Logical Foundations Of Induction

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Logical Foundations of Induction

Author : Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781496034472
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis Logical Foundations of Induction by : Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr

Download or read book Logical Foundations of Induction written by Muhammad Baqir As-Sadr and published by . This book was released on 2014-02-24 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is one of the many Islamic publications distributed by Ahlulbayt Organization throughout the world in different languages with the aim of conveying the message of Islam to the people of the world.You may read this book carefully and should you be interested to have further study on such publications you can contact us through www.shia.es Naturally, if we find you to be a keen and energetic reader we shall give you a deserving response in sending you some other publications of this Organization.

Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence

Author : Michael R. Genesereth
Publisher : Morgan Kaufmann
ISBN 13 : 0128015543
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence by : Michael R. Genesereth

Download or read book Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence written by Michael R. Genesereth and published by Morgan Kaufmann. This book was released on 2012-07-05 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intended both as a text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, and as a key reference work for AI researchers and developers, Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence is a lucid, rigorous, and comprehensive account of the fundamentals of artificial intelligence from the standpoint of logic. The first section of the book introduces the logicist approach to AI--discussing the representation of declarative knowledge and featuring an introduction to the process of conceptualization, the syntax and semantics of predicate calculus, and the basics of other declarative representations such as frames and semantic nets. This section also provides a simple but powerful inference procedure, resolution, and shows how it can be used in a reasoning system. The next several chapters discuss nonmonotonic reasoning, induction, and reasoning under uncertainty, broadening the logical approach to deal with the inadequacies of strict logical deduction. The third section introduces modal operators that facilitate representing and reasoning about knowledge. This section also develops the process of writing predicate calculus sentences to the metalevel--to permit sentences about sentences and about reasoning processes. The final three chapters discuss the representation of knowledge about states and actions, planning, and intelligent system architecture. End-of-chapter bibliographic and historical comments provide background and point to other works of interest and research. Each chapter also contains numerous student exercises (with solutions provided in an appendix) to reinforce concepts and challenge the learner. A bibliography and index complete this comprehensive work.

Logical Foundations of Probability

Author : Rudolf Carnap
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 636 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Logical Foundations of Probability by : Rudolf Carnap

Download or read book Logical Foundations of Probability written by Rudolf Carnap and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Logical Foundations of Mathematics

Author : William S. Hatcher
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1483189635
Total Pages : 331 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (831 download)

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Book Synopsis The Logical Foundations of Mathematics by : William S. Hatcher

Download or read book The Logical Foundations of Mathematics written by William S. Hatcher and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-05-09 with total page 331 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Logical Foundations of Mathematics offers a study of the foundations of mathematics, stressing comparisons between and critical analyses of the major non-constructive foundational systems. The position of constructivism within the spectrum of foundational philosophies is discussed, along with the exact relationship between topos theory and set theory. Comprised of eight chapters, this book begins with an introduction to first-order logic. In particular, two complete systems of axioms and rules for the first-order predicate calculus are given, one for efficiency in proving metatheorems, and the other, in a "natural deduction" style, for presenting detailed formal proofs. A somewhat novel feature of this framework is a full semantic and syntactic treatment of variable-binding term operators as primitive symbols of logic. Subsequent chapters focus on the origin of modern foundational studies; Gottlob Frege's formal system intended to serve as a foundation for mathematics and its paradoxes; the theory of types; and the Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. David Hilbert's program and Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorems are also examined, along with the foundational systems of W. V. Quine and the relevance of categorical algebra for foundations. This monograph will be of interest to students, teachers, practitioners, and researchers in mathematics.

Logical Foundations of Proof Complexity

Author : Stephen Cook
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781107694118
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (941 download)

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Book Synopsis Logical Foundations of Proof Complexity by : Stephen Cook

Download or read book Logical Foundations of Proof Complexity written by Stephen Cook and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-03-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book treats bounded arithmetic and propositional proof complexity from the point of view of computational complexity. The first seven chapters include the necessary logical background for the material and are suitable for a graduate course. Associated with each of many complexity classes are both a two-sorted predicate calculus theory, with induction restricted to concepts in the class, and a propositional proof system. The result is a uniform treatment of many systems in the literature, including Buss's theories for the polynomial hierarchy and many disparate systems for complexity classes such as AC0, AC0(m), TC0, NC1, L, NL, NC, and P.

The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy

Author : Khaled El-Rouayheb
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199917388
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (999 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy by : Khaled El-Rouayheb

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy written by Khaled El-Rouayheb and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of Islamic philosophy has entered a new and exciting phase in the last few years. Both the received canon of Islamic philosophers and the narrative of the course of Islamic philosophy are in the process of being radically questioned and revised. Most twentieth-century Western scholarship on Arabic or Islamic philosophy has focused on the period from the ninth century to the twelfth. It is a measure of the transformation that is currently underway in the field that, unlike other reference works, the Oxford Handbook has striven to give roughly equal weight to every century, from the ninth to the twentieth. The Handbook is also unique in that its 30 chapters are work-centered rather than person- or theme-centered, in particular taking advantage of recent new editions and translations that have renewed interest and debate around the Islamic philosophical canon. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy gives both the advanced student and active scholar in Islamic philosophy, theology, and intellectual history, a strong sense of what a work in Islamic philosophy looks like and a deep view of the issues, concepts, and arguments that are at stake. Most importantly, it provides an up-to-date portrait of contemporary scholarship on Islamic philosophy.

Argument and Inference

Author : Gregory Johnson
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262337770
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Argument and Inference by : Gregory Johnson

Download or read book Argument and Inference written by Gregory Johnson and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-01-06 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thorough and practical introduction to inductive logic with a focus on arguments and the rules used for making inductive inferences. This textbook offers a thorough and practical introduction to inductive logic. The book covers a range of different types of inferences with an emphasis throughout on representing them as arguments. This allows the reader to see that, although the rules and guidelines for making each type of inference differ, the purpose is always to generate a probable conclusion. After explaining the basic features of an argument and the different standards for evaluating arguments, the book covers inferences that do not require precise probabilities or the probability calculus: the induction by confirmation, inference to the best explanation, and Mill's methods. The second half of the book presents arguments that do require the probability calculus, first explaining the rules of probability, and then the proportional syllogism, inductive generalization, and Bayes' rule. Each chapter ends with practice problems and their solutions. Appendixes offer additional material on deductive logic, odds, expected value, and (very briefly) the foundations of probability. Argument and Inference can be used in critical thinking courses. It provides these courses with a coherent theme while covering the type of reasoning that is most often used in day-to-day life and in the natural, social, and medical sciences. Argument and Inference is also suitable for inductive logic and informal logic courses, as well as philosophy of sciences courses that need an introductory text on scientific and inductive methods.

An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic

Author : Ian Hacking
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521775014
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic by : Ian Hacking

Download or read book An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic written by Ian Hacking and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2001-07-02 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An introductory 2001 textbook on probability and induction written by a foremost philosopher of science.

Logical Foundations for Rule-Based Systems

Author : Antoni Ligeza
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540324461
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Logical Foundations for Rule-Based Systems by : Antoni Ligeza

Download or read book Logical Foundations for Rule-Based Systems written by Antoni Ligeza and published by Springer. This book was released on 2006-01-25 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thinking in terms of facts and rules is perhaps one of the most common ways of approaching problem de?nition and problem solving both in everyday life and under more formal circumstances. The best known set of rules, the Ten Commandments have been accompanying us since the times of Moses; the Decalogue proved to be simple but powerful, concise and universal. It is logically consistent and complete. There are also many other attempts to impose rule-based regulations in almost all areas of life, including professional work, education, medical services, taxes, etc. Some most typical examples may include various codes (e.g. legal or tra?c code), regulations (especially military ones), and many systems of customary or informal rules. The universal nature of rule-based formulation of behavior or inference principles follows from the concept of rules being a simple and intuitive yet powerful concept of very high expressive power. Moreover, rules as such encode in fact functional aspects of behavior and can be used for modeling numerous phenomena.

A Logical Introduction to Probability and Induction

Author : Franz Huber
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0190845392
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis A Logical Introduction to Probability and Induction by : Franz Huber

Download or read book A Logical Introduction to Probability and Induction written by Franz Huber and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Logical Introduction to Probability and Induction is a textbook on the mathematics of the probability calculus and its applications in philosophy. On the mathematical side, the textbook introduces these parts of logic and set theory that are needed for a precise formulation of the probability calculus. On the philosophical side, the main focus is on the problem of induction and its reception in epistemology and the philosophy of science. Particular emphasis is placed on the means-end approach to the justification of inductive inference rules. In addition, the book discusses the major interpretations of probability. These are philosophical accounts of the nature of probability that interpret the mathematical structure of the probability calculus. Besides the classical and logical interpretation, they include the interpretation of probability as chance, degree of belief, and relative frequency. The Bayesian interpretation of probability as degree of belief locates probability in a subject's mind. It raises the question why her degrees of belief ought to obey the probability calculus. In contrast to this, chance and relative frequency belong to the external world. While chance is postulated by theory, relative frequencies can be observed empirically. A Logical Introduction to Probability and Induction aims to equip students with the ability to successfully carry out arguments. It begins with elementary deductive logic and uses it as basis for the material on probability and induction. Throughout the textbook results are carefully proved using the inference rules introduced at the beginning, and students are asked to solve problems in the form of 50 exercises. An instructor's manual contains the solutions to these exercises as well as suggested exam questions. The book does not presuppose any background in mathematics, although sections 10.3-10.9 on statistics are technically sophisticated and optional. The textbook is suitable for lower level undergraduate courses in philosophy and logic.

Homotopy Type Theory: Univalent Foundations of Mathematics

Author :
Publisher : Univalent Foundations
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Homotopy Type Theory: Univalent Foundations of Mathematics by :

Download or read book Homotopy Type Theory: Univalent Foundations of Mathematics written by and published by Univalent Foundations. This book was released on with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Logic Part Iii the Logical Foundations of Science

Author :
Publisher : CUP Archive
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Logic Part Iii the Logical Foundations of Science by :

Download or read book Logic Part Iii the Logical Foundations of Science written by and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Abduction and Induction

Author : P.A. Flach
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401706069
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Abduction and Induction by : P.A. Flach

Download or read book Abduction and Induction written by P.A. Flach and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-18 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the very beginning of their investigation of human reasoning, philosophers have identified two other forms of reasoning, besides deduction, which we now call abduction and induction. Deduction is now fairly well understood, but abduction and induction have eluded a similar level of understanding. The papers collected here address the relationship between abduction and induction and their possible integration. The approach is sometimes philosophical, sometimes that of pure logic, and some papers adopt the more task-oriented approach of AI. The book will command the attention of philosophers, logicians, AI researchers and computer scientists in general.

Logical Foundations for Rule-Based Systems

Author : Antoni Ligeza
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540291172
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Logical Foundations for Rule-Based Systems by : Antoni Ligeza

Download or read book Logical Foundations for Rule-Based Systems written by Antoni Ligeza and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-01-10 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents logical foundations for rule-based systems. An attempt has been made to provide an in-depth discussion of logical and other aspects of such systems, including languages for knowledge representation, inference mechanisms, inference control, design and verification. The ultimate goal was to provide a deeper theoretical insight into the nature of rule-based systems and put together the most complete presentation including details so frequently skipped in typical textbooks. The book may be useful to potentially wide audience, but it is aimed at providing specific knowledge for graduate, post-graduate and Ph.D. students, as well as knowledge engineers and research workers involved in the domain of AI. It also constitutes a summary of the Author’s research and experience gathered through several years of his research work.

Hume's Problem

Author : Colin Howson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198250371
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (982 download)

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Book Synopsis Hume's Problem by : Colin Howson

Download or read book Hume's Problem written by Colin Howson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a solution to one of the central, unsolved problems of Western philosophy, that of induction. It explores the implications of Hume's argument that successful prediction tells us nothing about the truth of the predicting theory.

Knowledge in Action

Author : Raymond Reiter
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262264310
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (643 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge in Action by : Raymond Reiter

Download or read book Knowledge in Action written by Raymond Reiter and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001-07-27 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Specifying and implementing dynamical systems with the situation calculus. Modeling and implementing dynamical systems is a central problem in artificial intelligence, robotics, software agents, simulation, decision and control theory, and many other disciplines. In recent years, a new approach to representing such systems, grounded in mathematical logic, has been developed within the AI knowledge-representation community. This book presents a comprehensive treatment of these ideas, basing its theoretical and implementation foundations on the situation calculus, a dialect of first-order logic. Within this framework, it develops many features of dynamical systems modeling, including time, processes, concurrency, exogenous events, reactivity, sensing and knowledge, probabilistic uncertainty, and decision theory. It also describes and implements a new family of high-level programming languages suitable for writing control programs for dynamical systems. Finally, it includes situation calculus specifications for a wide range of examples drawn from cognitive robotics, planning, simulation, databases, and decision theory, together with all the implementation code for these examples. This code is available on the book's Web site.

Logic for Philosophy

Author : Theodore Sider
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192658816
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Logic for Philosophy by : Theodore Sider

Download or read book Logic for Philosophy written by Theodore Sider and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-01-07 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Logic for Philosophy is an introduction to logic for students of contemporary philosophy. It is suitable both for advanced undergraduates and for beginning graduate students in philosophy. It covers (i) basic approaches to logic, including proof theory and especially model theory, (ii) extensions of standard logic that are important in philosophy, and (iii) some elementary philosophy of logic. It emphasizes breadth rather than depth. For example, it discusses modal logic and counterfactuals, but does not prove the central metalogical results for predicate logic (completeness, undecidability, etc.) Its goal is to introduce students to the logic they need to know in order to read contemporary philosophical work. It is very user-friendly for students without an extensive background in mathematics. In short, this book gives you the understanding of logic that you need to do philosophy.