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Maize Zea Mays L As A Model System For Plant Genetic Genomic And Applied Research
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Book Synopsis Maize (Zea Mays L.) as a Model System for Plant Genetic, Genomic, and Applied Research by : Fakhriddin N. Kushanov
Download or read book Maize (Zea Mays L.) as a Model System for Plant Genetic, Genomic, and Applied Research written by Fakhriddin N. Kushanov and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize leads the world,Äôs cereals after wheat and rice in terms of cultivated area, because of its economic importance for the production of both food purposes and raw materials for industry. The maize genus Zea L. belonging to the family of cereals (Poaceae or Graminaceae) includes six species. However, all cultivated maize belongs specifically to Zea mays L. subsp. mays (2n¬†=¬†2√ó¬†=¬†20) is the only cultivated species of the genus Zea L., and the remaining species of this genus are mostly wild herbaceous plants. In addition to meeting the nutritional needs of the world,Äôs population, Zea mays L. is one of the classic model objects of genetic and physiological research, as well as in the field of breeding not only cereals but also other important agricultural plants. Especially, this model object has been used in genetic mapping of loci of quantitative traits and genes associated with economically valuable traits, such as yield, resistance to diseases and pests, grain quality, etc. in cereal crops.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Maize by : Jeff L. Bennetzen
Download or read book Handbook of Maize written by Jeff L. Bennetzen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-01-16 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize is one of the world’s highest value crops, with a multibillion dollar annual contribution to agriculture. The great adaptability and high yields available for maize as a food, feed and forage crop have led to its current production on over 140 million hectares worldwide, with acreage continuing to grow at the expense of other crops. In terms of tons of cereal grain produced worldwide, maize has been number one for many years. Moreover, maize is expanding its contribution to non-food uses, including as a major source of ethanol as a fuel additive or fuel alternative in the US. In addition, maize has been at the center of the transgenic plant controversy, serving as the first food crop with released transgenic varieties. By 2008, maize will have its genome sequence released, providing the sequence of the first average-size plant genome (the four plant genomes that are now sequenced come from unusually tiny genomes) and of the most complex genome sequenced from any organism. Among plant science researchers, maize has the second largest and most productive research community, trailing only the Arabidopsis community in scale and significance. At the applied research and commercial improvement levels, maize has no peers in agriculture, and consists of thousands of contributors worthwhile. A comprehensive book on the biology of maize has not been published. The "Handbook of Maize: the Genetics and Genomics" center on the past, present and future of maize as a model for plant science research and crop improvement. The books include brief, focused chapters from the foremost maize experts and feature a succinct collection of informative images representing the maize germplasm collection.
Book Synopsis The Maize Genome by : Jeffrey Bennetzen
Download or read book The Maize Genome written by Jeffrey Bennetzen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-24 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses advances in our understanding of the structure and function of the maize genome since publication of the original B73 reference genome in 2009, and the progress in translating this knowledge into basic biology and trait improvement. Maize is an extremely important crop, providing a large proportion of the world’s human caloric intake and animal feed, and serving as a model species for basic and applied research. The exceptionally high level of genetic diversity within maize presents opportunities and challenges in all aspects of maize genetics, from sequencing and genotyping to linking genotypes to phenotypes. Topics covered in this timely book range from (i) genome sequencing and genotyping techniques, (ii) genome features such as centromeres and epigenetic regulation, (iii) tools and resources available for trait genomics, to (iv) applications of allele mining and genomics-assisted breeding. This book is a valuable resource for researchers and students interested in maize genetics and genomics.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Maize by : Jeff L. Bennetzen
Download or read book Handbook of Maize written by Jeff L. Bennetzen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-01-15 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize is one of the world’s highest value crops, with a multibillion dollar annual contribution to agriculture. The great adaptability and high yields available for maize as a food, feed and forage crop have led to its current production on over 140 million hectares worldwide, with acreage continuing to grow at the expense of other crops. In terms of tons of cereal grain produced worldwide, maize has been number one for many years. Moreover, maize is expanding its contribution to non-food uses, including as a major source of ethanol as a fuel additive or fuel alternative in the US. In addition, maize has been at the center of the transgenic plant controversy, serving as the first food crop with released transgenic varieties. By 2008, maize will have its genome sequence released, providing the sequence of the first average-size plant genome (the four plant genomes that are now sequenced come from unusually tiny genomes) and of the most complex genome sequenced from any organism. Among plant science researchers, maize has the second largest and most productive research community, trailing only the Arabidopsis community in scale and significance. At the applied research and commercial improvement levels, maize has no peers in agriculture, and consists of thousands of contributors worthwhile. A comprehensive book on the biology of maize has not been published. The "Handbook of Maize: the Genetics and Genomics" center on the past, present and future of maize as a model for plant science research and crop improvement. The books include brief, focused chapters from the foremost maize experts and feature a succinct collection of informative images representing the maize germplasm collection.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Maize: Its Biology by : Jeff L. Bennetzen
Download or read book Handbook of Maize: Its Biology written by Jeff L. Bennetzen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-25 with total page 593 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Maize: Its Biology centers on the past, present and future of maize as a model for plant science research and crop improvement. The book includes brief, focused chapters from the foremost maize experts and features a succinct collection of informative images representing the maize germplasm collection.
Book Synopsis Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Maize by : Sangeeta Karnik
Download or read book Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Maize written by Sangeeta Karnik and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genomics is defined as the study of genes and their functions, and related techniques. The main difference between genomics and genetics is that genetics scrutinizes the functioning and composition of the single gene where as genomics addresses all genes and their inter relationships in order to identify their combined influence on the growth and development of the organism. The plant genetics and genomics addresses the fundamental nature of genes and genomes at any level, e.g., from molecular to chromosomal and from population genetics to comparative genomics, by means of either experimental or computational approaches, in plants as well as algae, including applications of genetic and genomic knowledge to plant biology and plant improvement. Maize or corn is a cereal crop that is grown widely throughout the world in a range of agroecological environments. More maize is produced annually than any other grain. About 50 species exist and consist of different colors, textures and grain shapes and sizes. White, yellow and red are the most common types. The white and yellow varieties are preferred by most people depending on the region. Maize is the most important cereal crop in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and an important staple food for more than 1.2 billion people in SSA and Latin America. All parts of the crop can be used for food and non-food products. In industrialized countries, maize is largely used as livestock feed and as a raw material for industrial products.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Maize: Its Biology by : Jeff L. Bennetzen
Download or read book Handbook of Maize: Its Biology written by Jeff L. Bennetzen and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-11-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Maize: Its Biology centers on the past, present and future of maize as a model for plant science research and crop improvement. The book includes brief, focused chapters from the foremost maize experts and features a succinct collection of informative images representing the maize germplasm collection.
Book Synopsis Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding by : Arnel R. Hallauer
Download or read book Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding written by Arnel R. Hallauer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-09-28 with total page 669 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize is used in an endless list of products that are directly or indirectly related to human nutrition and food security. Maize is grown in producer farms, farmers depend on genetically improved cultivars, and maize breeders develop improved maize cultivars for farmers. Nikolai I. Vavilov defined plant breeding as plant evolution directed by man. Among crops, maize is one of the most successful examples for breeder-directed evolution. Maize is a cross-pollinated species with unique and separate male and female organs allowing techniques from both self and cross-pollinated crops to be utilized. As a consequence, a diverse set of breeding methods can be utilized for the development of various maize cultivar types for all economic conditions (e.g., improved populations, inbred lines, and their hybrids for different types of markets). Maize breeding is the science of maize cultivar development. Public investment in maize breeding from 1865 to 1996 was $3 billion (Crosbie et al., 2004) and the return on investment was $260 billion as a consequence of applied maize breeding, even without full understanding of the genetic basis of heterosis. The principles of quantitative genetics have been successfully applied by maize breeders worldwide to adapt and improve germplasm sources of cultivars for very simple traits (e.g. maize flowering) and very complex ones (e.g., grain yield). For instance, genomic efforts have isolated early-maturing genes and QTL for potential MAS but very simple and low cost phenotypic efforts have caused significant and fast genetic progress across genotypes moving elite tropical and late temperate maize northward with minimal investment. Quantitative genetics has allowed the integration of pre-breeding with cultivar development by characterizing populations genetically, adapting them to places never thought of (e.g., tropical to short-seasons), improving them by all sorts of intra- and inter-population recurrent selection methods, extracting lines with more probability of success, and exploiting inbreeding and heterosis. Quantitative genetics in maize breeding has improved the odds of developing outstanding maize cultivars from genetically broad based improved populations such as B73. The inbred-hybrid concept in maize was a public sector invention 100 years ago and it is still considered one of the greatest achievements in plant breeding. Maize hybrids grown by farmers today are still produced following this methodology and there is still no limit to genetic improvement when most genes are targeted in the breeding process. Heterotic effects are unique for each hybrid and exotic genetic materials (e.g., tropical, early maturing) carry useful alleles for complex traits not present in the B73 genome just sequenced while increasing the genetic diversity of U.S. hybrids. Breeding programs based on classical quantitative genetics and selection methods will be the basis for proving theoretical approaches on breeding plans based on molecular markers. Mating designs still offer large sample sizes when compared to QTL approaches and there is still a need to successful integration of these methods. There is a need to increase the genetic diversity of maize hybrids available in the market (e.g., there is a need to increase the number of early maturing testers in the northern U.S.). Public programs can still develop new and genetically diverse products not available in industry. However, public U.S. maize breeding programs have either been discontinued or are eroding because of decreasing state and federal funding toward basic science. Future significant genetic gains in maize are dependent on the incorporation of useful and unique genetic diversity not available in industry (e.g., NDSU EarlyGEM lines). The integration of pre-breeding methods with cultivar development should enhance future breeding efforts to maintain active public breeding programs not only adapting and improving genetically broad-based germplasm but also developing unique products and training the next generation of maize breeders producing research dissertations directly linked to breeding programs. This is especially important in areas where commercial hybrids are not locally bred. More than ever public and private institutions are encouraged to cooperate in order to share breeding rights, research goals, winter nurseries, managed stress environments, and latest technology for the benefit of producing the best possible hybrids for farmers with the least cost. We have the opportunity to link both classical and modern technology for the benefit of breeding in close cooperation with industry without the need for investing in academic labs and time (e.g., industry labs take a week vs months/years in academic labs for the same work). This volume, as part of the Handbook of Plant Breeding series, aims to increase awareness of the relative value and impact of maize breeding for food, feed, and fuel security. Without breeding programs continuously developing improved germplasm, no technology can develop improved cultivars. Quantitative Genetics in Maize Breeding presents principles and data that can be applied to maximize genetic improvement of germplasm and develop superior genotypes in different crops. The topics included should be of interest of graduate students and breeders conducting research not only on breeding and selection methods but also developing pure lines and hybrid cultivars in crop species. This volume is a unique and permanent contribution to breeders, geneticists, students, policy makers, and land-grant institutions still promoting quality research in applied plant breeding as opposed to promoting grant monies and indirect costs at any short-term cost. The book is dedicated to those who envision the development of the next generation of cultivars with less need of water and inputs, with better nutrition; and with higher percentages of exotic germplasm as well as those that pursue independent research goals before searching for funding. Scientists are encouraged to use all possible breeding methodologies available (e.g., transgenics, classical breeding, MAS, and all possible combinations could be used with specific sound long and short-term goals on mind) once germplasm is chosen making wise decisions with proven and scientifically sound technologies for assisting current breeding efforts depending on the particular trait under selection. Arnel R. Hallauer is C. F. Curtiss Distinguished Professor in Agriculture (Emeritus) at Iowa State University (ISU). Dr. Hallauer has led maize-breeding research for mid-season maturity at ISU since 1958. His work has had a worldwide impact on plant-breeding programs, industry, and students and was named a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Hallauer is a native of Kansas, USA. José B. Miranda Filho is full-professor in the Department of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz - University of São Paulo located at Piracicaba, Brazil. His research interests have emphasized development of quantitative genetic theory and its application to maize breeding. Miranda Filho is native of Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil. M.J. Carena is professor of plant sciences at North Dakota State University (NDSU). Dr. Carena has led maize-breeding research for short-season maturity at NDSU since 1999. This program is currently one the of the few public U.S. programs left integrating pre-breeding with cultivar development and training in applied maize breeding. He teaches Quantitative Genetics and Crop Breeding Techniques at NDSU. Carena is a native of Buenos Aires, Argentina. http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/plantsci/faculty/Carena.htm
Book Synopsis Resource Allocation and Genomic Prediction in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Hybrid Breeding and a Genetic Analysis of Pericarp Pigmentation by : Dylan Schoemaker
Download or read book Resource Allocation and Genomic Prediction in Maize (Zea Mays L.) Hybrid Breeding and a Genetic Analysis of Pericarp Pigmentation written by Dylan Schoemaker and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize (Zea mays L.) is a globally important crop species sold as a hybrid and is a model system for both genetics and plant breeding research. The maize breeding process involves identification of new inbred lines, followed by the identification and production of commercial hybrids from crosses of inbreds. Genomic selection and evaluation of hybrid phenotypes are important components of this process. In this dissertation, I use a large multi-environment trial dataset to explore the impact of resource allocation when developing genomic prediction models. Resource-efficient training sets can be developed using three to five environments and a single tester to predict both plant height and grain yield. A second study in my dissertation focused on prediction of hybrid combinations and the importance of general and specific combining ability in identifying new hybrids. The results demonstrated that hybrids with the greatest grain yield result from parents with a high general combining ability, but hybrids with the greatest performance may not have the largest specific combining ability deviation. Therefore, modeling only additive genetic relationships can lead to an accurate genomic prediction model during early-stage testing in a hybrid maize breeding program. The third study in my dissertation was a genetic analysis of pericarp pigmentation in progenies of commercial dent germplasm. Allelic variation at the well-studied pericarp color1 (P1) locus was significantly associated with pericarp pigmentation. The results from these projects provide novel insight into the design of hybrid breeding programs and the allocation of resources when implementing genomic selection. The research also provides candidate genes for geneticists or maize breeders to aid in the development of inbred lines with novel pericarp hues and elite agronomic characteristics.
Book Synopsis Maize Germplasm by : Mohamed A. El-Esawi
Download or read book Maize Germplasm written by Mohamed A. El-Esawi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-05-09 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize is an important staple food crop worldwide. It is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice and is economically used for both livestock feeds and human consumption. The latest maize research has opened up new opportunities for crop improvement. This book brings together recent work and advances that have recently been made in the dynamic fields of genetic characterization, molecular breeding, genetic engineering technologies, and mapping of agronomic traits of global maize germplasm. It also provides new insights into and sheds new light regarding the current research trends and future research directions in maize. This book will provoke interest in many readers, researchers, and scientists, who can find this information useful for the advancement of their research works toward maize improvement.
Book Synopsis The Maize Handbook by : Michael Freeling
Download or read book The Maize Handbook written by Michael Freeling and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Maize Handbook represents the collective efforts of the maize research community to enumerate the key steps of standard procedures and to disseminate these protocols for the common good. Although the material in this volume is drawn from experience with maize, many of the procedures, protocols, and descriptions are applicable to other higher plants, particularly to other grasses. The power and resolution of experiments with maize depend on the wide range of specialized genetic techniques and marked stocks; these materials are available today as the culmination of nearly 100 years of genetic research. A major goal of this volume is to introduce this genetical legacy and to highlight current stock construction programs that will soon benefit our work, e. g. high-density RFLP maps, deletion stocks, etc. Both stock construction and maintenance are relatively straightforward in maize as a result of the ease of crossing and the longevity of stored seeds. Crossing is facilitated by the separate staminate (tassel) and pistillate (ear) flowers, a feature almost unique to maize. On the other hand, many of the genetic methodologies utilized with maize, including the precision of record keeping, can be adapted to other plants. Facile communication and a spirit of co-operation have characterized the maize genetics community since its earliest days. Starting in the 1930s, institutions such as annual Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, the Maize Genetics Stock Center, and the annual maize genetics meeting provide continuity to the field.
Book Synopsis Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement by : Alan L. Kriz
Download or read book Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement written by Alan L. Kriz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-11-14 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past decade, there has been tremendous progress in maize biotechnology. This volume provides an overview of our current knowledge of maize molecular genetics, how it is being used to improve the crop, and future possibilities for crop enhancement. Several chapters deal with genetically engineered traits that are currently, or soon will be, in commercial production. Technical approaches for introducing novel genes into the maize genome, the regeneration of plants from transformed cells, and the creation of transgenic lines for field production are covered. Further, the authors describe how molecular genetic techniques are being used to identify genes and characterize their function, and how these procedures are utilized to develop elite maize germplasm. Moreover, molecular biology and physiological studies of corn as a basis for the improvement of its nutritional and food-making properties are included. Finally, the growing use of corn as biomass for energy production is discussed.
Book Synopsis Analysis of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genome Using Molecular, Genetic and Computational Approaches by : Yan Fu
Download or read book Analysis of the Maize (Zea Mays L.) Genome Using Molecular, Genetic and Computational Approaches written by Yan Fu and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Approximately 80% of [difference]2,500 Mbp maize genome consists of highly repetitive sequences. Initial sequencing efforts have targeted the gene-rich regions of this genome. A new open reading frame (ORF) selecting vector (pORF-Rescue) was developed to efficiently distinguish between the coding and non-coding fractions of this complex genome. pORF-Rescue can enrich ORFs by [difference]15 fold and non-transposon coding sequences by [difference]3.6 fold. This vector can also be applied for rapid gene discovery from maize BAC DNA and to establish peptide/expression libraries. Methylation filtration (MF) and high-Cot (HC) sequencing strategies have also proven successful in maize gene-enrichment. To best utilize MF and HC genome survey sequences (GSSs), these GSS data were first examined by identifying types and frequencies of sequencing errors and then assembled into maize assembled genomic islands (MAGIs). Computational and biological quality assessments indicate that a very high percentage of the MAGIs accurately reflect the structure of the maize genome. In addition, we estimate that this assembly of the maize gene space has "tagged" >6,900 expressed genes that previously lacked evidence of transcription and that almost 350 of these expressed genes are "orphans"; i.e., they do not exhibit similarity to genes in other species. To construct a sequence-based maize genetic map using large-scale genie sequence data and intermated B73xMo17 recombinant inbred lines (IRILs) as mapping population will facilitate the map-based genome sequencing project, QTL and eQTL studies, and candidate gene cloning experiments. The observations that two segregation distortion regions overlap with maize flowering time QTLs suggest that the altered allele frequencies were a consequence of inadvertent selection during the development of the IBM IRILs. Detection of inter-chromosomal two-locus gamete disequilibrium suggests another means to discover potential functional relationships (e.g. epistasis) of different chromosome regions using well-characterized plant RILs.
Book Synopsis Model Organisms in Plant Genetics by : Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov
Download or read book Model Organisms in Plant Genetics written by Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2022-06-23 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Model plants are required for research when targeted plant species are difficult to study or when research material is unavailable. Importantly, knowledge gained from model plants can be generally translated to other related plant species because many key cellular and molecular processes are conserved and regulated by ‘blueprint’ genes inherited from a common ancestor. Model Organisms in Plant Genetics addresses characteristics of model plants such as Arabidopsis, moss, soybean, maize, and cotton, highlighting their advantages and limitations as well as their importance in studies of plant development, plant genome polyploidization, adaptive selection, evolution, and domestication, as well as their importance in crop improvement.
Book Synopsis Maize Genetic Resources in Europe by : E. Lipman
Download or read book Maize Genetic Resources in Europe written by E. Lipman and published by Bioversity International. This book was released on 1997 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Advances in Maize Science by : Ratikanta Maiti
Download or read book Advances in Maize Science written by Ratikanta Maiti and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-08-30 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume offers a multi-pronged perspective on maize science, bringing together important recent research advances from several disciplines. The volume covers maize from origin to biotechnology. It provides an overview of recent world maize production along with technological advancements and green strategies in maize science. The authors cover the background of maize, its origin and domestication, ideotypes, botany, taxonomy, physiology of crop growth, methods of cultivation, production, nutritional functions, biotic and abiotic stress impacts, postharvest management and technology, maize grain quality, and advances in breeding and biotechnology, filling a gap in the literature of maize.
Book Synopsis Identification and Characterization of a Maize (zea Mays L.) Gene Controlling Embryogenic Tissue Culture Response and Enhancement of Maize Transformation Systems by : Frank Lloyd McFarland
Download or read book Identification and Characterization of a Maize (zea Mays L.) Gene Controlling Embryogenic Tissue Culture Response and Enhancement of Maize Transformation Systems written by Frank Lloyd McFarland and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maize is one of the most economically important crops in the US and globally for food, feed, and biofuel production. Efficient production of regenerable, embryogenic tissue cultures of maize is necessary for both basic biological research and applied biotechnological approaches to maize genetic improvement. Efficient generation of regenerable cultures in maize is highly genotype-dependent and, historically, researchers in academia and industry have relied extensively upon a restrictively small number of genotypes amenable to conventional tissue culture. To identify the genetic basis for genotypic differences in culture response, a mapping-based approach was utilized. The tissue culture response trait from the regenerable maize inbred A188 was backcrossed into the recalcitrant inbred B73. An A188 genomic introgression spanning 3 Mb on chromosome 3 was strongly associated with regenerable tissue culture response. Three candidate genes were selected in the region based on their expression in A188 immature embryos and functional annotations of genes in the region. A screen of each candidate gene expressed under constitutive promoters identified a single candidate, Wox2a, which was found to induce somatic embryogenesis and embryogenic callus in B73.A complementary approach to mapping the A188 culture response trait was undertaken to map the genotype-dependent response of diverse maize lines to Wuschel2/Baby boom (Wus/Bbm)-mediated genetic transformation. Though Wus/Bbm-mediated transformation reduced recalcitrance of many lines through co-transformation with developmental regulators, strong trends of genotype-dependence were still observed. Ten diverse maize lines were screened to identify lines highly amenable to Wus/Bbm-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants/events were recovered from eight of the ten lines. One line, Gaspé Flint, generated transgenic events efficiently and at a wide range of embryo maturities. A Gaspé Flint x B73 introgression library was screened through Wus/Bbm-mediated transformation and Gaspé Flint introgressions associated with transformability were identified on chromosomes 1, 4, and 7. The scale of the transformation experiments necessitated isolation of thousands of immature embryo explants, for which a high-throughput method of embryo isolation (SIMPLE extraction) was developed. Methods for SIMPLE extraction, as well as optimized methods for Wus/Bbm-mediated and Wox2a-mediated maize transformation were developed to enable easy adoption these developing technologies.
