experience as an animating and sometimes alienating force within the plays and poems, the volume highlights the continuing importance of Shakespeare today: for our sense of who we are and who we might become.

Playing and Playgoing in Early Modern England

Author : Simon Smith
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108489052
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Playing and Playgoing in Early Modern England by : Simon Smith

Download or read book Playing and Playgoing in Early Modern England written by Simon Smith and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-17 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a new, interdisciplinary account of early modern drama through the lens of playing and playgoing.

Common Understandings, Poetic Confusion

Author : William N. West
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022680903X
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (268 download)

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Book Synopsis Common Understandings, Poetic Confusion by : William N. West

Download or read book Common Understandings, Poetic Confusion written by William N. West and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "What if at night at the theaters in Elizabethan England more closely resembled attending a rugby match than sitting in a dark, silent audience, passively witnessing the action on the stage, or closer to going to a rock concert than sitting in front of a large or small screen, quietly and distantly absorbing a film or television drama? In this book, West proposes a new account of what happened in the playhouses of Shakespeare's time, and the kind of participatory entertainment expected by both the actors and the audience. Combining the precision of a philologist and the imagination of a philosopher, West performs careful readings of premodern figures of speech--including understanding, confusion, occupation, eating, and fighting--still in use today, but whose meanings for Elizabethan players, playgoers, and writers have diverged in subtle ways in our era. Playing itself was not restricted to the confines of the actors on the stage but pertained just as much to the audience in a collaborative rather than individualized theater experience, more corporeal, tactile, and active, rather than purely receptive and visual. Thrown apples, smashed bottles of beer, and lumbering bears--these and more contributed to both the verbal and physical interactions between players and playgoers, creating circuits of exchange, production, and consumption,all within the confines of the playhouse. West's account of the experience of the playhouse shows more affinity--and continuity--with more raucous, unruly medieval drama than previous literary critics have allowed. It will be of interest to a wide audience, actors, directors, and scholars included"