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Low Carbon Grid Study Analysis Of A 50 Emission Reduction In California
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Book Synopsis Low Carbon Grid Study: Analysis of a 50% Emission Reduction in California by :
Download or read book Low Carbon Grid Study: Analysis of a 50% Emission Reduction in California written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The California 2030 Low Carbon Grid Study (LCGS) analyzes the grid impacts of a variety of scenarios that achieve 50% carbon emission reductions from California's electric power sector. Impacts are characterized based on several key operational and economic metrics, including production costs, emissions, curtailment, and impacts on the operation of gas generation and imports. The modeling results indicate that achieving a low-carbon grid (with emissions 50% below 2012 levels) is possible by 2030 with relatively limited curtailment (less than 1%) if institutional frameworks are flexible. Less flexible institutional frameworks and a less diverse generation portfolio could lead to higher curtailment (up to 10%), operational costs (up to $800 million higher), and carbon emissions (up to 14% higher).
Book Synopsis With Grid Flexibility, California Can Slash Emissions While Limiting Curtailment by :
Download or read book With Grid Flexibility, California Can Slash Emissions While Limiting Curtailment written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California can achieve a 50% percent reduction in CO2 levels by 2030 in the electric sector under a wide variety of scenarios and assumptions, according to the Low Carbon Grid Study: Analysis of a 50% Emission Reduction in California, published in January 2016 by the Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory. This document summarizes key findings and analysis from the study.
Book Synopsis Too Good to be True? by : Robert N. Stavins
Download or read book Too Good to be True? written by Robert N. Stavins and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California's Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 limits California's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2020 to their 1990 level. Global climate change is a pressing environmental problem, and the best possible public policies will be required to address it. Therefore, analyses of prospective policies must themselves be of high quality, so that policymakers can reasonably rely on them when making the critical decisions they inevitably will face. In 2006, three studies were released indicating that California can meet its 2020 target at no net economic cost - raising questions about whether opportunities truly exist to substantially reduce emissions at no cost, or whether studies reaching such conclusions may simply severely underestimate costs. This paper provides an evaluation of these three California studies. We find that although opportunities may exist for some no-cost emission reductions, these California studies substantially underestimate the cost of meeting California's 2020 target. The studies underestimate costs by omitting important components of the costs of emission reduction efforts, and by overestimating offsetting savings that some of those efforts yield through improved energy efficiency. In some cases, the studies focus on the costs of particular actions to reduce emissions, but fail to consider the effectiveness and costs of policies that would be necessary to bring about such actions. While quantifying the full extent of the resulting cost underestimation is beyond the scope of our study, the underestimation is clearly economically significant. A few of the identified flaws individually lead to underestimation of annual costs on the order of billions of dollars. Hence, these studies do not offer reliable estimates of the cost of meeting California's 2020 target. Better analyses are needed to inform policymakers.
Book Synopsis California's Carbon Challenge Phase II by : Max Wei
Download or read book California's Carbon Challenge Phase II written by Max Wei and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Macro-energy Systems Analysis of Technology Options for Decarbonizing California's Electricity System by : Ejeong Baik
Download or read book Macro-energy Systems Analysis of Technology Options for Decarbonizing California's Electricity System written by Ejeong Baik and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California is the fifth largest economy in the world and has ambitious climate goals to reach a carbon neutral economy by 2045. In recognizing the importance of decarbonizing the electricity grid in reaching its economy-wide decarbonization goals, California implemented Senate Bill 100 (SB100), which requires a 100% clean energy grid by 2045. So far, California has made remarkable progress in decarbonizing it's electricity grid by retiring coal power plants and investing in solar PV and onshore wind resources. There is no doubt that variable renewable resources will likely be the mainstays of California's future energy grid. However, balancing daily and seasonal energy needs in a grid with high shares of intermittent resources will be a challenge that requires additional technology options. As California looks forward to meeting its SB100 goals, a deeper look into a broader technology base will be needed to ensure cost-effective and reliable decarbonization of the grid. This dissertation provides an assessment of three different technology options (clean firm resources, long duration storage, and flexible load) for California to reach a net-zero carbon grid consistent with its SB100 goals by using a detailed capacity expansion and economic dispatch model. Firm resources can operate at any time of the year and for as long as needed to maintain electricity system reliability. Including low-carbon, firm dispatchable resources in energy systems provide a significantly more cost-effective pathway for California to meet its climate goals and prevent overbuilding of intermittent renewable and energy storage resources to maintain reliability year-long. Furthermore, including such resources provides less uncertainty for future energy systems costs across varying technology cost estimates, weather patterns, and operational constraints. Low- and zero-carbon firm technologies include high variable cost, low capital cost, and highly flexible generating technologies such as biogas or hydrogen combustion turbines, low or zero variable cost and capital-intensive resources such as nuclear and geothermal, as well as intermediate sources like natural gas plants with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). In assessing the role of nuclear, natural gas plants with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), and combustion of zero-carbon fuels in California's decarbonized electricity systems, the analysis shows that individually, each of these technologies delivers similar cost reductions relative to a system without significant shares of clean firm resources. Additionally, because each technology occupies a distinctive functional niche in the electricity system and provides incremental value to a zero-carbon system, having all of these technologies available results in the lowest cost generation system, reducing system costs by up to 10% over having just one type. The analysis highlights the benefits of an expansive range of technology options to meet emissions reductions goals for the power sector while maintaining operational reliability and affordability. Long duration energy storage has also been spotlighted as another technology that can help smooth seasonal intermittency of variable renewable resources. While not as effective as clean firm resources, long duration storage resources, when operated synergistically with short duration storage resources, can reduce system costs significantly by decreasing the necessary generation capacity by up to a factor of three and avoiding excess investment in solar PV and short duration storage, the primary system cost drivers. The results also show a positive correlation between the utilization of short and long duration energy storage resources: when long duration storage is affordable, it enables the efficient operation of short duration storage; conversely, when long duration storage is expensive, short duration storage is forced into an imperfect substitution of long duration storage resources. 5 $/kWh is identified as a general benchmark for the energy cost of long duration storage in order to facilitate the ideal synergistic operation of short and long duration storage. Finally, from the demand-side perspective, the potential for flexible load to contribute to California's decarbonization is assessed. The analysis finds that the value of flexible load in a decarbonized California system ranges significantly, from 1% to 40% reduction of total system cost relative to the scenario without any flexible load depending on the parameters allowed for flexible load operation. In grids with little to no dispatchable resources, flexible load largely saves costs not by displacing generation resources but by displacing energy storage. However, system cost savings from any level of flexible load that is modeled within this analysis cannot achieve as much cost savings as having clean firm resources such as natural gas with carbon capture and storage. Furthermore, the value of flexible load decreases in scenarios with clean firm resources as the need to balance supply and demand decreases with a dispatchable and reliable source of generation available. The dissertation informs the continuously evolving California policy landscape, and provides insight for policy makers and technology developers as they assess a range of technology options and future pathways to decarbonizing the electricity sector. Understanding the role and value of various technologies can directly inform California policy makers on prioritizing pathways and technologies of least regret for decarbonization, anticipating and preparing for changes to the market required to sustain the evolving electricity system, and overall ensuring a reliable, affordable, and smooth transition to a decarbonized grid. As a leader in climate policy and action, California's policies and pathway choices will likely inspire action globally as well, further underscoring the importance of the results of this dissertation.
Book Synopsis Computational Methodologies for Electrical and Electronics Engineers by : Singh, Rajiv
Download or read book Computational Methodologies for Electrical and Electronics Engineers written by Singh, Rajiv and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-03-18 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Artificial intelligence has been applied to many areas of science and technology, including the power and energy sector. Renewable energy in particular has experienced the tremendous positive impact of these developments. With the recent evolution of smart energy technologies, engineers and scientists working in this sector need an exhaustive source of current knowledge to effectively cater to the energy needs of citizens of developing countries. Computational Methodologies for Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a collection of innovative research that provides a complete insight and overview of the application of intelligent computational techniques in power and energy. Featuring research on a wide range of topics such as artificial neural networks, smart grids, and soft computing, this book is ideally designed for programmers, engineers, technicians, ecologists, entrepreneurs, researchers, academicians, and students.
Book Synopsis Executive Summary, Climate Action Team Report by : California Climate Action Team
Download or read book Executive Summary, Climate Action Team Report written by California Climate Action Team and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Scenarios for Meeting California's 2050 Climate Goals California's Carbon Challenge Phase II Volume I by :
Download or read book Scenarios for Meeting California's 2050 Climate Goals California's Carbon Challenge Phase II Volume I written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides an updated analysis of long-term energy system scenarios for California consistent with the State meeting its 2050 climate goal, including detailed analysis and assessment of electricity system build-out, operation, and costs across the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) region. Four key elements are found to be critical for the State to achieve its 2050 goal of 80 percent greenhouse (GHG) reductions from the 1990 level: aggressive energy efficiency; clean electricity; widespread electrification of passenger vehicles, building heating, and industry heating; and large-scale production of low-carbon footprint biofuels to largely replace petroleum-based liquid fuels. The approach taken here is that technically achievable energy efficiency measures are assumed to be achieved by 2050 and aggregated with the other key elements mentioned above to estimate resultant emissions in 2050. The energy and non-energy sectors are each assumed to have the objective of meeting an 80 percent reduction from their respective 1990 GHG levels for the purposes of analysis. A different partitioning of energy and non-energy sector GHG greenhouse reductions is allowed if emission reductions in one sector are more economic or technically achievable than in the other. Similarly, within the energy or non-energy sectors, greater or less than 80 percent reduction from 1990 is allowed for sub-sectors within the energy or non-energy sectors as long as the overall target is achieved. Overall emissions for the key economy-wide scenarios are considered in this report. All scenarios are compliant or nearly compliant with the 2050 goal. This finding suggests that multiple technical pathways exist to achieve the target with aggressive policy support and continued technology development of largely existing technologies.
Book Synopsis Role of Residential and Commercial Sectors in Meeting California's 80 Percent GHG Emissions Reduction Goal by 2050 by : Mohammad Saleh Zakerinia
Download or read book Role of Residential and Commercial Sectors in Meeting California's 80 Percent GHG Emissions Reduction Goal by 2050 written by Mohammad Saleh Zakerinia and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is one of the most important issues in today's world, and there is an increasing concern about it. State of California is the leading states in the United States in cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; it sets an objective of achieving 1990 emission level by 2020 and also long-term objective of emission reduction to 80% of 1990 level by 2050. Short-term policies and necessary steps to take in the short term are well-defined, and California is on the right track of achieving 2020 goal. Yet, it is unclear what kind of policies and technological transformation will be needed in order to get to the long-term goal. We use the CA-TIMES model, an economy-wide bottom-up, and technology-rich optimization model, to study the role of commercial and residential sectors in mitigating GHG emissions by 2050. Commercial and residential sectors contribute to 30% of total energy consumption. Therefore, it is very crucial to study the implication of policies in these sectors to reach our long-term goal. There are many energy models developed for California. However, they either do not address cost implications of GHG mitigation in California or lack system modeling approach. These models cannot analyze abatement costs explicitly, consider interactive policies between different sectors of the economy or optimally allocate financial/physical resources. CA-TIMES is the first model that explicitly calculates the cost of mitigation, taken into account different sectors of energy system and their interactions and finds the optimal allocation of money/resources to reach policy target. We defined different scenarios each having a fixed service demand that is driven by economic drivers. We have an elastic demand scenario in which demands change with a change in price of service demands; this may be a more realistic case than the fixed demand. We have performed a decompositions analysis to see the role of efficiency improvement, carbon intensity reduction, and demand reduction in different scenarios. Our results show that the cost of mitigation is much higher with having a binding emission constraint. We have also calculated the realized abatement cost curves that show mitigation costs across different end-uses. The residential and commercial sectors are modeled based on projected energy service demands that are independent of technology and fuels. The residential sector consists of end-use demand technologies used to satisfy thirteen residential end-use service demand, including space heating, space cooling, water heating, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, clothes washing, clothes drying, dish washing, freezer, TV, pool pumps, and miscellaneous. Likewise, the commercial sector end-use demand technologies comprise cooking, lighting, water heating, refrigeration, space cooling and heating, ventilation, office equipment and miscellaneous which are used in our model to satisfy service demand. The model is described by fuel types (e.g. natural gas, electricity, LPG) and end-use technologies (e.g. compact fluorescent lamps, furnace, TV) that meet these service demands. The energy service demands are projected based on assumed drivers that are population, building size, building heating/cooling coefficient, appliance saturation rate, appliance utilization rate and commercial floorspace. Future technology adoption and abatement rely on economic factors (including fuel price changes), consumer choices, technology availability, and policy choices to determine the total state-wide residential and commercial energy use over the time horizon. The model selects technologies to meet energy service demand while minimizing net system cost and satisfying other user-defined constraints such as policy goals in GHG emission targets, appliance efficiency standards, etc. The BAU policy assumes the existing policies do not expire, and they will continue throughout the modeling period until 2050. In the GHG reduction scenario, it is assumed there is a linear carbon cap constraint in addition to the available policies in the BAU scenario. The linear carbon cap assumes the carbon cap would be a straight-line trajectory from 2020 to 2050. CA-TIMES also can be used as a partial equilibrium model. Meaning that service demands are not fixed, and they can be changed based on the elasticities of service demands to their price each year. Under this framework, the model minimizes the welfare loss associated with the change in the service demand. The GHG reduction scenario that runs under this framework is called the GHG-Elastic demand scenario. The residential and commercial sectors show substantial efficiency improvements and reductions in the final energy demand due to the adoption of more efficient technologies as well as technologies that rely on electricity more than natural gas. In 2010, electricity accounted for 57% of commercial energy use and 37% of residential energy consumption. By 2050, electricity's share of final energy is 67% in the commercial sector and 79% in the residential sector under the GHG reduction scenario. Overall, weighted efficiency for commercial and residential sectors is 2.3 and 3.89 times higher in 2050 relative to 2010 in the GHG reduction scenario, respectively. The model can reduce service demand instead of adopting efficient appliances to decrease GHG emissions in the GHG-Elastic demand scenario, which also lead to significant cost saving. So, weighted efficiency improvement for commercial and residential sectors in the GHG-Elastic demand scenario reduces to 2.21 and 3.55 in 2050, respectively. The model do not invest in ground source heat pumps, efficient electric water heaters and other efficient technologies, which are also expensive, to decrease GHG emissions. Instead, the model reduces service demand in various service demands to decrease emissions and abatement costs. Electrification of buildings is interconnected with the increased demand for more low-carbon electricity generation. Under GHG scenarios, carbon intensity of electricity is decreased by 96% in 2050 relative to 2010. The average mitigation costs are $74/tonne CO2e and -$2/tonne CO2e for the residential and commercial sectors, respectively, in the GHG reduction scenario compared with the BAU. The mitigation costs are reduced to $24/tonne CO2e and -$41/tonne CO2e for the residential and commercial sectors, respectively, in the GHG-Elastic demand scenario. Relatively small amount of service demand reduction (on average 4% in both residential and commercial sectors) lead to significant abatement cost reduction in the GHG-Elastic demand compared to the GHG scenario. Therefore, it is crucial to decarbonize the electricity through extensive use of renewables and design proper policies to promote efficiency improvement and reduce service demands to reach 2050 emissions reduction target with relatively low cost.
Book Synopsis An Assessment of California's Building Energy Regulatory Process and the Marginal Abatement Costs and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Benefits of California Building Energy Standards by : Benjamin William White
Download or read book An Assessment of California's Building Energy Regulatory Process and the Marginal Abatement Costs and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Benefits of California Building Energy Standards written by Benjamin William White and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research investigates the benefits and costs of California's building energy regulations and provides an analysis of the regulatory process that prompted the adoption and subsequent abandonment of a mandate for Zero Net Energy (ZNE) residential buildings in the state. Specifically examined are the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions characteristics associated with homes designed using California's definition for ZNE, and homes designed using the states more recently adopted goal of grid compatibility. The work quantifies the GHG emissions of various mixed-fuel and all-electric home designs and compares those results with the emissions characteristics of homes designed under a prior version of the state's building energy regulations (Title 24, Part 6). This research takes a novel approach to estimating residential sector GHG emissions by incorporating three different rates of pre-meter natural gas leaks into the calculations. The results isolate the contribution that these leaks make to building-sector emissions and emphasize the need for regulators and researchers to fully account for the full range of impacts associated with natural gas use. Also quantified are the marginal abatement costs for homes designed under California's adopted 2019 T24 standards versus homes designed under the prior code version. The results indicate that fuel type, and not the attainment of a specific energy measurement metric like ZNE is the primary determining factor for GHG emissions in the housing sector, and that all-electric homes deliver superior GHG reduction benefits at lower cost than mixed-fuel houses. We find that the marginal cost of abatement for housing types varies considerably, with all-electric homes offering the potential for carbon abatement at significantly lower cost than mixed-fuel houses and at a price that is currently lower than California's auction price for carbon emissions. These results indicate that all-electric housing can be a valid approach to GHG emission reduction from the perspective of regulators, homebuyers, and building industry stakeholders. In addition to quantifying the costs and benefits of California's building energy standards, the process that the state undertook in pursuit of the adoption of a ZNE mandate is explored using the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF). This analysis explores the role of ambiguity in policy goal setting and highlights the effects that can occur when policy feedback creates unintended consequences. The results reinforce the concept that the adoption of ambitious policy goals is benefitted by a high level of ambiguity, but that policy goals may need to change as ambiguity recedes. This case study of the California regulatory process for building energy standards provides demonstrable and useful examples for any government or private entity seeking to implement ambitious, long-term change.
Book Synopsis Has California's Cap-and-Trade Caused a Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Firm-Level Analysis by : Brendan Gerard Timmons
Download or read book Has California's Cap-and-Trade Caused a Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Firm-Level Analysis written by Brendan Gerard Timmons and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, policymakers around the world have implemented or are considering market-based emissions reductions policies like cap-and-trade. In the U.S., the only state with a cap-and-trade program that covers every sector in the economy is California, which has become a global leader in climate policy. Though California's emissions have decreased since the policy was implemented, this decline coincides with other factors, such as the natural gas boom and subsequent drop in natural gas prices, increases in vehicle gas mileage, and the ramping up of renewable portfolio standards. This study seeks to determine if, accounting for these other factors, the decrease in emissions can be attributed to the cap-and-trade program, and if so, how much reduction has come as a result of compliance with the program. I also study whether and how individual facilities comply with the cap. Using panel data for firm-level emissions from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and California Air Resources Board and accounting for other factors using data from a variety of U.S. government sources, I find that California's cap-and-trade program is associated with a reduction in firms' emissions. However, my results show that this decline may be at least partially attributed to leakage of emissions from California's climate policy regime to other states. Further study and more detailed data is needed to better understand the relationship between firms' emissions, the cap, and leakage.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher : ISBN 13 :9780309682923 Total Pages :210 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (829 download)
Book Synopsis Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is transforming its energy system from one dominated by fossil fuel combustion to one with net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas. This energy transition is critical to mitigating climate change, protecting human health, and revitalizing the U.S. economy. To help policymakers, businesses, communities, and the public better understand what a net-zero transition would mean for the United States, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened a committee of experts to investigate how the U.S. could best decarbonize its transportation, electricity, buildings, and industrial sectors. This report, Accelerating Decarbonization of the United States Energy System, identifies key technological and socio-economic goals that must be achieved to put the United States on the path to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The report presents a policy blueprint outlining critical near-term actions for the first decade (2021-2030) of this 30-year effort, including ways to support communities that will be most impacted by the transition.
Book Synopsis A Low-carbon Fuel Standard for California by : Alexander E. Farrell
Download or read book A Low-carbon Fuel Standard for California written by Alexander E. Farrell and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States by : National Research Council
Download or read book Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-06-10 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: America's economy and lifestyles have been shaped by the low prices and availability of energy. In the last decade, however, the prices of oil, natural gas, and coal have increased dramatically, leaving consumers and the industrial and service sectors looking for ways to reduce energy use. To achieve greater energy efficiency, we need technology, more informed consumers and producers, and investments in more energy-efficient industrial processes, businesses, residences, and transportation. As part of the America's Energy Future project, Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States examines the potential for reducing energy demand through improving efficiency by using existing technologies, technologies developed but not yet utilized widely, and prospective technologies. The book evaluates technologies based on their estimated times to initial commercial deployment, and provides an analysis of costs, barriers, and research needs. This quantitative characterization of technologies will guide policy makers toward planning the future of energy use in America. This book will also have much to offer to industry leaders, investors, environmentalists, and others looking for a practical diagnosis of energy efficiency possibilities.
Book Synopsis A Modeling Comparison of Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Scenarios by 2030 in California by :
Download or read book A Modeling Comparison of Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Scenarios by 2030 in California written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 40% below 1990 levels by 2030. We compare six energy models that have played various roles in informing the state policymakers in setting climate policy goals and targets. These models adopt a range of modeling structures, including stock-turnover back-casting models, a least-cost optimization model, macroeconomic/macro-econometric models, and an electricity dispatch model. Results from these models provide useful insights in terms of the transformations in the energy system required, including efficiency improvements in cars, trucks, and buildings, electrification of end-uses, low- or zero-carbon electricity and fuels, aggressive adoptions of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), demand reduction, and large reductions of non-energy GHG emissions. Some of these studies also suggest that the direct economic costs can be fairly modest or even generate net savings, while the indirect macroeconomic benefits are large, as shifts in employment and capital investments could have higher economic returns than conventional energy expenditures. These models, however, often assume perfect markets, perfect competition, and zero transaction costs. They also do not provide specific policy guidance on how these transformative changes can be achieved. Greater emphasis on modeling uncertainty, consumer behaviors, heterogeneity of impacts, and spatial modeling would further enhance policymakers' ability to design more effective and targeted policies. Here, this paper presents an example of how policymakers, energy system modelers and stakeholders interact and work together to develop and evaluate long-term state climate policy targets. Lastly, even though this paper focuses on California, the process of dialogue and interactions, modeling results, and lessons learned can be generally adopted across different regions and scales.
Book Synopsis Influence of Future Low-carbon Energy Scenarios on California Criteria Pollutant Emissions, Air Pollution, and Health by : Christina Bautista Zapata
Download or read book Influence of Future Low-carbon Energy Scenarios on California Criteria Pollutant Emissions, Air Pollution, and Health written by Christina Bautista Zapata and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California’s goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 80% below 1990 levels by the year 2050 will require adoption of low-carbon energy sources across all economic sectors. The CA-TIMES model is a bottom-up energy-economic cost minimization model that was designed to examine different energy scenarios paths given carbon constraints. Here I have dissected two CA-TIMES scenarios, a business-as-usual (BAU) and a GHG-constrained (GHG-Step) scenario, to enhance understanding of how transforming energy can lead to changes in (Part I) short-lived criteria pollutant emissions and impact (Part II) air pollution, public health, and costs associated with premature mortality. In Part (I) the California REgional Multisector AiR QUality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model was developed to estimate criteria pollutant emissions inventories for each CA-TIMES energy scenario. Separate algorithms were developed to estimate criteria pollutant and precursor emissions for all energy sectors. This required the incorporation of literature-based emission profiles of particulate chemical composition and size distribution and gas speciation, and emission rates. Spatially-resolved energy projections were reviewed and gathered for many future and advanced electrification, biofuels, and hydrogen technologies. CA-REMARQUE results indicate an overall decrease in emissions across all sectors given a GHG-Step scenario, but also unexpected increases across in some specific energy sectors. Avoidance of fossil fuel consumption and use of alternative fuels, primarily in the GHG-Step scenario, also modify the composition of reactive organic gas emissions and the size and composition of particulate matter emissions. In Part (II) the UCD/CIT Airshed Lagrangian model was run to simulate annual-average air pollution changes of PM2.5 and O3 concentrations. Simulations were conducted for three modelling domains over California: a 576 km2 cell resolution over California, 16 km2 cell resolution over Central Valley, and 16 km2 cell resolution over Southern California. Simulated annual-average PM2.5 and O3 exposure were used to estimate mortality (total deaths per year) and mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) using established exposure-response relationships from air pollution epidemiology. Predicted deaths associated with air pollution in 2050 dropped by 24%–26% in California (1,537–2,758 avoided deaths yr−1) in the 2050 GHG-Step scenario, equivalent to a 54%–56% reduction in the air pollution mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) relative to 2010 levels. These avoided deaths have an estimated value of $11.4B–$20.4B USD per year. Best estimates suggest that meeting an intermediate target (40% reduction in GHG emissions by the year 2030) using a non-optimized scenario would reduce personal income by $4.95B yr−1 (-0.15%) and lower overall state GDP by $16.1B yr−1 (-0.45%). The public health benefits described here are comparable to these cost estimates, making a compelling argument for the adoption of low-carbon energy in California beyond costs associated more directly with climate change.
Book Synopsis A Low-carbon Fuel Standard for California by : Alexander E. Farrell
Download or read book A Low-carbon Fuel Standard for California written by Alexander E. Farrell and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
