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Method For Determining The Biodegradability Of Surfactants
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Book Synopsis Biodegradability of Surfactants by : D.R. Karsa
Download or read book Biodegradability of Surfactants written by D.R. Karsa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The awareness and development of 'biodegradable' surfactants pre-dates current pressures by the environmental movement by nearly three decades, wherein a responsible industry mutually agreed to replace 'hard', non-biodegradable com ponents of household detergents by 'soft', biodegradable alternatives, without course to legislation. The only requirement at that time was for surfactants used in detergents to exhibit a 'primary biodegradability' in excess of 80%; this referring to the disap pearance or removal from solution of the intact surface active material as de tected by specified analytical techniques. This proved useful, as observed environmental impacts of surfactants, e.g. visible foam on rivers, are associated with the intact molecule. Test methods for 'primary biodegradability' were eventually enshrined in EU legislation for nonionic surfactants (Directive 821242/EEC, amended 73/404IEEC) and for anionic surfactants (Directive 8212431EEC, amended 73/405IEEC). No approved test methods and resultant legislation have been developed for cationic and amphoteric surfactants to date. The environmental classification of chemical substances, which of course includes surfactants, and associated risk assessment utilises a second criterion 'ready biodegradability'. This may be assessed by a number of methods which monitor oxygen uptake (BOD), carbon dioxide production or removal of dis solved organic carbon (DOC). Some surfactants which comply with the above Detergents Directive are borderline when it comes to 'ready biodegradability'.
Download or read book Biodegradation written by Rolando Chamy and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2013-06-14 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains a collection of different biodegradation research activities where biological processes take place. The book has two main sections: A) Polymers and Surfactants Biodegradation and B) Biodegradation: Microbial Behaviour.
Book Synopsis Biodegradability of Surfactants by : D.R. Karsa
Download or read book Biodegradability of Surfactants written by D.R. Karsa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1994-12-31 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The awareness and development of 'biodegradable' surfactants pre-dates current pressures by the environmental movement by nearly three decades, wherein a responsible industry mutually agreed to replace 'hard', non-biodegradable com ponents of household detergents by 'soft', biodegradable alternatives, without course to legislation. The only requirement at that time was for surfactants used in detergents to exhibit a 'primary biodegradability' in excess of 80%; this referring to the disap pearance or removal from solution of the intact surface active material as de tected by specified analytical techniques. This proved useful, as observed environmental impacts of surfactants, e.g. visible foam on rivers, are associated with the intact molecule. Test methods for 'primary biodegradability' were eventually enshrined in EU legislation for nonionic surfactants (Directive 821242/EEC, amended 73/404IEEC) and for anionic surfactants (Directive 8212431EEC, amended 73/405IEEC). No approved test methods and resultant legislation have been developed for cationic and amphoteric surfactants to date. The environmental classification of chemical substances, which of course includes surfactants, and associated risk assessment utilises a second criterion 'ready biodegradability'. This may be assessed by a number of methods which monitor oxygen uptake (BOD), carbon dioxide production or removal of dis solved organic carbon (DOC). Some surfactants which comply with the above Detergents Directive are borderline when it comes to 'ready biodegradability'.
Book Synopsis Surfactant Biodegradation by : Robert Donald Swisher
Download or read book Surfactant Biodegradation written by Robert Donald Swisher and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Surfactant Biodegradation, Second Edition, by : Robert Donald Swisher
Download or read book Surfactant Biodegradation, Second Edition, written by Robert Donald Swisher and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1986-10-31 with total page 1120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Environment Directorate Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :64 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (31 download)
Book Synopsis Proposed Method for the Determination of the Biodegradability of Surfactants Used in Synthetic Detergents by : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Environment Directorate
Download or read book Proposed Method for the Determination of the Biodegradability of Surfactants Used in Synthetic Detergents written by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Environment Directorate and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Emerging Pollutants by : Francisco G. Calvo-Flores
Download or read book Emerging Pollutants written by Francisco G. Calvo-Flores and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-20 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An excellent, concise, and interdisciplinary overview of different classes of emerging pollutants arising, for example, from pharmaceuticals, pesticides, personal care products, and industrial chemicals and their impact on water, soil, and air. Following an introduction to chemical pollutants, with special attention focused on organic compounds and their properties, the book goes on to describe major emerging pollutants grouped according to their applications in different sectors of industrial or economic activity. For each type of compound, the chemical structure, main properties, and source are presented, along with their fate in the environment as pollutants, the latest analytical methods for detection, possible health or ecology consequences, as well as current regulatory laws. New developments, such as nanotechnology as a pollution source, are also included. The book closes with a chapter devoted to conclusions and future perspectives.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Surfactants by : M.R. Porter
Download or read book Handbook of Surfactants written by M.R. Porter and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The worldwide consumption of surfactants now exceeds several million tonnes per annum. Six ofthe major types represent approximately 80% ofthe volume consumed, whereas the remaining 20% is made up of approximately 40 different chemical types. Commercially produced surface active agents are not pure chemicals, and within each chemical type there can be tremendous variation. Technical staff who are not familiar with surfactants are frequently bewildered by the enormous variety of different products on the market and the vast body of literature which exists on the composition and properties of surfactants. The selection of the best surfactant for any given use therefore becomes a major problem. This volume arose from the clear need to have available a simple reference book summarising the different types of surfactants on the market and their properties. The concept and structure of the book evolved from early attempts to define chemical structure/property relationships of all the different types of surfactants commercially available, into a simple handbook providing essential background information for the surfactant user. It is realised that most users will be developing their own data bank of structure/end use property relationships and they will therefore be the experts on end use.
Book Synopsis Solution Behavior of Surfactants by : K.L. Mittal
Download or read book Solution Behavior of Surfactants written by K.L. Mittal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 747 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This and its companion Volume 2 comprise the proceedings of the International Symposium on "Solution Behavior of Surfactants - Theoretical and Applied Aspects" organized under the auspices of the 11th Northeast Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Soci ety held in Potsdam, N. Y. , June 30-July 3, 1980. This Symposium re presented the third event in the series of symposia dealing with the topic of surfactants in solution. The first Symposium was held in Albany, N. Y. , in 1976 under the title "Micellization, Solubili zation and Microemulsions", 1 the proceedings of which have been doc umented in a two-volume set • The second was held under the title "~olution Chemistry of Surfactants" in 1978 in Knoxville, TN, an~ the proceedings of this event have also been properly chronicled • Apropos, the fourth biennial Symposium in, this series is entitled "International Symposium on Surfactants in Solution" (K. L. Mittal and B. Lindman, Cochairmen) and is scheduled to be held from June 27 to July 2, 1982 in Lund, Sweden. Since these biennial events have been very successful and important in bringing researchers with varied interests together and in stimulating interdisciplinary communication, so the plans are to continue these on a regular basis with a change in venue for each meeting.
Book Synopsis Environmental and Human Safety of Major Surfactants by : Sylvia S. Talmage
Download or read book Environmental and Human Safety of Major Surfactants written by Sylvia S. Talmage and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-04-08 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book summarizes and reviews the environmental and human safety of two classes of nonionic surfactants-alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE). This unique resource contains critical data from published sources as well as from unpublished studies submitted by Soap and Detergent Association member companies. It reviews information on product chemistry and analysis, biodegradation, environmental levels (including fate and distribution), aquatic toxicity, and human safety. Recently developed analytical techniques for the extraction, separation, detection, and measurement of nonionic surfactants and their metabolites in environmental samples are described. Results of biodegradation studies performed with a variety of test systems are tabulated, as are results of field studies at wastewater treatment plants. Reported comparisons of environmental levels with results of acute and chronic aquatic toxicity tests are provided. The information on the toxicity and irritation potential of AE and APE surfactants includes data from in vitro, mammalian, and human studies.
Book Synopsis Risk Assessment and Risk Management by : R E Hester
Download or read book Risk Assessment and Risk Management written by R E Hester and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Risk assessment is considered by many analysts to be an objective scientific tool. It is considered to be variously influenced by broader issues which in turn have important practical implications both for risk assessors and decision makers. Risk Assessment and Risk Management examines a range of practical applications of risk assessment methods and risk management procedures in the broad context of environmental science and technology. Written by acknowledged experts in the field, the articles cover a variety of areas, with reference to subjects as diverse as BSE, the use of risk assessment in government, using computer modelling as an aid to risk assessment in the case of accidental contamination of rivers and estuaries, quantitative cancer risk assessment related to carcinogens in the environment, landfilling of household wastes, environmental risk assessment and management of chemicals, and aquatic risk assessment and management of pesticides. This book provides a detailed and wide-ranging review of the many aspects of risk assessment and risk management which have excited so much debate and controversy in recent times. It will be essential reading for all those involved in the assessment and management of risk, particularly in the context of environmental science.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Ecotoxicology by : Peter P. Calow
Download or read book Handbook of Ecotoxicology written by Peter P. Calow and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-06-05 with total page 901 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Ecotoxicology provides a readily accessible, yet critical collection of information on ecotoxicological testing. Now available in a single paperback volume, this handbook represents excellent value. Part A concentrates on techniques, especially those tests used for prediction. Thorough descriptions of the main tests are provided, followed by critical analyses in terms of ease of handling, repeatability and ecological relevance, and finally, an extensive bibliography citing key documents describing test methods and key papers evaluating them. Part B focuses on the toxicants themselves: summarising their ecological effects, describing ways of predicting effects from physico-chemical properties alone, and describing and discussing fate models. Now available as a single volume in paperback An invaluable reference resource
Download or read book Code of Federal Regulations written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Special edition of the Federal Register, containing a codification of documents of general applicability and future effect ... with ancillaries.
Book Synopsis The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America by :
Download or read book The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 1044 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Code of Federal Regulations is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government.
Book Synopsis Biobased Surfactants by : Douglas G. Hayes
Download or read book Biobased Surfactants written by Douglas G. Hayes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2019-04-30 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biobased Surfactants: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, Second Edition, covers biosurfactant synthesis and applications and demonstrates how to reduce manufacturing and purification costs, impurities, and by-products. Fully updated, this book covers surfactants in biomedical applications, detergents, personal care, food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nanotechnology. It reflects on the latest developments in biobased surfactant science and provides case scenarios to guide readers in efficient and effective biobased surfactant application, along with strategies for research into new applications. This book is written from a biorefinery-based perspective by an international team of experts and acts as a key text for researchers and practitioners involved in the synthesis, utilization, and development of biobased surfactants. - Describes new and emerging biobased surfactants and their synthesis and development - Showcases an interdisciplinary approach to the topic, featuring applications to chemistry, biotechnology, biomedicine, and other areas - Presents the entire lifecycle of biobased surfactants in detail
Book Synopsis Analysis and Fate of Surfactants in the Aquatic Environment by : Thomas P. Knepper
Download or read book Analysis and Fate of Surfactants in the Aquatic Environment written by Thomas P. Knepper and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2003-08-22 with total page 995 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An understanding of the fate and behaviour of organic chemicals, such as surfactants, in the environment is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of human health and ecosystems. As surfactants are being produced in huge amounts, it is important to have a detailed knowledge about their lifetime in the environment, their biodegradability in wastewater treatment plants and in natural waters, and their ecotoxicity. Parameters relevant for the assessment of long-term behaviour, such as interactions with hormonal systems need to be understood to avoid unexpected adverse effects to future generations of people and the environment. However, the identification and quantification of commercial surfactants in the environment is made more complicated and cumbersome because they comprise of tens to hundreds of homologues, oligomers and isomers of anionic, nonionic, cationic and amphoteric compounds.The EU-funded PRISTINE project (Priority surfactants and their toxic metabolites in wastewater effluents: An integrated study; ENV4-CT97-0494) provides the basis for the content of this title. It provides policy makers and industry with detailed information on analysis and concentrations of surfactants and their degradation products in the environment.In addition to a general introduction to surfactants, this book comprises a comprehensive variety of analytical techniques, including sample handling, for the analysis of surfactants in the aquatic environment. Readers will find all the necessary information for analyzing the different groups of surfactants, with special emphasis on transformation products. Quality assurance is also reported on in detail. Chapters on toxicity and risk assessment are also included and give a complete perspective on the surfactants problem in the aquatic environment.·Presents the finding of EU-funded research into fate and behaviour of organic chemicals in the environment·Comprises a comprehensive variety of analytical techniques, including sample handling, for the analysis of surfactants in the aquatic environment·Provides relevant information to all groups working in the field of surfactants
Book Synopsis Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition by : Thomas M. Schmitt
Download or read book Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition written by Thomas M. Schmitt and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2001-01-23 with total page 662 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the tradition of the popular first edition, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition offers a comprehensive and practical account of analysis methods for determining and understanding commercially important surfactants-individually and in compounds. Combining a complete review of the literature with a variety of evaluation procedures and the specifications for commercial products, this useful reference explores the key stages and latest developments for surfactant applications. This edition has been thoroughly expanded and features new sections on capillary electrophoresis, ether carboxylates, and ester quats. It is also more globally accessible with foreign language citations and SI units. Containing over 2400 references, drawings, tables, and equations, Analysis of Surfactants, Second Edition is an recommended reference for physical, surface, colloid, and oil chemists; analytical, research, and quality assurance chemists working in the soap and detergent, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic industries; regulatory and food scientists; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.
