Magnetic Memory Technology

Download Magnetic Memory Technology full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Magnetic Memory Technology ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Magnetic Memory Technology

Author : Denny D. Tang
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119562236
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Magnetic Memory Technology by : Denny D. Tang

Download or read book Magnetic Memory Technology written by Denny D. Tang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-01-07 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: STAY UP TO DATE ON THE STATE OF MRAM TECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS WITH THIS COMPREHENSIVE RESOURCE Magnetic Memory Technology: Spin-Transfer-Torque MRAM and Beyond delivers a combination of foundational and advanced treatments of the subjects necessary for students and professionals to fully understand MRAM and other non-volatile memories, like PCM, and ReRAM. The authors offer readers a thorough introduction to the fundamentals of magnetism and electron spin, as well as a comprehensive analysis of the physics of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices as it relates to memory applications. This book explores MRAM's unique ability to provide memory without requiring the atoms inside the device to move when switching states. The resulting power savings and reliability are what give MRAM its extraordinary potential. The authors describe the current state of academic research in MRAM technology, which focuses on the reduction of the amount of energy needed to reorient magnetization. Among other topics, readers will benefit from the book's discussions of: An introduction to basic electromagnetism, including the fundamentals of magnetic force and other concepts An thorough description of magnetism and magnetic materials, including the classification and properties of magnetic thin film properties and their material preparation and characterization A comprehensive description of Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) devices and their equivalent electrical model Spin current and spin dynamics, including the properties of spin current, the Ordinary Hall Effect, the Anomalous Hall Effect, and the spin Hall effect Different categories of magnetic random-access memory, including field-write mode MRAM, Spin-Torque-Transfer (STT) MRAM, Spin-Orbit Torque (SOT) MRAM, and others Perfect for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying electrical engineering, similar programs, or courses on topics like spintronics, Magnetic Memory Technology: Spin-Transfer-Torque MRAM and Beyond also belongs on the bookshelves of engineers and other professionals involved in the design, development, and manufacture of MRAM technologies.

Magnetic Information Storage Technology

Author : Shan X. Wang
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0080510612
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Magnetic Information Storage Technology by : Shan X. Wang

Download or read book Magnetic Information Storage Technology written by Shan X. Wang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1999-05-24 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text explains how hard disk drives operate, how billions of bytes of digital information are stored and accessed, and where the technology is going. In particular, the book emphasizes the most fundamental principles of magnetic information storage, including in-depth knowledge of both magnetics and signal processing methods. Magnetic Information Storage Technology contains many graphic illustrations and an introduction of alternative storage technologies, such as optic disk recording, holographic recording, semiconductor flash memory, and magnetic random access memory. Provides the fundamentals of magnetic information storage and contrasts it with a comparison of alternative storage technologies Addresses the subject at the materials, device and system levels Addresses the needs of the multi-billion-dollar-a year magnetic recording and information storage industry Emphasizes both theoretical and experimental concepts Condenses current knowledge on magnetic information storage technology into one self-contained volume Suitable for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as seasoned researchers, engineers and professionals in data and information storage fields

Magnetic Memory

Author : Denny D. Tang
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521449649
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (496 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Magnetic Memory by : Denny D. Tang

Download or read book Magnetic Memory written by Denny D. Tang and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-22 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you are a semiconductor engineer or a magnetics physicist developing magnetic memory, get the information you need with this, the first book on magnetic memory. From magnetics to the engineering design of memory, this practical book explains key magnetic properties and how they are related to memory performance, characterization methods of magnetic films, and tunneling magnetoresistance effect devices. It also covers memory cell options, array architecture, circuit models, and read-write engineering issues. You'll understand the soft fail nature of magnetic memory, which is very different from that of semiconductor memory, as well as methods to deal with the issue. You'll also get invaluable problem-solving insights from real-world memory case studies. This is an essential book for semiconductor engineers who need to understand magnetics, and for magnetics physicists who work with MRAM. It is also a valuable reference for graduate students working in electronic/magnetic device research.

Introduction to Magnetic Random-Access Memory

Author : Bernard Dieny
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119079357
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Introduction to Magnetic Random-Access Memory by : Bernard Dieny

Download or read book Introduction to Magnetic Random-Access Memory written by Bernard Dieny and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-14 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Magnetic random-access memory (MRAM) is poised to replace traditional computer memory based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductors (CMOS). MRAM will surpass all other types of memory devices in terms of nonvolatility, low energy dissipation, fast switching speed, radiation hardness, and durability. Although toggle-MRAM is currently a commercial product, it is clear that future developments in MRAM will be based on spin-transfer torque, which makes use of electrons’ spin angular momentum instead of their charge. MRAM will require an amalgamation of magnetics and microelectronics technologies. However, researchers and developers in magnetics and in microelectronics attend different technical conferences, publish in different journals, use different tools, and have different backgrounds in condensed-matter physics, electrical engineering, and materials science. This book is an introduction to MRAM for microelectronics engineers written by specialists in magnetic materials and devices. It presents the basic phenomena involved in MRAM, the materials and film stacks being used, the basic principles of the various types of MRAM (toggle and spin-transfer torque; magnetized in-plane or perpendicular-to-plane), the back-end magnetic technology, and recent developments toward logic-in-memory architectures. It helps bridge the cultural gap between the microelectronics and magnetics communities.

Memory Superpowers!

Author : Nelson Dellis
Publisher : Abrams
ISBN 13 : 1683357760
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (833 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Memory Superpowers! by : Nelson Dellis

Download or read book Memory Superpowers! written by Nelson Dellis and published by Abrams. This book was released on 2020-08-18 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A kid’s guide to amazing feats of memorization with “a variety of engaging memory exercises [and] methods for all different types of learners.” —Kirkus Reviews Nelson Dellis, the four-time USA Memory Champion, reveals the secrets to his phenomenal ability to remember almost anything. From presidents to state capitals, from mathematical theorems to the periodic table, kids have so much to remember for school! This incredibly helpful book is structured as an entertaining and fantastical narrative in which the author guides the reader as they attempt to climb Mount Foreverest. Up there, the goal is to defeat the Memory Thief, a villain plotting to steal everyone’s memories. On the journey, while encountering pirates, forest dwarves, and mummies, you’ll also find tools and tricks to remember the US presidents in order, foreign word meanings, countries and capitals, the periodic table, long numbers, and multiplication tables. These easily understandable exercises can help build skills to remember any kinds of words, lists, numbers, or concepts. Whether you’re trying to become a better student or just want to amaze friends and family, Memory Superpowers! is one unforgettable book. “[Steph] Stilwell’s bright illustrations accompany this book that’s full of useful tips that will help students enjoy learning to study better.” ?Booklist

Moonwalking with Einstein

Author : Joshua Foer
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101475978
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Moonwalking with Einstein by : Joshua Foer

Download or read book Moonwalking with Einstein written by Joshua Foer and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2011-03-03 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Highly entertaining.” —Adam Gopnik, The New Yorker “Funny, curious, erudite, and full of useful details about ancient techniques of training memory.” —The Boston Globe The blockbuster phenomenon that charts an amazing journey of the mind while revolutionizing our concept of memory An instant bestseller that is poised to become a classic, Moonwalking with Einstein recounts Joshua Foer's yearlong quest to improve his memory under the tutelage of top "mental athletes." He draws on cutting-edge research, a surprising cultural history of remembering, and venerable tricks of the mentalist's trade to transform our understanding of human memory. From the United States Memory Championship to deep within the author's own mind, this is an electrifying work of journalism that reminds us that, in every way that matters, we are the sum of our memories.

Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology

Author : Yoshio Nishi
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0857098098
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology by : Yoshio Nishi

Download or read book Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology written by Yoshio Nishi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-06-24 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New solutions are needed for future scaling down of nonvolatile memory. Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology provides an overview of developing technologies and explores their strengths and weaknesses. After an overview of the current market, part one introduces improvements in flash technologies, including developments in 3D NAND flash technologies and flash memory for ultra-high density storage devices. Part two looks at the advantages of designing phase change memory and resistive random access memory technologies. It looks in particular at the fabrication, properties, and performance of nanowire phase change memory technologies. Later chapters also consider modeling of both metal oxide and resistive random access memory switching mechanisms, as well as conductive bridge random access memory technologies. Finally, part three looks to the future of alternative technologies. The areas covered include molecular, polymer, and hybrid organic memory devices, and a variety of random access memory devices such as nano-electromechanical, ferroelectric, and spin-transfer-torque magnetoresistive devices. Advances in Non-volatile Memory and Storage Technology is a key resource for postgraduate students and academic researchers in physics, materials science, and electrical engineering. It is a valuable tool for research and development managers concerned with electronics, semiconductors, nanotechnology, solid-state memories, magnetic materials, organic materials, and portable electronic devices. Provides an overview of developing nonvolatile memory and storage technologies and explores their strengths and weaknesses Examines improvements to flash technology, charge trapping, and resistive random access memory Discusses emerging devices such as those based on polymer and molecular electronics, and nanoelectromechanical random access memory (RAM)

Magnetic Memory

Author : Denny D. Tang
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139484494
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Magnetic Memory by : Denny D. Tang

Download or read book Magnetic Memory written by Denny D. Tang and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-22 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you are a semiconductor engineer or a magnetics physicist developing magnetic memory, get the information you need with this, the first book on magnetic memory. From magnetics to the engineering design of memory, this practical book explains key magnetic properties and how they are related to memory performance, characterization methods of magnetic films, and tunneling magnetoresistance effect devices. It also covers memory cell options, array architecture, circuit models, and read-write engineering issues. You'll understand the soft fail nature of magnetic memory, which is very different from that of semiconductor memory, as well as methods to deal with the issue. You'll also get invaluable problem-solving insights from real-world memory case studies. This is an essential book for semiconductor engineers who need to understand magnetics, and for magnetics physicists who work with MRAM. It is also a valuable reference for graduate students working in electronic/magnetic device research.

Emerging Memory Technologies

Author : Yuan Xie
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 144199551X
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Emerging Memory Technologies by : Yuan Xie

Download or read book Emerging Memory Technologies written by Yuan Xie and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-10-21 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the design implications of emerging, non-volatile memory (NVM) technologies on future computer memory hierarchy architecture designs. Since NVM technologies combine the speed of SRAM, the density of DRAM, and the non-volatility of Flash memory, they are very attractive as the basis for future universal memories. This book provides a holistic perspective on the topic, covering modeling, design, architecture and applications. The practical information included in this book will enable designers to exploit emerging memory technologies to improve significantly the performance/power/reliability of future, mainstream integrated circuits.

Emerging Non-volatile Memory Technologies

Author : Wen Siang Lew
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811569126
Total Pages : 439 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Emerging Non-volatile Memory Technologies by : Wen Siang Lew

Download or read book Emerging Non-volatile Memory Technologies written by Wen Siang Lew and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-09 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a balanced and comprehensive guide to the core principles, fundamental properties, experimental approaches, and state-of-the-art applications of two major groups of emerging non-volatile memory technologies, i.e. spintronics-based devices as well as resistive switching devices, also known as Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM). The first section presents different types of spintronic-based devices, i.e. magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), domain wall, and skyrmion memory devices. This section describes how their developments have led to various promising applications, such as microwave oscillators, detectors, magnetic logic, and neuromorphic engineered systems. In the second half of the book, the underlying device physics supported by different experimental observations and modelling of RRAM devices are presented with memory array level implementation. An insight into RRAM desired properties as synaptic element in neuromorphic computing platforms from material and algorithms viewpoint is also discussed with specific example in automatic sound classification framework.

Nanoscale Semiconductor Memories

Author : Santosh K. Kurinec
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466560614
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nanoscale Semiconductor Memories by : Santosh K. Kurinec

Download or read book Nanoscale Semiconductor Memories written by Santosh K. Kurinec and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanoscale memories are used everywhere. From your iPhone to a supercomputer, every electronic device contains at least one such type. With coverage of current and prototypical technologies, Nanoscale Semiconductor Memories: Technology and Applications presents the latest research in the field of nanoscale memories technology in one place. It also covers a myriad of applications that nanoscale memories technology has enabled. The book begins with coverage of SRAM, addressing the design challenges as the technology scales, then provides design strategies to mitigate radiation induced upsets in SRAM. It discusses the current state-of-the-art DRAM technology and the need to develop high performance sense amplifier circuitry. The text then covers the novel concept of capacitorless 1T DRAM, termed as Advanced-RAM or A-RAM, and presents a discussion on quantum dot (QD) based flash memory. Building on this foundation, the coverage turns to STT-RAM, emphasizing scalable embedded STT-RAM, and the physics and engineering of magnetic domain wall "racetrack" memory. The book also discusses state-of-the-art modeling applied to phase change memory devices and includes an extensive review of RRAM, highlighting the physics of operation and analyzing different materials systems currently under investigation. The hunt is still on for universal memory that fits all the requirements of an "ideal memory" capable of high-density storage, low-power operation, unparalleled speed, high endurance, and low cost. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this book bridges technological and application issues to provide the groundwork for developing custom designed memory systems.

Digital Memory and Storage

Author : Walter E. Proebster
Publisher : Vieweg+teubner Verlag
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Digital Memory and Storage by : Walter E. Proebster

Download or read book Digital Memory and Storage written by Walter E. Proebster and published by Vieweg+teubner Verlag. This book was released on 1978 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Digital memory and storage technologies occupy a dominant position in electronic data processing: They are intimately interwoven with almost all aspects of a data processing system, be it the control processing unit, the peripheral devices or the program and data storage. In this context, memory and storage is one of the most essential design parameters that determine performance and cost efficiency of the entire system to a very high degree. Beyond the field of electronic data processing, digital memory and storage fmd ever widening application in the areas of control and measurement techniques, in digital communication and switching, and lately, even in the area of the consumer electronic market. This explains, why since the beginning of the computer age, digital memory and storage are finding ever increasing attention in research and development. Of the many different memory and storage technologies investigated for application, only very few survived in the tough economic cost/performance struggle. This process still continues: Semiconductor memories have almost completely replaced the ferrite core memories. For the "gap" in cost and performance between memory and storage - which is of growing importance for systems throughput, particularly for query and database systems - very promising proposals, such as charge coupled devices and magnetic bubble memories appear. For very high data volumes, devices with automatic storage media transport have been conceived and developed. For extremely fast memories, research on low temperature Josephson devices has made Significant advances.

Magnetic Core Memory Decoded

Author : J. S. Walker
Publisher : Oldfangled Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780995707214
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Magnetic Core Memory Decoded by : J. S. Walker

Download or read book Magnetic Core Memory Decoded written by J. S. Walker and published by Oldfangled Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-30 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Magnetic Core Memory Decoded is a detailed work describing the operation and development of a magnetic core memory system of the type originally implemented in the 1940's through to the 1960's. Core memory was a major stepping stone in the development of modern digital computer systems and is a fascinating technology which encompasses many engineering disciplines. A full explanation of the technology is provided from the basics of magnetic core flux responses through the design and implementation of circuits required to create a fully functional memory system. The system presented in this book is a non-trivial design and while it is relatively small in terms of its storage capacity it is still large enough to give the reader a full account of the technology and the amazing secrets of this technology. This book is a must for anyone interested in the history of computing or is simply interested in the development of engineering technology.

Metal Magnetic Memory Technique and Its Applications in Remanufacturing

Author : Haihong Huang
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981161590X
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Metal Magnetic Memory Technique and Its Applications in Remanufacturing by : Haihong Huang

Download or read book Metal Magnetic Memory Technique and Its Applications in Remanufacturing written by Haihong Huang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-10 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique, one of the nondestructive testing methods, and its applications in remanufacturing engineering. It discusses the advantages of MMM and how to evaluate the early damage degree of remanufacturing cores, as well as the repairing quality of remanufactured components. Various MMM signal characteristics are extracted to reflect the damage degree of remanufacturing cores, coatings and interfaces. All the theoretical models, analysis methods and testing results of MMM in this book provide guidance to control the quality of remanufactured parts and products. This book can help readers make the best use of the MMM technique in remanufacturing engineering.

Ultra-High-Density Magnetic Recording

Author : Gaspare Varvaro
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814669598
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (146 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Ultra-High-Density Magnetic Recording by : Gaspare Varvaro

Download or read book Ultra-High-Density Magnetic Recording written by Gaspare Varvaro and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-03-30 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today magnetic recording is still the leading technology for mass data storage. Its dominant role is being reinforced by the success of cloud computing, which requires storing and managing huge amounts of data on a multitude of servers. Nonetheless, the hard-disk storage industry is presently at a crossroads as the current magnetic recording technologies are unable of achieving densities beyond 1 Tbit/in2. Pushing the recording density in the terabit regime requires new storage materials, novel recording schemes, and media designs in order to solve signal-to-noise ratio, thermal stability, and writability issues. In this book, worldwide experts from universities, public research institutions, and industry collaborate to illustrate the most recent progresses in magnetic recording from the media perspective and to highlight the future prospects of the technology. Theoretical, experimental, and technological aspects are covered in a clear and comprehensive way, making the book a useful reference for final-year undergraduates, postgraduates, and research professionals in the magnetic recording area. The first two chapters introduce the fundamentals of magnetism and magnetic recording and are useful to guide the reader in the chapters that follow. Chapters 3, 4, and 5 focus on the materials for conventional perpendicular recording media, next-generation recording media, and exchange-coupled composite media. The most promising technologies for next-generation magnetic recording, i.e., energy assisted and bit-patterned recording, are extensively treated in chapters 6 and 7, while chapter 8 covers the techniques and protocols for magnetic characterization of recording media. Finally, chapter 9 gives an overview of the emerging classes of magnetic memories.

Nonvolatile Memory Technologies with Emphasis on Flash

Author : Joe Brewer
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118211626
Total Pages : 766 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Nonvolatile Memory Technologies with Emphasis on Flash by : Joe Brewer

Download or read book Nonvolatile Memory Technologies with Emphasis on Flash written by Joe Brewer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-23 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presented here is an all-inclusive treatment of Flash technology, including Flash memory chips, Flash embedded in logic, binary cell Flash, and multilevel cell Flash. The book begins with a tutorial of elementary concepts to orient readers who are less familiar with the subject. Next, it covers all aspects and variations of Flash technology at a mature engineering level: basic device structures, principles of operation, related process technologies, circuit design, overall design tradeoffs, device testing, reliability, and applications.

Special Topics in Information Technology

Author : Angelo Geraci
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030624765
Total Pages : 150 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Special Topics in Information Technology by : Angelo Geraci

Download or read book Special Topics in Information Technology written by Angelo Geraci and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-26 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book presents thirteen outstanding doctoral dissertations in Information Technology from the Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy. Information Technology has always been highly interdisciplinary, as many aspects have to be considered in IT systems. The doctoral studies program in IT at Politecnico di Milano emphasizes this interdisciplinary nature, which is becoming more and more important in recent technological advances, in collaborative projects, and in the education of young researchers. Accordingly, the focus of advanced research is on pursuing a rigorous approach to specific research topics starting from a broad background in various areas of Information Technology, especially Computer Science and Engineering, Electronics, Systems and Control, and Telecommunications. Each year, more than 50 PhDs graduate from the program. This book gathers the outcomes of the thirteen best theses defended in 2019-20 and selected for the IT PhD Award. Each of the authors provides a chapter summarizing his/her findings, including an introduction, description of methods, main achievements and future work on the topic. Hence, the book provides a cutting-edge overview of the latest research trends in Information Technology at Politecnico di Milano, presented in an easy-to-read format that will also appeal to non-specialists.