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Mesoscale Cloud Patterns In The Trade Wind Boundary Layer
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Book Synopsis Mesoscale Cloud Patterns in the Trade-wind Boundary Layer by :
Download or read book Mesoscale Cloud Patterns in the Trade-wind Boundary Layer written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The shallow clouds that top the trade-wind boundary layer are horizontally organised in striking mesoscale patterns. These patterns arise from a subtle interplay between trade cumuli, their mesoscale environment and the larger-scale circulation, an interplay which is not well-understood. Since even small changes in trade-wind cloudiness with warming can significantly alter projections of climate change, this thesis aims to systematically describe mesoscale cloud patterns in the trades, to attain a deeper physical understanding of their origins, and to estimate their sensitivity to changes in their environment.
Book Synopsis Atlas des nuages by : Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson
Download or read book Atlas des nuages written by Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson and published by . This book was released on 1890 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Marine Boundary Layer Cloud Mesoscale Organization by : Johannes Karel Christiaan Mohrmann
Download or read book Marine Boundary Layer Cloud Mesoscale Organization written by Johannes Karel Christiaan Mohrmann and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine low clouds are an important feature of the climate system, cooling the planet due to their high albedo and warm temperatures. They display a variety of different mesoscale organizations, which are tied to the varying environmental conditions in which they occur. This dissertation explores the drivers of marine low cloud variability using an observational perspective that draws upon aircraft, satellite, and reanalysis data, and uses the application of a number of machine learning techniques. The focus is largely though not exclusively on mesoscale organization. In the first part of this work, data from the Cloud System Evolution over the Trades (CSET) campaign over the Pacific stratocumulus-to-cumulus transition are organized into 18 Lagrangian cases suitable for study and future modeling, made possible by the use of a track-and-resample flight strategy. Analysis of these cases shows that 2-day Lagrangian coherence of long-lived species (CO and O3) is high (r=0.93 and 0.73, respectively), but that of subcloud aerosol, MBL depth, and cloud properties is limited. Although they span a wide range in meteorological conditions, most sampled air masses show a clear transition when considering 2-day changes in cloudiness (-31%averaged over all cases), MBL depth (1560 m), estimated inversion strength (EIS; 22.2K), and decoupling, agreeing with previous satellite studies and theory. Changes in precipitation and droplet number were less consistent. The aircraft-based analysis is augmented by geostationary satellite retrievals and reanalysis data along Lagrangian trajectories between aircraft sampling times, documenting the evolution of cloud fraction, cloud droplet number concentration, EIS, and MBL depth. An expanded trajectory set spanning the summer of 2015 is used to show that the CSET-sampled air masses were representative of the season, with respect to EIS and cloud fraction. Two Lagrangian case studies attractive for future modeling are presented with aircraft and satellite data. The first features a clear Sc-Cu transition involving MBL deepening and decoupling with decreasing cloud fraction, and the second undergoes a much slower cloud evolution despite a greater initial depth and decoupling state. Potential causes for the differences in evolution are explored, including free-tropospheric humidity, subsidence, surface fluxes, and microphysics. The remaining work focuses on the mesoscale organization of marine low clouds. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model is trained to classify 128 km by 128 km scenes of marine low clouds into six categories: stratus, open-cellular mesoscale cellular convection (MCC), closed-cellular MCC, disorganized MCC, clustered cumulus, and suppressed cumulus. Overall model test accuracy was approximately 90%. This model is applied to three years of data in the southeast Pacific, as well as the 2015 northeast Pacific summer for comparison with the CSET campaign. Meteorological variables related to marine low cloud processes are composited by mesoscale cloud type, allowing for the identification of distinct meteorological regimes. Presentation of MCC is largely consistent with previous literature, both in terms of geographic distribution boundary layer structure, and cloud-controlling factors. The two more novel types, clustered and suppressed cumulus, are examined in more detail. The patterns in precipitation, circulation, column water vapor, and cloudiness are consistent with the presentation of marine shallow mesoscale convective self-aggregation found in previous large eddy simulations of the boundary layer. Although they occur under similar large-scale conditions, the suppressed and clustered low cloud regimes are found to be well-separated by variables associated with a low-level mesoscale circulation, with surface wind divergence being the clearest discriminator between them, whether reanalysis or satellite observations are used. Divergence is consistent with near-surface inflow into clustered regimes and outflow from suppressed regimes. To further understand the dependencies of mesoscale cloud type on environmental factors, a second classification model is built. This uses a random forest of decision trees to predict cloud type, but instead of using an image of a cloud scene, mesoscale averages of meteorological variables are used as inputs. The model uses the three-year dataset output from the CNN model for training, and overall accuracy is approximately 50%. Rotated principal component analysis of the meteorological variables is used to create a set of decorrelated features on which to train the model, allowing for the application of certain statistical analyses which rely on uncorrelated data. Permutation feature importance is used to quantify which variables are most important for correct prediction of cloud mesoscale organization. Overall, temperature and stability are approximately equally important; for correctly distinguishing between open-MCC and closed-MCC, stability is the most important feature, and for correctly distinguishing between suppressed and clustered cumulus, surface divergence is the most important variable. Partial dependence analysis is used to show the relationship between each input variable and the likelihood of observing each cloud type, and 2-dimensional partial dependence analysis shows bimodal distributions of MCC types, consistent with their subtropical and midlatitude incarnations. The random forest model is able to reproduce the geographic distributions of cloud type occurrences.
Book Synopsis An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology by : Roland B. Stull
Download or read book An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology written by Roland B. Stull and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1988-07-31 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part of the excitement in boundary-layer meteorology is the challenge associated with turbulent flow - one of the unsolved problems in classical physics. An additional attraction of the filed is the rich diversity of topics and research methods that are collected under the umbrella-term of boundary-layer meteorology. The flavor of the challenges and the excitement associated with the study of the atmospheric boundary layer are captured in this textbook. Fundamental concepts and mathematics are presented prior to their use, physical interpretations of the terms in equations are given, sample data are shown, examples are solved, and exercises are included. The work should also be considered as a major reference and as a review of the literature, since it includes tables of parameterizatlons, procedures, filed experiments, useful constants, and graphs of various phenomena under a variety of conditions. It is assumed that the work will be used at the beginning graduate level for students with an undergraduate background in meteorology, but the author envisions, and has catered for, a heterogeneity in the background and experience of his readers.
Book Synopsis The Atmospheric Boundary Layer by : J. R. Garratt
Download or read book The Atmospheric Boundary Layer written by J. R. Garratt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1994-04-21 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book gives a comprehensive and lucid account of the science of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). There is an emphasis on the application of the ABL to numerical modelling of the climate. The book comprises nine chapters, several appendices (data tables, information sources, physical constants) and an extensive reference list. Chapter 1 serves as an introduction, with chapters 2 and 3 dealing with the development of mean and turbulence equations, and the many scaling laws and theories that are the cornerstone of any serious ABL treatment. Modelling of the ABL is crucially dependent for its realism on the surface boundary conditions, and chapters 4 and 5 deal with aerodynamic and energy considerations, with attention to both dry and wet land surfaces and sea. The structure of the clear-sky, thermally stratified ABL is treated in chapter 6, including the convective and stable cases over homogeneous land, the marine ABL and the internal boundary layer at the coastline. Chapter 7 then extends the discussion to the cloudy ABL. This is seen as particularly relevant, since the extensive stratocumulus regions over the subtropical oceans and stratus regions over the Arctic are now identified as key players in the climate system. Finally, chapters 8 and 9 bring much of the book's material together in a discussion of appropriate ABL and surface parameterization schemes in general circulation models of the atmosphere that are being used for climate simulation.
Book Synopsis Shallow Clouds, Water Vapor, Circulation, and Climate Sensitivity by : Robert Pincus
Download or read book Shallow Clouds, Water Vapor, Circulation, and Climate Sensitivity written by Robert Pincus and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-05-29 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a series of overview articles arising from a workshop exploring the links among shallow clouds, water vapor, circulation, and climate sensitivity. It provides a state-of-the art synthesis of understanding about the coupling of clouds and water vapor to the large-scale circulation. The emphasis is on two phenomena, namely the self-aggregation of deep convection and interactions between low clouds and the large-scale environment, with direct links to the sensitivity of climate to radiative perturbations. Each subject is approached using simulations, observations, and synthesizing theory; particular attention is paid to opportunities offered by new remote-sensing technologies, some still prospective. The collection provides a thorough grounding in topics representing one of the World Climate Research Program’s Grand Challenges. Previously published in Surveys in Geophysics, Volume 38, Issue 6, 2017 The aritcles “Observing Convective Aggregation”, “An Observational View of Relationships Between Moisture Aggregation, Cloud, and Radiative Heating Profiles”, “Implications of Warm Rain in Shallow Cumulus and Congestus Clouds for Large-Scale Circulations”, “A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment”, “Low-Cloud Feedbacks from Cloud-Controlling Factors: A Review”, “Mechanisms and Model Diversity of Trade-Wind Shallow Cumulus Cloud Feedbacks: A Review”, “Structure and Dynamical Influence of Water Vapor in the Lower Tropical Troposphere”, “Emerging Technologies and Synergies for Airborne and Space-Based Measurements of Water Vapor Profiles”, “Observational Constraints on Cloud Feedbacks: The Role of Active Satellite Sensors”, and “EUREC4A: A Field Campaign to Elucidate the Couplings Between Clouds, Convection and Circulation” are available as open access articles under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com.
Book Synopsis Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling by : Roger A. Pielke
Download or read book Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling written by Roger A. Pielke and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To effectively utilize mesoscale dynamical simulations of the atmosphere, it is necessary to have an understanding the basic physical and mathematical foundations of the models and to have an appreciation of how a particular atmospheric system works. Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling provides such an overview of mesoscale numerical modeling. Starting with fundamental concepts, this text can be used to evaluate the scientific basis of any simulation model that has been or will be developed. Basic material is provided for the beginner as well as more in-depth treatment for the specialist. This text is useful to both the practitioner and the researcher of the mesoscale phenomena.
Book Synopsis Clouds and Their Climatic Impact by : Sylvia C. Sullivan
Download or read book Clouds and Their Climatic Impact written by Sylvia C. Sullivan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-12-11 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clouds and Their Climatic Impacts Clouds are an influential and complex element of Earth’s climate system. They evolve rapidly in time and exist over small spatial scales, but also affect global radiative balance and large-scale circulations. With more powerful models and extensive observations now at our disposal, the climate impact of clouds is receiving ever more research attention. Clouds and Their Climatic Impacts: Radiation, Circulation, and Precipitation presents an overview of our current understanding on various types of clouds and cloud systems and their multifaceted role in the radiative budget, circulation patterns, and rainfall. Volume highlights include: Interactions of aerosol with both liquid and ice clouds Surface and atmospheric cloud radiative feedbacks and effects Arctic, extratropical, and tropical clouds Cloud-circulation coupling at global, meso, and micro scales Precipitation efficiency, phase, and measurements The role of machine learning in understanding clouds and climate The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.
Book Synopsis Thermally-driven Mesoscale Flows and Their Interaction with Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence by : Jon Ander Arrillaga Mitxelena
Download or read book Thermally-driven Mesoscale Flows and Their Interaction with Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence written by Jon Ander Arrillaga Mitxelena and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents developments of novel techniques and applies them in order to understand the interactions between thermally driven mesoscale flows (sea and mountain breezes) and the turbulent exchange within the atmospheric boundary layer. These interactions are not accurately reproduced in the meteorological models currently employed for weather forecasting. Consequently, important variables such as air temperature and wind speed are misrepresented. Also, the concentrations of relevant greenhouse gases such as CO2 are considerably affected by these interactions. By applying a systematic algorithm based on objective criteria (presented here), the thesis explores complete observational databases spanning up to 10 years. Further, it presents statistically significant and robust results on the topic, which has only been studied in a handful of cases in the extant literature. Lastly, by applying the algorithm directly to the outputs of the meteorological model, the thesis helps readers understand the processes discussed and reveals the biases in such models.
Book Synopsis Mesoscale Cloud Phenomena Observed by Landsat by : James Paul Ormsby
Download or read book Mesoscale Cloud Phenomena Observed by Landsat written by James Paul Ormsby and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Clouds and Climate by : A. Pier Siebesma
Download or read book Clouds and Climate written by A. Pier Siebesma and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive overview of research on clouds and their role in our present and future climate, for advanced students and researchers.
Book Synopsis The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars by : Robert M. Haberle
Download or read book The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars written by Robert M. Haberle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-29 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humanity has long been fascinated by the planet Mars. Was its climate ever conducive to life? What is the atmosphere like today and why did it change so dramatically over time? Eleven spacecraft have successfully flown to Mars since the Viking mission of the 1970s and early 1980s. These orbiters, landers and rovers have generated vast amounts of data that now span a Martian decade (roughly eighteen years). This new volume brings together the many new ideas about the atmosphere and climate system that have emerged, including the complex interplay of the volatile and dust cycles, the atmosphere-surface interactions that connect them over time, and the diversity of the planet's environment and its complex history. Including tutorials and explanations of complicated ideas, students, researchers and non-specialists alike are able to use this resource to gain a thorough and up-to-date understanding of this most Earth-like of planetary neighbours.
Book Synopsis Observed and Modeled Patterns of Covariability Between Low-level Cloudiness and the Structure of the Trade-wind Layer by :
Download or read book Observed and Modeled Patterns of Covariability Between Low-level Cloudiness and the Structure of the Trade-wind Layer written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We present patterns of covariability between low-level cloudiness and the trade-wind boundary layer structure using long-term measurements at a site representative of dynamical regimes with moderate subsidence or weak ascent. We compare these with ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System and 10 CMIP5 models. By using single-time step output at a single location, we find that models can produce a fairly realistic trade-wind layer structure in long-term means, but with unrealistic variability at shorter-time scales. The unrealistic variability in modeled cloudiness near the lifting condensation level (LCL) is due to stronger than observed relationships with mixed-layer relative humidity (RH) and temperature stratification at the mixed-layer top. Those relationships are weak in observations, or even of opposite sign, which can be explained by a negative feedback of convection on cloudiness. Cloudiness near cumulus tops at the tradewind inversion instead varies more pronouncedly in observations on monthly time scales, whereby larger cloudiness relates to larger surface winds and stronger trade-wind inversions. However, these parameters appear to be a prerequisite, rather than strong controlling factors on cloudiness, because they do not explain submonthly variations in cloudiness. Models underestimate the strength of these relationships and diverge in particular in their responses to large-scale vertical motion. No model stands out by reproducing the observed behavior in all respects. As a result, these findings suggest that climate models do not realistically represent the physical processes that underlie the coupling between trade-wind clouds and their environments in present-day climate, which is relevant for how we interpret modeled cloud feedbacks.
Download or read book Marine Research written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 1200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology by : James R. Holton
Download or read book An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology written by James R. Holton and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1979 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in atmospheric, oceanic, and climate science, Atmosphere, Ocean and Climate Dynamics is an introductory textbook on the circulations of the atmosphere and ocean and their interaction, with an emphasis on global scales. It will give students a good grasp of what the atmosphere and oceans look like on the large-scale and why they look that way. The role of the oceans in climate and paleoclimate is also discussed. The combination of observations, theory and accompanying illustrative laboratory experiments sets this text apart by making it accessible to students with no prior training in meteorology or oceanography. * Written at a mathematical level that is appealing for undergraduates and beginning graduate students * Provides a useful educational tool through a combination of observations and laboratory demonstrations which can be viewed over the web * Contains instructions on how to reproduce the simple but informative laboratory experiments * Includes copious problems (with sample answers) to help students learn the material.
Download or read book NASA Technical Paper written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Physics and Chemistry of Clouds by : Dennis Lamb
Download or read book Physics and Chemistry of Clouds written by Dennis Lamb and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-28 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Clouds affect our daily weather and play key roles in the global climate. Through their ability to precipitate, clouds provide virtually all of the fresh water on Earth and are a crucial link in the hydrologic cycle. With ever-increasing importance being placed on quantifiable predictions - from forecasting the local weather to anticipating climate change - we must understand how clouds operate in the real atmosphere, where interactions with natural and anthropogenic pollutants are common. This textbook provides students - whether seasoned or new to the atmospheric sciences - with a quantitative yet approachable path to learning the inner workings of clouds. Developed over many years of the authors' teaching at Pennsylvania State University, Physics and Chemistry of Clouds is an invaluable textbook for advanced students in atmospheric science, meteorology, environmental sciences/engineering and atmospheric chemistry. It is also a very useful reference text for researchers and professionals.
