Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990

Download Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350115398
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 by : Stephen Kelly

Download or read book Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 written by Stephen Kelly and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-01-14 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2022 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Titles The first woman elected to lead a major Western power and the longest serving British prime minister for 150 years, Margaret Thatcher is arguably one the most dominant and divisive forces in 20th-century British politics. Yet there has been no overarching exploration of the development of Thatcher's views towards Northern Ireland from her appointment as Conservative Party leader in 1975 until her forced retirement in 1990. In this original and much-needed study, Stephen Kelly rectifies this. From Thatcher's 'no surrender' attitude to the Republican hunger strikes to her nurturing role in the early stages of the Northern Ireland peace process, Kelly traces the evolutionary and sometimes contradictory nature of Thatcher's approach to Northern Ireland. In doing so, this book reflects afresh on the political relationship between Britain and Ireland in the late-20th century. An engaging and nuanced analysis of previously neglected archival and reported sources, Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 is a vital resource for those interested in Thatcherism, Anglo-Irish relations, and 20th-century British political history more broadly.

Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990

Download Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 135011538X
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 by : Stephen Kelly

Download or read book Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 written by Stephen Kelly and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-01-14 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first woman elected to lead a major Western power and the longest serving British prime minister for 150 years, Margaret Thatcher is arguably one the most dominant and divisive forces in 20th-century British politics. Yet there has been no overarching exploration of the development of Thatcher's views towards Northern Ireland from her appointment as Conservative Party leader in 1975 until her forced retirement in 1990. In this original and much-needed study, Stephen Kelly rectifies this. From Thatcher's 'no surrender' attitude to the Republican hunger strikes to her nurturing role in the early stages of the Northern Ireland peace process, Kelly traces the evolutionary and sometimes contradictory nature of Thatcher's approach to Northern Ireland. In doing so, this book reflects afresh on the political relationship between Britain and Ireland in the late-20th century. An engaging and nuanced analysis of previously neglected archival and reported sources, Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 is a vital resource for those interested in Thatcherism, Anglo-Irish relations, and 20th-century British political history more broadly.

Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990

Download Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781350115415
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (154 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 by : Stephen Kelly (Historian)

Download or read book Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975-1990 written by Stephen Kelly (Historian) and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "From a 'no surrender' attitude to Republican hunger strikes to the Northern Ireland peace process, Kelly traces the evolutionary and sometimes contradictory nature of Thatcher's approach to Northern Ireland. In doing so, this nuanced study reflects afresh on the political relationship between Britain and Ireland in the late-20th century. Making use of previously neglected archival sources, this is a vital resource for those interested in Thatcherism, Anglo-Irish relations, and 20th-century British political history"--

Racism and the Tory Party

Download Racism and the Tory Party PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000823113
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Racism and the Tory Party by : Mike Cole

Download or read book Racism and the Tory Party written by Mike Cole and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racism is an endemic feature of the Tory Party. Tracing the history of that racism, Racism and the Tory Party investigates the changing forms of racism in the party from the days of Empire, including the championing of imperialism at the turn of the 20th century and the ramping up of antisemitism, the imperial and ‘racial’ politics of Winston Churchill, the rise of Enoch Powell and Powellism, to the Margaret Thatcher years, the birth of ‘racecraft’ and her polices in Northern Ireland, and the hostile environment and its consolidation and expansion under Theresa May and Boris Johnson’s premierships. Throughout the book, all forms of racism are addressed including the various forms of colour-coded and as well as non-colour-coded racism as they are put in their historical and economic contexts. This book should be of relevance to all interested in British politics and British history, as well as undergraduate and postgraduate students studying the sociology and politics of racism, as well as for students of the history of the development of British racism and of imperialism and its aftermath.

Ireland and Partition

Download Ireland and Partition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 1949979881
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (499 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ireland and Partition by : N. C. Fleming

Download or read book Ireland and Partition written by N. C. Fleming and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-15 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ireland and Partition: Contexts and Consequences brings together multiple perspectives on this key and timely theme in Irish history, from the international dimension to its impact on social and economic questions, alongside fresh perspectives on the changing political positions adopted by Irish nationalists, Ulster Unionists, and British Conservatives. It examines the gestation of partition through to its implementation in 1921 as well as the many consequences that followed. The chapters, written by experts based in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Great Britain and the United States, include new scholars alongside contributions from authorities in their fields. Together, they consider partition from a variety of often overlooked angles, from its local impact on the ground through to its place in the post-1918 international order and diplomatic relations, its implications for political violence and security policy, and its consequences for sport and economics, through to its capacity to divide both nationalism and unionism from within. This book places the current questions about the future of partition, resulting from ‘Brexit’ and the centenary of partition 2021, in a fuller perspective. It is relevant to those with an interest in Irish History and Irish Studies, as well as British History, European History and Peace Studies.

Does Counter-Terrorism Work?

Download Does Counter-Terrorism Work? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192655159
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Does Counter-Terrorism Work? by : Richard English

Download or read book Does Counter-Terrorism Work? written by Richard English and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-02-27 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State responses to terrorism have shaped politics and society globally. But how far, and in what precise ways, has counter-terrorism actually succeeded? Based on the author's experience of studying terrorism and counter-terrorism for over three decades, Does Counter-Terrorism Work? offers an historically-grounded, systematic, and expert interrogation of the effectiveness of state responses to terrorist violence. Previous analyses have too often tended to be polarized, simplistic, and short-termist; they have also lacked a comprehensive framework against which properly to assess the (in)efficacy of counter-terrorist efforts over time. Richard English's pioneering book carefully defines what effective counter-terrorism would involve, and then tests that layered framework through cross-case, balanced, historically-focused comparison of important counter-terrorist campaigns. Drawing on a vast range of source material, Does Counter-Terrorism Work? assesses in detail the strategic, tactical, and personal or political achievements and failures evident this blood-stained field of work. The book is intended to stimulate debate and reflection among scholars, students, practitioners, and the wider public. Every one of us is daily affected by the choices made in counter-terrorist politics and policy. This deeply original book helps us to understand how society and politics have been shaped by such decisions in the past, and prepares us to respond more effectively in the future to one of the world's most important challenges.

Fractured Union

Download Fractured Union PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197790461
Total Pages : 499 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (977 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fractured Union by : Michael Kenny

Download or read book Fractured Union written by Michael Kenny and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2024-03-01 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The question of the United Kingdom's survival, once taken for granted, looms large in British politics. This book uncovers the roots of today's crisis, revealing MPs' and civil servants' assumptions in their understanding of the Union, and profound pessimism within politics about its long-term viability. Why has the political class struggled to engage productively with devolution? Has English voters' disenchantment with a detached central government influenced how politicians and bureaucrats regard the UK's future? How have seismic events fueled tensions between Westminster and devolved administrations, from the SNP's election and independence referendum to Brexit and Covid? And what now? Fractured Union offers a vivid account of the gradual loss of British unity, illuminating the forces and pressures now shaping the future of both nations and peoples. As nationalism rises across Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and England, this book issues a sharp challenge to those who believe in a united kingdom: deliver better, more responsive government--or risk the UK falling apart.

Geopolitics and Identity in British Foreign Policy Discourse

Download Geopolitics and Identity in British Foreign Policy Discourse PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000916464
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Geopolitics and Identity in British Foreign Policy Discourse by : Nick Whittaker

Download or read book Geopolitics and Identity in British Foreign Policy Discourse written by Nick Whittaker and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-27 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to examine Britain’s geopolitical identity and how it is expressed in foreign policy discourse. It demonstrates how British imperial thought, related to its island status, has remained important for British Members of Parliament in their debates of contemporary issues. It presents an exciting and provocative new reading of modern British foreign policy that decentres traditional notions of rationalism and pragmatism by foregrounding the much-neglected aspects of identity and geopolitical space. As British foreign policy-makers wrestle with how to define Britishness outside of the EU, this analysis provides a fresh perspective. It presents a much-needed historical contextualisation of long-standing concepts such as insularity from Europe and a universal aspect on world affairs. This book will be highly relevant for students, researchers and professionals that are seeking to understand British foreign policy. It will be of interest to those researching and working within geopolitics, identity, sociology, foreign policy analysis and international relations.

Performing the Northern Ireland Peace Process

Download Performing the Northern Ireland Peace Process PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319913433
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Performing the Northern Ireland Peace Process by : Paul Dixon

Download or read book Performing the Northern Ireland Peace Process written by Paul Dixon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-15 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Performing the Northern Ireland Peace Process offers a nuanced and stimulating analysis which goes beyond standard explanations by exploring the motives and means used by those who made peace in Northern Ireland.” (Professor Timothy White, Xavier University, USA) “Paul Dixon has produced an impressive and challenging book. Dixon defends the Northern Ireland peace process as a carefully-crafted, drawn-out episode in realist, pragmatic politics. However, he pulls few punches in highlighting the moral deceptions which have kept the process in play. Provocatively, Dixon also challenges a wide range of academic interpretations of the processes and their associated political prescriptions. Thoughtful and well-researched throughout, Performing the Northern Ireland Peace Process is an essential read for anyone interested in conflict management.” (Professor Jon Tonge, University of Liverpool) “In this outstanding book, Dixon shows yet again the importance of the theatrical metaphor for Northern Ireland. More importantly still, he demonstrates that the adoption of a critically realist outlook actually enhances our capacity to think creatively about the political choices we face in international politics and the alternative policies and institutions we might construct.” (Professor Adrian Little, The University of Melbourne) This book is exceptional in defending the ‘dirty politics’ of the Northern Ireland peace process. Political actors in Britain, Ireland and the United States performed the peace process and used ‘political skills’, often including deception and hypocrisy, in order to wind down the conflict and achieve accommodation. These political skills, it is argued, are often morally justifiable even as they are popularly condemned. The Northern Ireland peace process has been highly successful in reducing violence and an accurate understanding of its politics is an important contribution to international debates about managing conflict.

Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict

Download Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442263059
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict by : Gordon Gillespie

Download or read book Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict written by Gordon Gillespie and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2017-03-15 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict provides an accessible and comprehensive study of the conflict and peace process in Northern Ireland from the 1960s to 2016. The second edition of the book expands on the references relating to individuals, organizations and events of the Northern Ireland Troubles and adds material on significant subsequent developments. This the work provides a unique view of developments since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. While widely heralded as the end of the Northern Ireland conflict the agreement instead witnessed the beginning of a new series of political difficulties to be addressed. The Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict is the first significant reference work to examine many of the issues related to political and cultural conflicts and dealing with the past which have grown in intensity since 1998. Many of these themes will be relevant to students of post-conflict societies in other areas of the world. This second edition of Historical Dictionary of the Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 300 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture.

The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict

Download The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Scarecrow Press
ISBN 13 : 0810870452
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict by : Gordon Gillespie

Download or read book The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict written by Gordon Gillespie and published by Scarecrow Press. This book was released on 2009-09-24 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For nearly four decades the conflict in Ireland has embittered relations between the communities living there and spoiled relations between the Republic of Ireland and Great Britain. For three decades it escalated, punctuated by periodic bloody clashes followed by somewhat calmer periods of tension during which violence of all sorts_robberies, kidnappings, serious injuries and deaths_were all too common. During the past decade, fortunately, all sides have realized that armed solutions were unlikely to bring a solution to anyone's problems and that peace should be given a chance. Fortunately, with the establishment of a new Northern Ireland Executive, there is a general acceptance that the conflict is now part of the past. The A to Z of the Northern Ireland Conflict covers the history of 'the Troubles' through a chronology covering the Northern Ireland conflict and peace process from 1968 until the formation of the new Northern Ireland Executive in May 2007, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and several hundred cross-referenced dictionary entries on main events, individuals, and organizations. Researchers with an interest in the Northern Ireland conflict will find this book to be an essential addition to their collection of reference books on the subject.

The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History

Download The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135934851
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History by : Simon Hall

Download or read book The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History written by Simon Hall and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-12-07 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hutchinson Illustrated Encyclopedia of British History is a comprehensive and authoritative guide to the people, events, and ideas that have shaped Britain from prehistory to the present day. The editors have also sought to convey the truth that history is more than simply a compilation of facts from the past. The editors have included as much factual information as possible in each A-Z entry, and numerous tables and statistics are included, as well as many specially-created maps and plans. The chronological relationships of past events and lives are conveyed through various detailed subject chronologies (attached to the relevant A-Z entries). A large thematic chronology, following the A-Z text, provides a visual reference to the relationship between the events of British/Irish history and events elsewhere in the world. And the cultural context of as many entries as possible has been brought to life via a wide range of illustrations, which provide a wealth of visual detail and, often, a key to past conceptions. Interspersed in the text are 21 specially commissioned, extended feature articles from noted historians that provide the analysis and the sense of the broad sweep of history that would otherwise be impossible to convey in an A-Z reference book.

Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists

Download Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135975663
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists by : David W. Del Testa

Download or read book Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists written by David W. Del Testa and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-01-27 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In each volume, an introductory essay outlines of history of the disciplines under discussion, and describes how changes and innovations in these disciplines have affected our lives. The biographies that follow are organized in an A-Z format: each biography is divided into a "life" section describing the individual's life and influences and a "legacy" section summarizing the impact of that individual's work throughout history. These biographies cover a diverse group of men and women from around the globe and throughout history. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Mao Tse-tung and Genghis Khan are among the 200 well-known historical figures included in this volume. Examples of other lesser-known, yet important, individuals covered in this work are: Gustavas Adolphus, Swedish empire creator; Hatshepsut, queen of ancient Egyptian dynasty; and Jean Jaurès, French socialist leader and pacifist. Each synopsis provides information on each individual's enduring impact on the common understanding of fundamental themes of human existence.

The Cold War [5 volumes]

Download The Cold War [5 volumes] PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4179 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cold War [5 volumes] by : Spencer C. Tucker

Download or read book The Cold War [5 volumes] written by Spencer C. Tucker and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2020-10-27 with total page 4179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This sweeping reference work covers every aspect of the Cold War, from its ignition in the ashes of World War II, through the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis, to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Cold War superpower face-off between the Soviet Union and the United States dominated international affairs in the second half of the 20th century and still reverberates around the world today. This comprehensive and insightful multivolume set provides authoritative entries on all aspects of this world-changing event, including wars, new military technologies, diplomatic initiatives, espionage activities, important individuals and organizations, economic developments, societal and cultural events, and more. This expansive coverage provides readers with the necessary context to understand the many facets of this complex conflict. The work begins with a preface and introduction and then offers illuminating introductory essays on the origins and course of the Cold War, which are followed by some 1,500 entries on key individuals, wars, battles, weapons systems, diplomacy, politics, economics, and art and culture. Each entry has cross-references and a list of books for further reading. The text includes more than 100 key primary source documents, a detailed chronology, a glossary, and a selective bibliography. Numerous illustrations and maps are inset throughout to provide additional context to the material.

The Northern Ireland Conflict

Download The Northern Ireland Conflict PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1780741715
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (87 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Northern Ireland Conflict by : Aaron Edwards

Download or read book The Northern Ireland Conflict written by Aaron Edwards and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-12-01 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive study of this troubled region The Northern Ireland conflict is the most protracted and bitter campaign of terrorist violence in modern history. Despite decommissioning and political compromise, violent incidents are still rife and Unionists and Nationalists are as segregated as ever. This landmark introduction uses the latest archival material to chart the history of The Troubles and examine their legacy. Exploring the effects of sectarian violence, British intervention, and efforts to improve community relations, this astute book extends beyond the usual cliches found elsewhere.

World and Its Peoples

Download World and Its Peoples PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Marshall Cavendish
ISBN 13 : 9780761478843
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (788 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis World and Its Peoples by :

Download or read book World and Its Peoples written by and published by Marshall Cavendish. This book was released on 2010 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents a thirteen-volume reference guide to the geography, history, economy, government, culture and daily life of countries in Europe.

The Encyclopedia of the Cold War [5 volumes] [5 volumes]

Download The Encyclopedia of the Cold War [5 volumes] [5 volumes] PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1851097066
Total Pages : 2229 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Encyclopedia of the Cold War [5 volumes] [5 volumes] by : Spencer C. Tucker

Download or read book The Encyclopedia of the Cold War [5 volumes] [5 volumes] written by Spencer C. Tucker and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2007-09-12 with total page 2229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive five-volume reference on the defining conflict of the second half of the 20th century, covering all aspects of the Cold War as it influenced events around the world. The conflict that dominated world events for nearly five decades is now captured in a multivolume work of unprecedented magnitude—from a publisher widely acclaimed for its authoritative military and historical references. Under the direction of internationally known military historian Spencer Tucker, ABC-CLIO's The Encyclopedia of the Cold War: A Political, Social, and Military History offers the most current and comprehensive treatment ever published of the ideological conflict that not so long ago enveloped the globe. From the Second World War to the collapse of the Soviet Union, The Encyclopedia of the Cold War provides authoritative information on all military conflicts, battlefield and surveillance technologies, diplomatic initiatives, important individuals and organizations, national histories, economic developments, societal and cultural events, and more. The nearly 1,300 entries, plus topical essays and an extraordinarily rich documents volume, draw heavily on recently opened Russian, Eastern European, and Chinese archives. The work is a definitive cornerstone reference on one of the most important historical topics of our time.