Mechanical Properties Of Abaca Fiber Based Reinforced Polyurethane Composite

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ABACA FIBER BASED REINFORCED POLYURETHANE COMPOSITE

Author : Pankaj Rana
Publisher : BookRix
ISBN 13 : 3748715579
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (487 download)

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Book Synopsis MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ABACA FIBER BASED REINFORCED POLYURETHANE COMPOSITE by : Pankaj Rana

Download or read book MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ABACA FIBER BASED REINFORCED POLYURETHANE COMPOSITE written by Pankaj Rana and published by BookRix. This book was released on 2019-09-16 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From last few decades’ composite materials, ceramics and plastics has made a mark in the field of materials. Applications of these materials in engineering arespecially attributed to their low specific weight and comparatively high strength. Applications of composite materials vary from the basic daily needs to sophisticated luxury applications. The demand of natural fiber in the composite materials has been increased owing to low density, low cost and biodegradable properties of natural fiber.But at the same time the natural fibers has certain disadvantages viz. they are hydrophilic in nature due to which there is poor incompatibility of natural fiber with the matrix. This intensity of this disadvantage can be reduced with the help of chemical treatment of natural fibers. Natural fiber has tendency of water absorption, which can also be reduced with chemical treatment. There are number of factors which affect the properties of natural fiber reinforced composite viz. fabrication method, environment condition during fabrication, fiber and its quantity, matrix material. Any slight modification in the above said variables leads to change in the properties of the final composite material. In the present work, the tensile and flexural properties of natural fiber (abaca fiber) reinforced TPU composites have been investigated. The content of natural fiber in composites has been varied from 0 to 30 wt%. The reinforced fibers were chemically treated with NaOH followed by treatment with maleic anhydride in acetone, prior to fabricating of samples by injection moulding. It is observed that the composite containing 10 wt% of abaca fiber has highest tensile strength among all the composites fabricated for this study, whereas the tensile strength of pure TPU sample has maximum among all the samples fabricated during this research work.Maximum flexural strength is observed ofthe composite containing 30 wt% of abaca fiber.SEM examinations of the fractured surface reveal that primary failure mechanisms in composite as fiber fracture and fiber pull-out.

Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites

Author : Anish Khan
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128203862
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites by : Anish Khan

Download or read book Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites written by Anish Khan and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-01-21 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research on natural fiber composites is an emerging area in the field of polymer science with tremendous growth potential for commercialization. Hybrid Natural Fiber Composites: Material Formulations, Processing, Characterization, Properties, and Engineering Applications provides updated information on all the important classes of natural fibers and their composites that can be used for a broad range of engineering applications. Leading researchers from industry, academia, government, and private research institutions from across the globe have contributed to this highly application-oriented book. The chapters showcase cutting-edge research discussing the current status, key trends, future directions, and opportunities. Focusing on the current state of the art, the authors aim to demonstrate the future potential of these materials in a broad range of demanding engineering applications. This book will act as a one-stop reference resource for academic and industrial researchers working in R&D departments involved in designing composite materials for semi structural engineering applications. - Presents comprehensive information on the properties of hybrid natural fiber composites that demonstrate their ability to improve the hydrophobic nature of natural fiber composites - Reviews recent developments in the research and development of hybrid natural fiber composites in various engineering applications - Focuses on modern technologies and illustrates how hybrid natural fiber composites can be used as alternatives in structural components subjected to severe conditions

Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites

Author : Sabu Thomas
Publisher : Archives contemporaines
ISBN 13 : 2914610998
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (146 download)

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Book Synopsis Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites by : Sabu Thomas

Download or read book Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites written by Sabu Thomas and published by Archives contemporaines. This book was released on 2009 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites

Author : Senthilkumar Krishnasamy
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527348832
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites by : Senthilkumar Krishnasamy

Download or read book Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites written by Senthilkumar Krishnasamy and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-04-18 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites In-depth overview of thermal analysis of natural fiber-reinforced composites In Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Thermal Properties and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers has delivered a comprehensive overview of the thermal properties of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites. The book brings together information currently dispersed throughout the scientific literature and offers viable and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional composites. The book highlights the thermal analysis of natural fiber-reinforced composites with techniques such as Thermogravimetric Analysis, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, Thermomechanical Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, etc. This book provides: A thorough review of the thermal characterization of natural fiber-based hybrid composites Detailed investigation of the thermal properties of polymer composites reinforced with various natural fibers such as flax fiber, pineapple leaf fiber, sisal, sugar palm, grass fiber and cane fiber Discussions on the thermal properties of hybrid natural fiber-reinforced composites with various thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers Influence of nanofillers on the thermal stability and thermal decomposition characteristics of the natural fiber-based hybrid composites Natural Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Thermal Properties and Applications is a must-read for materials scientists, polymer chemists, and professionals working in the industry. This book is ideal for readers seeking to make an informed decision regarding materials selection for applications involving thermal insulation and elevated temperature. The suitability of natural fiber-reinforced composites in the automotive, mechanical, and civil engineering sectors is highlig

Green Composites

Author : Caroline Baillie
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845690397
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Green Composites by : Caroline Baillie

Download or read book Green Composites written by Caroline Baillie and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-09-01 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is an increasing movement of scientists and engineers who are dedicated to minimising the environmental impact of polymer composite production. Life cycle assessment is of paramount importance at every stage of a product’s life, from initial synthesis through to final disposal and a sustainable society needs environmentally safe materials and processing methods. With an internationally recognised team of contributors, Green Composites examines fibre reinforced polymer composite production and explains how environmental footprints can be diminished at every stage of the life cycle.The introductory chapters look at why we should consider green composites, their design and life cycle assessment. The properties of natural fibre sources such as cellulose and wood are then discussed. Chapter 6 examines recyclable synthetic fibre-thermoplastic composites as an alternative solution and polymers derived from natural sources are covered in Chapter 7. The factors that influence the properties of these natural composites and natural fibre thermoplastic composites are detailed in Chapters 8 and 9. The final four chapters consider clean processing, applications, recycling, degradation and reprocessing.Green composites is an essential guide for agricultural crop producers, government agricultural departments, automotive companies, composite producers and material scientists all dedicated to the promotion and practice of eco-friendly materials and production methods. Reviews fibre reinforced polymer composite production Explains how environmental footprints can be diminished at every stage of the life-cycle

Biomass and Bioenergy

Author : Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319075780
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomass and Bioenergy by : Khalid Rehman Hakeem

Download or read book Biomass and Bioenergy written by Khalid Rehman Hakeem and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-22 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomass obtained from agricultural residues or forest can be used to produce different materials and bioenergy required in a modern society. As compared to other resources available, biomass is one of the most common and widespread resources in the world. Thus, biomass has the potential to provide a renewable energy source, both locally and across large areas of the world. It is estimated that the total investment in the biomass sector between 2008 and 2021 will reach the large sum of $104 billion. Presently bioenergy is the most important renewable energy option and will remain so the near and medium-term future. Previously several countries try to explore the utilization of biomass in bioenergy and composite sector. Biomass has the potential to become the world’s largest and most sustainable energy source and will be very much in demand. Bioenergy is based on resources that can be utilized on a sustainable basis all around the world and can thus serve as an effective option for the provision of energy services. In addition, the benefits accrued go beyond energy provision, creating unique opportunities for regional development. The present book will provide an up-to-date account of non-wood, forest residues, agricultural biomass (natural fibers), and energy crops together with processing, properties, and its applications to ensure biomass utilization and reuse. All aspects of biomass and bioenergy and their properties and applications will be critically re-examined. The book consists of three sections, presenting Non wood and forest products from forestry, arboriculture activities or from wood processing, agricultural biomass (natural fibers) from agricultural harvesting or processing and finally energy crops: high yield crops and grasses grown especially for energy production.

Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres

Author : Jörg Müssig
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470660348
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (63 download)

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Book Synopsis Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres by : Jörg Müssig

Download or read book Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres written by Jörg Müssig and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-04-15 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural fibres are becoming increasingly popular for use in industrial applications, providing sustainable solutions to support technical innovation. These versatile, natural based materials have applications in a wide range of industries, from textiles and consumer products to the automotive and construction industries. Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres examines the different steps of processing, from natural generation, fibre separation and fibre processing, to the manufacturing of the final product. Each step is linked to fibre properties and characterization, highlighting how different fibres influence the product properties through a discussion of their chemical and structural qualities. Considering the value-added chain from natural generation to final product, with emphasis on quality management, this book reviews the current research and technical applications of natural fibres. Topics covered include: Introduction to the Chemistry and Biology of Natural Fibres Economic Aspects of Natural Fibres Vegetable Fibres Animal Fibres Testing and Quality Management Applications: Current and Potential Industrial Application of Natural Fibres will be a valuable resource for scientists in industry and academia interested in the development of natural based materials and products. It is particularly relevant for those working in chemical engineering, sustainable chemistry, agricultural sciences, biology and materials sciences.

Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

Author : R a Ilyas
Publisher : Mdpi AG
ISBN 13 : 9783036584096
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites by : R a Ilyas

Download or read book Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites written by R a Ilyas and published by Mdpi AG. This book was released on 2023-08-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composites are the most promising material available in the twenty-first century. Composites reinforced with synthetic or natural fibers are becoming extremely prevalent as the demand for lightweight materials with high strength for specific applications grows. Fiber-reinforced polymer composite has a high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent properties, such as high durability, stiffness, damping property, flexural strength, and resistance to corrosion, wear, impact, and fire. Various properties of composite materials have led to applications in construction, aerospace, automobile, biomedical, marine, and many other industries. Because their constituent elements and manufacturing techniques primarily determine the performance of composite materials, the functional properties of various fibers available worldwide, their classifications, and the manufacturing techniques used to fabricate the composite materials must be investigated.

Date Palm Fiber Composites

Author : Mohamad Midani
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811593396
Total Pages : 443 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Date Palm Fiber Composites by : Mohamad Midani

Download or read book Date Palm Fiber Composites written by Mohamad Midani and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-11 with total page 443 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the recent research advances on the utilization of date palm fibers as a new source of cellulosic fibers that can be used in the reinforcement of polymer composites. It discusses the competitive mechanical, physical, and chemical properties which make date palm fibers stand out as an alternative to other fibers currently used in the natural fiber composites market. This volume will be useful to researchers working on natural fiber composites and fiber reinforced composites looking to develop green, biodegradable and sustainable components for application in automotive, marine, aerospace, construction, wind energy and consumer goods sectors.

Poly(lactic acid)

Author : Rafael A. Auras
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119767466
Total Pages : 692 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Poly(lactic acid) by : Rafael A. Auras

Download or read book Poly(lactic acid) written by Rafael A. Auras and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 692 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: POLY(LACTIC ACID) The second edition of a key reference, fully updated to reflect new research and applications Poly(lactic acid)s – PLAs, biodegradable polymers derived from lactic acid, have become vital components of a sustainable society. Eco-friendly PLA polymers are used in numerous industrial applications ranging from packaging to medical implants and to wastewater treatment. The global PLA market is predicted to expand significantly over the next decade due to increasing demand for compostable and recyclable materials produced from renewable resources. Poly(lactic acid) Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, Applications, and End of Life provides comprehensive coverage of the basic chemistry, production, and industrial use of PLA. Contributions from an international panel of experts review specific processing methods, characterization techniques, and various applications in medicine, textiles, packaging, and environmental engineering. Now in its second edition, this fully up-to-date volume features new and revised chapters on 3D printing, the mechanical and chemical recycling of PLA, PLA stereocomplex crystals, PLA composites, the environmental footprint of PLA, and more. Highlights the biodegradability, recycling, and sustainability benefits of PLA Describes processing and conversion technologies for PLA, such as injection molding, extrusion, blending, and thermoforming Covers various aspects of lactic acid/lactide monomers, including physicochemical properties and production Examines different condensation reactions and modification strategies for enhanced polymerization of PLA Discusses the thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties of PLA Addresses degradation and environmental issues of PLA, including photodegradation, radiolysis, hydrolytic degradation, biodegradation, and life cycle assessment Poly(lactic acid) Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, Applications, and End of Life, Second Edition remains essential reading for polymer engineers, materials scientists, polymer chemists, chemical engineers, industry professionals using PLA, and scientists and advanced student engineers interested in biodegradable plastics.

Renewable and Sustainable Composites

Author : António Pereira
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789842158
Total Pages : 154 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Renewable and Sustainable Composites by : António Pereira

Download or read book Renewable and Sustainable Composites written by António Pereira and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-12-04 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composites are used in a wide range of applications, from electronics to the aeronautical industry. The excellent mechanical properties and low-specific weight of composites are the basis of many structural applications. Despite the progress achieved, there are significant obstacles to the generalisation of structural applications of composites, mainly due to their high cost and complex mechanical behaviour. In fact, there is currently insufficient knowledge regarding the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of composites made from renewable and sustainable materials. This book focuses on composites from natural and renewable resources, including the enhancement of their properties with additives such as biodegradable nanomaterials, their mechanical characterisation, tailoring of properties for specific applications and their processing.

Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering

Author : Atul Babbar
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000685594
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering by : Atul Babbar

Download or read book Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering written by Atul Babbar and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-27 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Application of additive manufacturing and tissue engineering in the fields of science and technology enables the manufacturing of biocompatible, customized, reliable, and cost-effective parts, restoring the functionality of a failed human body part. This book offers a platform for recent breakthroughs in additive manufacturing related to biomedical applications. This book highlights some of the top innovations and advances in additive manufacturing and processing technologies that are the future of the manufacturing industry while also presenting current challenges and opportunities regarding the choice of material. This book includes areas of applications such as surgical guides, tissue regeneration, artificial scaffolds, implants, and drug delivery and release. Throughout the book, an emphasis is placed on rapid tooling for engineering applications. Additive Manufacturing of Polymers for Tissue Engineering: Fundamentals, Applications, and Future Advancements acts as a first-hand source of information for academic scholars and commercial manufacturers as they make strategic manufacturing and development plans.

Composite Materials

Author : It Meng Low
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128208791
Total Pages : 690 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Composite Materials by : It Meng Low

Download or read book Composite Materials written by It Meng Low and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-06-18 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Composite materials have been well developed to meet the challenges of high-performing material properties targeting engineering and structural applications. The ability of composite materials to absorb stresses and dissipate strain energy is vastly superior to that of other materials such as polymers and ceramics, and thus they offer engineers many mechanical, thermal, chemical and damage-tolerance advantages with limited drawbacks such as brittleness. Composite Materials: Manufacturing, Properties and Applications presents a comprehensive review of current status and future directions, latest technologies and innovative work, challenges and opportunities for composite materials. The chapters present latest advances and comprehensive coverage of material types, design, fabrication, modelling, properties and applications from conventional composite materials to advanced composites such as nanocomposites, self-healing and smart composites. The book targets researchers in the field of advanced composite materials and ceramics, students of materials science and engineering at the postgraduate level, as well as material engineers and scientists working in industrial R& D sectors for composite material manufacturing. - Comprehensive coverage of material types, design, fabrication, modelling, properties and applications from conventional composite materials to advanced composites such as nanocomposites, self-healing and smart composites - Features latest advances in terms of mechanical properties and other material parameters which are essential for designers and engineers in the composite and composite reinforcement manufacturing industry, as well as all those with an academic research interest in the subject - Offers a good platform for end users to refer to the latest technologies and topics fitting into specific applications and specific methods to tackle manufacturing or material processing issues in relation to different types of composite materials

Annual Plant: Sources of Fibres, Nanocellulose and Cellulosic Derivatives

Author : Ramzi Khiari
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819924731
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Annual Plant: Sources of Fibres, Nanocellulose and Cellulosic Derivatives by : Ramzi Khiari

Download or read book Annual Plant: Sources of Fibres, Nanocellulose and Cellulosic Derivatives written by Ramzi Khiari and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-01 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives an overview of the processing, properties, and applications of fibers and cellulose derivatives obtained from annual plant materials in the formation of non-wood source of pulp. The book comprises illustrations and tables summarizing the latest research on the production of fibers and cellulose derivatives using several key methods and/or characterization techniques. This book collates the information and knowledge of new ways to prepare cellulosic derivatives and describe the concepts and architecture of fibers obtained from annual plants. This book caters to researchers, policymakers, and industrial practitioners who are interested in natural fibers as a way to preserve the forest resource and to satisfy the increasing demand in pulps.

Hybrid Fiber Composites

Author : Anish Khan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527346724
Total Pages : 420 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Hybrid Fiber Composites by : Anish Khan

Download or read book Hybrid Fiber Composites written by Anish Khan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fiber-reinforced composites are exceptionally versatile materials whose properties can be tuned to exhibit a variety of favorable properties such as high tensile strength and resistance against wear or chemical and thermal influences. Consequently, these materials are widely used in various industrial fields such as the aircraft, marine, and automobile industry. After an overview of the general structures and properties of hybrid fiber composites, the book focuses on the manufacturing and processing of these materials and their mechanical performance, including the elucidation of failure mechanisms. A comprehensive chapter on the modeling of hybrid fiber composites from micromechanical properties to macro-scale material behavior is followed by a review of applications of these materials in structural engineering, packaging, and the automotive and aerospace industries.

Developments in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for civil engineering

Author : O. Faruk
Publisher : Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN 13 : 012808765X
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Developments in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for civil engineering by : O. Faruk

Download or read book Developments in fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for civil engineering written by O. Faruk and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-05-15 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofibers are emerging as a low cost, lightweight and environmentally superior alternative in composites. Generally, different fibers exhibit different properties that are fundamentally important to the resultant composites. This chapter gives an overview of the most common biofibers in biocomposites, covering their sources, types, structure, composition, and properties. Drawbacks of biofibers, such as dimensional instability, moisture absorption, biological, ultraviolet and fire resistance, will be discussed. The chapter will focus on their modifications (physical and chemical methods), matrices based on their petrochemical resources and bio-based, processing of biofiber reinforced plastic composites covering the factors influencing processing (humidity, additives, machinery, processing parameter, fiber content and length), and processing techniques (compounding, compression molding, extrusion, injection molding, pultrusion and others) will be discussed. The properties of the biocomposites based on their mechanical, physical, and biological behavior will also be covered. Lastly, this chapter concludes with recent developments and trends of biocomposites in the near future in civil engineering.

Fundamentals of Natural Fibres and Textiles

Author : Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128214848
Total Pages : 817 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Natural Fibres and Textiles by : Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal

Download or read book Fundamentals of Natural Fibres and Textiles written by Md. Ibrahim H. Mondal and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-20 with total page 817 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The textile industry is focused in its search for alternative green fibres with the aim of providing high-quality products which are fully recyclable and biodegradable. Natural textile materials from renewable sources play an increasingly important role in the industry due to their unique properties and functionality over synthetic fibres, as well as their sustainability. Fundamentals of Natural Fibres and Textiles covers all the fundamental and basic information about natural fibres and textiles. Many different fibres are covered from their origin, through processing, properties, and applications. The latest methods for characterisation and testing of natural fibres are all addressed with reference to cutting-edge industry trends. This uniquely comprehensive approach to the topic provides the ideal entry point to natural fibres for textile and clothing scientists, engineers, designers, researchers, students, and manufacturers of such products. - Explains the characteristics of natural fibres to show how they compare to synthetic fibres for a range of purposes - Provides an overview of the environmental impact of the processing of fibres and how this creates industrial waste - Covers a wide range of natural fibres in detail, from traditional silk and wool to electrospun biopolymers - Provides the latest updates on technologies for designing natural fibres and applying them to the development of new products