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Mechanisms Underlying Longevity Regulation And Extension By Genetic Dietary And Pharmacological Interventions In The Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
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Book Synopsis Mechanisms Underlying Longevity Regulation and Extension by Genetic, Dietary and Pharmacological Interventions in the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by : Pavlo Kyryakov
Download or read book Mechanisms Underlying Longevity Regulation and Extension by Genetic, Dietary and Pharmacological Interventions in the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Pavlo Kyryakov and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The spatiotemporal dynamics of longevity-defining cellular processes and its modulation by genetic, dietary and pharmacological anti-aging interventions by : Vladimir I. Titorenko
Download or read book The spatiotemporal dynamics of longevity-defining cellular processes and its modulation by genetic, dietary and pharmacological anti-aging interventions written by Vladimir I. Titorenko and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aging of multicellular and unicellular eukaryotic organisms is a highly complex biological phenomenon that affects a plethora of processes within cells. This wide array of longevity-defining cellular processes - which are governed by an evolutionarily conserved signaling network - includes oxidative metabolism and protein synthesis in mitochondria, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, NAD+ homeostasis, amino acid biosynthesis and degradation, ammonium and amino acid uptake, ribosome biogenesis and translation, proteasomal protein degradation, nuclear DNA replication, chromatin assembly and maintenance, actin organization, apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, protein folding, stress response, signal transduction, cell cycle, and cell growth. The focus of this Frontiers Special Topic Issue is on an important conceptual advance in our understanding of how cells integrate and control these numerous processes and how genetic, dietary and pharmacological anti-aging interventions extend longevity by altering their functional states and spatiotemporal dynamics. The Issue will highlight the various strategies used by evolutionarily diverse organisms for coordinating these longevity-defining cellular processes in space and time, critically evaluate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying such coordination, and outline the most important unanswered questions and directions for future research in this vibrant and rapidly evolving field.
Book Synopsis Using the Experimental Evolution of Long-Lived Yeast Species for Testing Evolutionary Theories of Aging by : Anastasia Glebov
Download or read book Using the Experimental Evolution of Long-Lived Yeast Species for Testing Evolutionary Theories of Aging written by Anastasia Glebov and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Longevity Extension by Caloric Restriction and Lithocholic Acid in the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by : Anthony Arlia Ciommo
Download or read book Mechanisms of Longevity Extension by Caloric Restriction and Lithocholic Acid in the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Anthony Arlia Ciommo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Insights Into Calorie Restriction and Life Span Extension by : Craig Brendon Skinner
Download or read book Insights Into Calorie Restriction and Life Span Extension written by Craig Brendon Skinner and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The search for the fountain of youth, undertaken by Juan Ponce de Leon in the 16th century and continued by longevity researchers around the globe, has evolved from a seemingly impossible expedition into the pursuit of a very real phenomenon: the life span-extending dietary regimen of calorie restriction (CR), and knowledge of its mechanism. CR in mammals is known to promote longevity and delay the onset of age-related diseases such as cancer and diabetes, while promoting processes such as mitochondrial respiration and the oxidative stress response. CR extends the life span of a wide variety of model organisms including worms, flies, mice, and monkeys, but many of the greatest revelations came from an unlikely place, the single-celled budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The determination and characterization of many important longevity pathway components originated from studies on this humble organism. Mitochondrial respiration and stability are critical to CR-based life span extension, and are central to longevity in budding yeast, as they are in mammals. Mitochondria promote long life through activation of sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases, and promotion of metabolic health, but also mediate cell death through apoptosis. They are the cellular reactors, capable of immensely efficient energy harvesting, yet produce the majority of cellular free radicals which, when unchecked, can cause irreparable damage to cellular machinery. Unsurprisingly, life span extending manipulations often impact the status of this organelle, often in ways similar to those of CR. Life span prolonging manipulations in budding yeast are often resistant to reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are associated with mitochondrial decline during the aging process. Originally identified as a mediator of cell size in budding yeast, cells without WHI2 continue to grow in stationary phase, possess unstable mitochondria, and display sensitivities to a wide variety of stresses, including oxidative stress. A screen for long-lived yeast revealed WHI2 as a life span-extending gene when over-expressed, and here we determine that WHI2 is a dosage-dependent mediator of longevity. Additionally, Whi2 requires the Msn2/4 transcription factors and Psr1/2 phosphatases for full life span extension. Psr1/2 was also found to mediate stability of Whi2 protein after the diauxic shift and into stationary phase, where the Whi2 phenotype is the most evident. Whi2 also regulates activation of Hsf1 transcription factor, and between Msn2/4 and Hsf1, promotes the oxidative stress response to protect mitochondria during stationary phase. The interaction between Hsf1 and Whi2 is complicated, and Whi2 appears to suppress Hsf1 before the diauxic shift, yet activate it afterwards. Investigating the relationship between Whi2, Hsf1, and growth phase may help us better understand the function of Hsf1 in cancer cells and during CR. CR is characterized by an increase in mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress defense, but also induces production of a specific ROS, nitric oxide (NO). Production of NO by CR is important in both mammals and, as determined in this volume, budding yeast. Using NO as a biomarker of CR, several single-gene deletions that share CR phenotypes were identified and verified to be novel life span-extending mutants. In addition, the mechanisms behind CR-mediated NO production in yeast was analyzed. CR-linked NO production in yeast requires a functional electron transport chain, suggesting that the origin of NO during CR is cytochrome c oxidase (COX), as COX was previously demonstrated to generate NO from nitrite. NO is therefore a mitochondria-derived life span mediating molecule, adding yet another facet to the relationship between CR and mitochondria. Life span studies in yeast continue to contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CR and aging. The following studies should further illuminate the connection between CR, mitochondria, and longevity, and it is my hope that these new revelations will contribute to our knowledge of longevity in mammals as well.
Book Synopsis Investigating the Genetic Mechanisms of Lifespan Extension by Dietary Restriction in D. Melanogaster by : Marysia C. Kolipinski
Download or read book Investigating the Genetic Mechanisms of Lifespan Extension by Dietary Restriction in D. Melanogaster written by Marysia C. Kolipinski and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Dietary restriction (DR) is a robust, drug free intervention that has been shown to increase active and healthy lifespan across a wide range of species. ... However, the downstream mechanisms by which DR modulates lifespan remain poorly understood. My thesis focuses on identifying the role of candidate genes from these studies to identify novel pathways related to diet dependant lifespan extension." -- from the abstract, p.4.
Book Synopsis The Regulation of Lifespan by Sirtuins in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by : Dudley William Lamming
Download or read book The Regulation of Lifespan by Sirtuins in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae written by Dudley William Lamming and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calorie restriction (CR), a diet in which the total number of calories consumed is reduced while still maintaining adequate nutrition, can extend the lifespan of numerous organisms, including yeast, flies, worms, and mice. The effects of CR on yeast lifespan are believed to function at least in part by increasing the activity of the NAD + -dependent deacetylase Sir2, which stabilizes the yeast rDNA array and prevents the formation of extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs), a cause of aging in yeast. This thesis focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms by which CR functions to extend lifespan, understanding how this process can be regulated by the environment and on finding small molecules that can mimic the effects of CR. We identify resveratrol as an in vitro small molecule activator of yeast Sir2 and its human homologue, SIRT1. We show that resveratrol extends yeast lifespan and suppresses rDNA recombination in a Sir2-dependent manner. In humans cells, we show that resveratrol can stimulate SIRT1-dependent deacetylation of p53.
Book Synopsis Mass Spectrometric Analyses of the Lipidomes of Quiescent and Non-Quiescent Cells Reveal that Certain Dietary, Pharmacological and Genetic Interventions Delay the Chronological Aging of the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by Altering Lipid Metabolism by : Amanda Piano
Download or read book Mass Spectrometric Analyses of the Lipidomes of Quiescent and Non-Quiescent Cells Reveal that Certain Dietary, Pharmacological and Genetic Interventions Delay the Chronological Aging of the Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by Altering Lipid Metabolism written by Amanda Piano and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent studies have revealed that different classes of lipids play essential roles in the intrinsically complex process of cellular aging. Although these roles of lipids is blurred by intricacy and complexity, the identification of mechanisms that link lipid metabolism to cellular aging is currently underway. The investigation of a cell’s entry into and progression through a differentiated quiescent state can provide a means of linking cell cycle regulation to aging. Using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism, I explored how the major lipid classes phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylserine (PS), as well as mitochondria specific cardiolipin (CL) and major storage lipid triacylglycerol (TAG), are influenced during the aging process by various dietary, pharmacological and genetic interventions known to extend longevity. These interventions include a caloric restriction diet, lithocholic bile acid (LCA) and the tor1? mutation eliminating the key protein component of the pro-aging Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1) pathway. The quantitation of different lipid classes throughout the entire lifespan was accomplished by the mass spectrometric analysis of lipids found in quiescent and non-quiescent cell populations separated by centrifugation in a Percoll density gradient. My findings revealed that there are at least three different ways of delaying aging in yeast by differently altering lipid metabolism and transport in chronologically aging cells.
Book Synopsis The Molecular Mechanisms of Lifespan Extension by Alpha-ketoglutarate in Caenorhabditis Elegans by : Randall Marcelo Chin
Download or read book The Molecular Mechanisms of Lifespan Extension by Alpha-ketoglutarate in Caenorhabditis Elegans written by Randall Marcelo Chin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the elderly population is now the fastest growing age group in the United States, there is an imminent need to understand the molecular mechanisms of aging and develop new approaches to counter aging and the maladies that come with it. Modulation of metabolism, either by dietary restriction or pharmacologic or genetic alteration of metabolic pathways, can extend lifespan and delay age-related diseases in evolutionarily diverse organisms. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, a role for alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) in the regulation of aging. Alpha-KG serves many functions in the cell, including being an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a precursor for several amino acids, and a substrate for alpha-KG-dependent oxygenases. We show that alpha-KG extends the mean lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans by about 50%, and provide evidence to suggest that this is not due to the metabolism of alpha-KG into other metabolites. Other metabolites have been shown to extend lifespan as well, but without a well defined mechanism. Research on small molecules in aging has been hindered by the inability to identify drug targets. We use a label-free, unbiased drug target identification strategy termed DARTS (drug affinity responsive target stability) to uncover a new binding target of alpha-KG, the beta subunit of the ATP synthase. We reveal that alpha-KG inhibits ATP synthase in in vitro and in vivo assays using both worm and mammalian models. Consistently, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ATP synthase yields the same phenotypes as alpha-KG: increased lifespan, decreased ATP levels, lower oxygen consumption rates, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, and reduced target of rapamycin signaling. However, unlike genetic inhibition of ATP synthase, alpha-KG does not induce the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, cause larval arrest, or slow pharyngeal pumping rates. Remarkably, alpha-KG does not further increase the lifespan of dietary restricted animals and is elevated during starvation, a testament to it being a key regulator of dietary restriction mediated lifespan extension. Like dietary restriction, alpha-KG also induces autophagy, and we provide evidence to suggest that autophagy may play an essential role for the longevity of alpha-KG treated animals. Our findings posit alpha-KG as a key regulator of metabolic pathways in response to nutrient status, and suggest new strategies for the prevention and treatment of aging and age-related diseases.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Models for Human Aging by : P. Michael Conn
Download or read book Handbook of Models for Human Aging written by P. Michael Conn and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-04-28 with total page 1103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Models for Human Aging is designed as the only comprehensive work available that covers the diversity of aging models currently available. For each animal model, it presents key aspects of biology, nutrition, factors affecting life span, methods of age determination, use in research, and disadvantages/advantes of use. Chapters on comparative models take a broad sweep of age-related diseases, from Alzheimer's to joint disease, cataracts, cancer, and obesity. In addition, there is an historical overview and discussion of model availability, key methods, and ethical issues. Utilizes a multidisciplinary approach Shows tricks and approaches not available in primary publications First volume of its kind to combine both methods of study for human aging and animal models Over 200 illustrations
Book Synopsis An Exploration of the Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Conserved Longevity Interventions by : George L. Sutphin
Download or read book An Exploration of the Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Conserved Longevity Interventions written by George L. Sutphin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aging is a degenerative process that causes a time-dependent deterioration of virtually every biological system in the majority of species. Age is the primary risk factor for many human diseases, including the top causes of death modern societies. Developing treatments to slow the aging process has the potential increase human life span and simultaneously prevent or improve outcomes in countless diseases. Studying aging in mammals is challenging due to the relatively high longevity of most mammalian species and the costs associated with maintaining populations of mammals in the laboratory for their entire life span. The invertebrate organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster have emerged as central models in aging due to relatively short life spans, ease of maintenance in the laboratory, well characterized genetics, and the availability of a wide range of genetic and biochemical tools. By focusing on genetic pathways and interventions that influence longevity in a similar manner across these evolutionarily divergent species, we can gain insight into the biology of aging in mammals. The application of genome-scale techniques in aging research has started to define the range of genetic and environmental factors involved in longevity determination, and the high degree of intercommunication between these factors. This dissertation reviews current progress toward identifying and understanding conserved longevity interventions and presents several current lines of investigation aimed both at developing tools for analyzing the complex interactions between aging factors and at probing the mechanism of action of specific longevity interventions.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting on Health and Disease by : Hae-Young Chung
Download or read book The Effect of Calorie Restriction and Intermittent Fasting on Health and Disease written by Hae-Young Chung and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-01-29 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent biochemical studies indicate that calorie restriction (CR) is a widely accepted method for anti-aging intervention. CR and intermittent fasting (IF), which involves reduced calories but proper nutritional intake during specific periods, are interventions that can consistently promote health benefits, delay biological aging, and extend both average and maximal lifespan. Furthermore, CR can modulate age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, obesity, cancer, and others. Advances in omics technologies have provided a technical breakthrough that enabled the investigation of DNA, RNA, proteins, and other cellular molecules and their comprehensive interactions in a biological context. Nowadays, it is possible to analyze and integrate biological processes that occur in aging systems at the molecular level using state-of-the-art techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics. Omics technology and systems gerontology provide predictive information on CR effects, molecular mechanisms, and pathways underlying the anti-aging actions of CR and IF. This Special Issue, “The effects of calorie restriction and intermittent fasting on health and disease”, focuses on the effects of calorie restriction and intermittent fasting on age-related inflammation, autophagy, metabolism, longevity, mitochondrial function, and age-related diseases.
Book Synopsis Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging by : Marco Malavolta
Download or read book Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging written by Marco Malavolta and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-04-15 with total page 786 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Molecular Basis of Nutrition and Aging: A Volume in the Molecular Nutrition Series focuses on the nutritional issues associated with aging and the important metabolic consequences of diet, nutrition, and health. The book is subdivided into four parts that reflect the impact of nutrition from a biomolecular level to individual health. In Part One, chapters explore the general aspects of aging, aging phenotypes, and relevant aspects of nutrition related to the elderly and healthy aging. Part Two includes molecular and cellular targets of nutrition in aging, with chapters exploring lipid peroxidation, inflammaging, anabolic and catabolic signaling, epigenetics, DNA damage and repair, redox homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity, among others. Part Three looks at system-level and organ targets of nutrition in aging, including a variety of tissues, systems, and diseases, such as immune function, the cardiovascular system, the brain and dementia, muscle, bone, lung, and many others. Finally, Part Four focuses on the health effects of specific dietary compounds and dietary interventions in aging, including vitamin D, retinol, curcumin, folate, iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, vitamin B, fish oil, vitamin E, resveratrol, polyphenols, vegetables, and fruit, as well as the current nutritional recommendations. Offers updated information and a perspectives on important future developments to different professionals involved in the basic and clinical research on all major nutritional aspects of aging Explores how nutritional factors are involved in the pathogenesis of aging across body systems Investigates the molecular and genetic basis of aging and cellular senescence through the lens of the rapidly evolving field of molecular nutrition
Book Synopsis Cellular Quiescence by : H. Daniel Lacorazza
Download or read book Cellular Quiescence written by H. Daniel Lacorazza and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2017-10-18 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed volume explores methods and protocols that aim to increase our understanding of how cells enter a quiescent state during homeostasis and how cells exit quiescence and re-enter differentiating cell divisions to restore damaged tissues, essential for developing new approaches in regenerative medicine in the future. The chapters in this book were designed to address cellular quiescence in prokaryote and eukaryote organisms, detection of quiescence (Hoechst/pyronin Y, FUCCI, CFSE, BrdU, H2B-GFP, CyTOF), quiescence in stem cells (skin, intestinal, neuronal, hematopoietic), genomic regulation (gene expression, transcription factors, lncRNA, RNA methylation), as well as analysis of the heterogeneity of quiescence by computer modeling. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Cellular Quiescence: Methods and Protocols offers a broad view of basic and cutting-edge technology to inspire research in this emerging field of cell biology.
Book Synopsis Epigenetics of Aging by : Trygve O. Tollefsbol
Download or read book Epigenetics of Aging written by Trygve O. Tollefsbol and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-11 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent studies have indicated that epigenetic processes may play a major role in both cellular and organismal aging. These epigenetic processes include not only DNA methylation and histone modifications, but also extend to many other epigenetic mediators such as the polycomb group proteins, chromosomal position effects, and noncoding RNA. The topics of this book range from fundamental changes in DNA methylation in aging to the most recent research on intervention into epigenetic modifications to modulate the aging process. The major topics of epigenetics and aging covered in this book are: 1) DNA methylation and histone modifications in aging; 2) Other epigenetic processes and aging; 3) Impact of epigenetics on aging; 4) Epigenetics of age-related diseases; 5) Epigenetic interventions and aging: and 6) Future directions in epigenetic aging research. The most studied of epigenetic processes, DNA methylation, has been associated with cellular aging and aging of organisms for many years. It is now apparent that both global and gene-specific alterations occur not only in DNA methylation during aging, but also in several histone alterations. Many epigenetic alterations can have an impact on aging processes such as stem cell aging, control of telomerase, modifications of telomeres, and epigenetic drift can impact the aging process as evident in the recent studies of aging monozygotic twins. Numerous age-related diseases are affected by epigenetic mechanisms. For example, recent studies have shown that DNA methylation is altered in Alzheimer’s disease and autoimmunity. Other prevalent diseases that have been associated with age-related epigenetic changes include cancer and diabetes. Paternal age and epigenetic changes appear to have an effect on schizophrenia and epigenetic silencing has been associated with several of the progeroid syndromes of premature aging. Moreover, the impact of dietary or drug intervention into epigenetic processes as they affect normal aging or age-related diseases is becoming increasingly feasible.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology by :
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 1656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Biomedical Gerontology, Three Volume Set presents a wide range of topics, ranging from what happens in the body during aging, the reasons and mechanisms relating to those age-related changes, and their clinical, psychological and social modulators and determinants. The book covers the biological and medical aspects of gerontology within the general framework of the biological basis of assessing age, biological mechanisms of aging, age-related changes in biological systems, human age-related diseases, the biomedical practicality and impracticality of interventions, and finally, the ethics of intervention. Provides a ‘one-stop’ resource to information written by world-leading scholars in the field of biomedical gerontology Fills a critical gap of information in a field that has seen significant progress in the last 10 years
Download or read book Advances in Genetics written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-08-18 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of genetics is rapidly evolving, and new medical breakthroughs are occurring as a result of advances in our knowledge of genetics. Advances in Genetics continually publishes important reviews of the broadest interest to geneticists and their colleagues in affiliated disciplines. Critically analyzes future directions Written and edited by recognized leaders in the field
