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Masking Memory Access Latency With A Compiler Assisted Data Prefetch Controller
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Book Synopsis Masking Memory Access Latency with a Compiler-assisted Data Prefetch Controller by : Steven Paul VanderWiel
Download or read book Masking Memory Access Latency with a Compiler-assisted Data Prefetch Controller written by Steven Paul VanderWiel and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Optimizing the Cache Performance of Non-numeric Applications by : Chi-Keung Luk
Download or read book Optimizing the Cache Performance of Non-numeric Applications written by Chi-Keung Luk and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latency of accessing instructions and data from the memory subsystem is an increasingly crucial performance bottleneck in modern computer systems. While cache hierarchies are an important first step, they alone cannot solve the problem. Further, though a variety of latency-hiding techniques have been proposed, their success has been largely limited to regular, numeric applications. Few promising latency-hiding techniques that can handle irregular, non-numeric codes have been proposed, in spite of the popularity of such codes in computer applications. This dissertation investigates hardware and software techniques for coping with the 'instruction-access latency' and 'data-access latency' in 'non-numeric' applications. To deal with instruction-access latency, we propose 'cooperative instruction prefetching ', a novel technique which significantly outperforms state-of-the-art instruction prefetching schemes by being able to prefetch more aggressively and much further ahead of time while at the same time substantially reducing the amount of useless prefetches. To cope with data-access latency, we investigate three complementary techniques. First, we study how to use 'compiler-inserted data prefetching ' to tolerate the latency of accessing pointer-based data structures. To schedule prefetches early enough, we design three prefetching schemes to overcome the pointer-chasing problem associated with these data structures, and we automate them in an optimizing research compiler. Second, we study how to safely perform an important class of locality optimizations, namely ' dynamic data layout optimizations', in non-numeric codes. Specifically, we propose the use of an architectural mechanism called 'memory forwarding ' which can guarantee the safety of data relocation, thereby enabling many aggressive data layout optimizations (which also facilitate prefetching) that cannot be safely performed using current hardware or compiler technology. Finally, in an effort to minimize the overheads of latency tolerance techniques, we propose new cache miss prediction techniques based on 'correlation profiling'. By correlating cache miss behaviors with dynamic execution contexts, these techniques can accurately isolate dynamic miss instances and so pay the latency tolerance overhead only when there would have been cache misses. Detailed design considerations and experimental evaluations are provided for our proposed techniques, confirming them as viable solutions for coping with memory latency in non-numeric applications.
Book Synopsis Reducing Memory Latency Via Non-blocking and Prefetching Caches by : University of Washington. Dept. of Computer Science
Download or read book Reducing Memory Latency Via Non-blocking and Prefetching Caches written by University of Washington. Dept. of Computer Science and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: "Non-blocking caches and prefetching caches are two techniques for hiding memory latency by exploiting the overlap of processor computations with data accesses. A non-blocking cache allows execution to proceed concurrently with cache misses as long as dependency constraints are observed, thus exploiting post-miss operations. A prefetching cache generates prefetch requests to bring data in the cache before it is actually needed, thus allowing overlap with pre-miss computations. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of these two hardware-based schemes. We propose a hybrid design based on the combination of these approaches. We also consider compiler-based optimizations to enhance the effectiveness of non-blocking caches. Results from instruction level simulations on the SPEC benchmarks show that the hardware prefetching caches generally outperform non-blocking caches. Also, the relative effectiveness of non- blocking caches is more adversely affected by an increase in memory latency than that of prefetching caches. However, the performance of non-blocking caches can be improved substantially by compiler optimizations such as instruction scheduling and register renaming. The hybrid design can be very effective in reducing the memory latency penalty for many applications."
Book Synopsis Hiding Memory Latency Via Temporal Restructuring by : Dirk Coldewey
Download or read book Hiding Memory Latency Via Temporal Restructuring written by Dirk Coldewey and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :IEEE Computer Society Publisher :Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers(IEEE) ISBN 13 :9780769504063 Total Pages :696 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (4 download)
Book Synopsis International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD '99) by : IEEE Computer Society
Download or read book International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD '99) written by IEEE Computer Society and published by Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers(IEEE). This book was released on 1999 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings from the October 1999 conference include 107 technical presentations from 14 different countries. Not restricted to presented papers, this volume includes both the keynote and plenary addresses, poster presentations, as well as the proceedings of two tutorials, one on CAD and one on benchmarking, selecting, and debugging microcontrollers. Topics covered include applied verification techniques, computer arithmetic, intelligent memory, design convergence, test generation and delay testing, microarchitecture, and digital signal processors. No subject index. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.
Book Synopsis Data Prefetching Towards Hiding Memory Latency in Multiprocessor Systems by : Ando Ki
Download or read book Data Prefetching Towards Hiding Memory Latency in Multiprocessor Systems written by Ando Ki and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis American Doctoral Dissertations by :
Download or read book American Doctoral Dissertations written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 784 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis IEEE Computer Society Workshop on VLSI 2000 by : Asim Smailagic
Download or read book IEEE Computer Society Workshop on VLSI 2000 written by Asim Smailagic and published by Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers(IEEE). This book was released on 2000 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains 23 papers from the April 2000 workshop which identified system level design as a dominant VLSI research theme for the next decade. System design is converging on a model which combines general purpose commodity chips and full custom mixed analogy with digital application specific integrated circuits integrated via programmable gate arrays on custom printed circuit boards or complete silicon boards, creating a system-on-a-chip. Some of the papers discuss the constraints of complexity, power consumption, heat dissipation, mechanical packaging, ergonomics, and design effort. Other major topics are timing issues, analysis and synthesis of asynchronous circuits, and advances in multiplier design. No subject index. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.
Book Synopsis A Primer on Memory Consistency and Cache Coherence by : Vijay Nagarajan
Download or read book A Primer on Memory Consistency and Cache Coherence written by Vijay Nagarajan and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2020-02-04 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many modern computer systems, including homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures, support shared memory in hardware. In a shared memory system, each of the processor cores may read and write to a single shared address space. For a shared memory machine, the memory consistency model defines the architecturally visible behavior of its memory system. Consistency definitions provide rules about loads and stores (or memory reads and writes) and how they act upon memory. As part of supporting a memory consistency model, many machines also provide cache coherence protocols that ensure that multiple cached copies of data are kept up-to-date. The goal of this primer is to provide readers with a basic understanding of consistency and coherence. This understanding includes both the issues that must be solved as well as a variety of solutions. We present both high-level concepts as well as specific, concrete examples from real-world systems. This second edition reflects a decade of advancements since the first edition and includes, among other more modest changes, two new chapters: one on consistency and coherence for non-CPU accelerators (with a focus on GPUs) and one that points to formal work and tools on consistency and coherence.
Book Synopsis Performance Analysis and Tuning on Modern CPUs by :
Download or read book Performance Analysis and Tuning on Modern CPUs written by and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2020-11-16 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Performance tuning is becoming more important than it has been for the last 40 years. Read this book to understand your application's performance that runs on a modern CPU and learn how you can improve it. The 170+ page guide combines the knowledge of many optimization experts from different industries.
Book Synopsis Modern Processor Design by : John Paul Shen
Download or read book Modern Processor Design written by John Paul Shen and published by Waveland Press. This book was released on 2013-07-30 with total page 657 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conceptual and precise, Modern Processor Design brings together numerous microarchitectural techniques in a clear, understandable framework that is easily accessible to both graduate and undergraduate students. Complex practices are distilled into foundational principles to reveal the authors insights and hands-on experience in the effective design of contemporary high-performance micro-processors for mobile, desktop, and server markets. Key theoretical and foundational principles are presented in a systematic way to ensure comprehension of important implementation issues. The text presents fundamental concepts and foundational techniques such as processor design, pipelined processors, memory and I/O systems, and especially superscalar organization and implementations. Two case studies and an extensive survey of actual commercial superscalar processors reveal real-world developments in processor design and performance. A thorough overview of advanced instruction flow techniques, including developments in advanced branch predictors, is incorporated. Each chapter concludes with homework problems that will institute the groundwork for emerging techniques in the field and an introduction to multiprocessor systems.
Book Synopsis Scientific Programming and Computer Architecture by : Divakar Viswanath
Download or read book Scientific Programming and Computer Architecture written by Divakar Viswanath and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 625 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A variety of programming models relevant to scientists explained, with an emphasis on how programming constructs map to parts of the computer. What makes computer programs fast or slow? To answer this question, we have to get behind the abstractions of programming languages and look at how a computer really works. This book examines and explains a variety of scientific programming models (programming models relevant to scientists) with an emphasis on how programming constructs map to different parts of the computer's architecture. Two themes emerge: program speed and program modularity. Throughout this book, the premise is to "get under the hood," and the discussion is tied to specific programs. The book digs into linkers, compilers, operating systems, and computer architecture to understand how the different parts of the computer interact with programs. It begins with a review of C/C++ and explanations of how libraries, linkers, and Makefiles work. Programming models covered include Pthreads, OpenMP, MPI, TCP/IP, and CUDA.The emphasis on how computers work leads the reader into computer architecture and occasionally into the operating system kernel. The operating system studied is Linux, the preferred platform for scientific computing. Linux is also open source, which allows users to peer into its inner workings. A brief appendix provides a useful table of machines used to time programs. The book's website (https://github.com/divakarvi/bk-spca) has all the programs described in the book as well as a link to the html text.
Book Synopsis Data Parallel C++ by : James Reinders
Download or read book Data Parallel C++ written by James Reinders and published by Apress. This book was released on 2020-11-19 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn how to accelerate C++ programs using data parallelism. This open access book enables C++ programmers to be at the forefront of this exciting and important new development that is helping to push computing to new levels. It is full of practical advice, detailed explanations, and code examples to illustrate key topics. Data parallelism in C++ enables access to parallel resources in a modern heterogeneous system, freeing you from being locked into any particular computing device. Now a single C++ application can use any combination of devices—including GPUs, CPUs, FPGAs and AI ASICs—that are suitable to the problems at hand. This book begins by introducing data parallelism and foundational topics for effective use of the SYCL standard from the Khronos Group and Data Parallel C++ (DPC++), the open source compiler used in this book. Later chapters cover advanced topics including error handling, hardware-specific programming, communication and synchronization, and memory model considerations. Data Parallel C++ provides you with everything needed to use SYCL for programming heterogeneous systems. What You'll Learn Accelerate C++ programs using data-parallel programming Target multiple device types (e.g. CPU, GPU, FPGA) Use SYCL and SYCL compilers Connect with computing’s heterogeneous future via Intel’s oneAPI initiative Who This Book Is For Those new data-parallel programming and computer programmers interested in data-parallel programming using C++.
Book Synopsis A Primer on Hardware Prefetching by : Babak Falsafi
Download or read book A Primer on Hardware Prefetching written by Babak Falsafi and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2014-05-01 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1970’s, microprocessor-based digital platforms have been riding Moore’s law, allowing for doubling of density for the same area roughly every two years. However, whereas microprocessor fabrication has focused on increasing instruction execution rate, memory fabrication technologies have focused primarily on an increase in capacity with negligible increase in speed. This divergent trend in performance between the processors and memory has led to a phenomenon referred to as the “Memory Wall.” To overcome the memory wall, designers have resorted to a hierarchy of cache memory levels, which rely on the principal of memory access locality to reduce the observed memory access time and the performance gap between processors and memory. Unfortunately, important workload classes exhibit adverse memory access patterns that baffle the simple policies built into modern cache hierarchies to move instructions and data across cache levels. As such, processors often spend much time idling upon a demand fetch of memory blocks that miss in higher cache levels. Prefetching—predicting future memory accesses and issuing requests for the corresponding memory blocks in advance of explicit accesses—is an effective approach to hide memory access latency. There have been a myriad of proposed prefetching techniques, and nearly every modern processor includes some hardware prefetching mechanisms targeting simple and regular memory access patterns. This primer offers an overview of the various classes of hardware prefetchers for instructions and data proposed in the research literature, and presents examples of techniques incorporated into modern microprocessors.
Book Synopsis Computer Organization and Design RISC-V Edition by : David A. Patterson
Download or read book Computer Organization and Design RISC-V Edition written by David A. Patterson and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2017-05-12 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new RISC-V Edition of Computer Organization and Design features the RISC-V open source instruction set architecture, the first open source architecture designed to be used in modern computing environments such as cloud computing, mobile devices, and other embedded systems. With the post-PC era now upon us, Computer Organization and Design moves forward to explore this generational change with examples, exercises, and material highlighting the emergence of mobile computing and the Cloud. Updated content featuring tablet computers, Cloud infrastructure, and the x86 (cloud computing) and ARM (mobile computing devices) architectures is included. An online companion Web site provides advanced content for further study, appendices, glossary, references, and recommended reading. Features RISC-V, the first such architecture designed to be used in modern computing environments, such as cloud computing, mobile devices, and other embedded systems Includes relevant examples, exercises, and material highlighting the emergence of mobile computing and the cloud
Book Synopsis Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessor High Performance Programming by : James Jeffers
Download or read book Intel Xeon Phi Coprocessor High Performance Programming written by James Jeffers and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-02-11 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authors Jim Jeffers and James Reinders spent two years helping educate customers about the prototype and pre-production hardware before Intel introduced the first Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor. They have distilled their own experiences coupled with insights from many expert customers, Intel Field Engineers, Application Engineers and Technical Consulting Engineers, to create this authoritative first book on the essentials of programming for this new architecture and these new products. This book is useful even before you ever touch a system with an Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor. To ensure that your applications run at maximum efficiency, the authors emphasize key techniques for programming any modern parallel computing system whether based on Intel Xeon processors, Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors, or other high performance microprocessors. Applying these techniques will generally increase your program performance on any system, and better prepare you for Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors and the Intel MIC architecture. A practical guide to the essentials of the Intel Xeon Phi coprocessor Presents best practices for portable, high-performance computing and a familiar and proven threaded, scalar-vector programming model Includes simple but informative code examples that explain the unique aspects of this new highly parallel and high performance computational product Covers wide vectors, many cores, many threads and high bandwidth cache/memory architecture
Book Synopsis Operating Systems by : Thomas Anderson
Download or read book Operating Systems written by Thomas Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past two decades, there has been a huge amount of innovation in both the principles and practice of operating systems Over the same period, the core ideas in a modern operating system - protection, concurrency, virtualization, resource allocation, and reliable storage - have become widely applied throughout computer science. Whether you get a job at Facebook, Google, Microsoft, or any other leading-edge technology company, it is impossible to build resilient, secure, and flexible computer systems without the ability to apply operating systems concepts in a variety of settings. This book examines the both the principles and practice of modern operating systems, taking important, high-level concepts all the way down to the level of working code. Because operating systems concepts are among the most difficult in computer science, this top to bottom approach is the only way to really understand and master this important material.
