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Lithium Containing Scintillators For Thermal Neutron Fast Neutron And Gamma Detection
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Book Synopsis Lithium-containing Scintillators for Thermal Neutron, Fast Neutron, and Gamma Detection by :
Download or read book Lithium-containing Scintillators for Thermal Neutron, Fast Neutron, and Gamma Detection written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In one embodiment, a scintillator includes a scintillator material; a primary fluor, and a Li-containing compound, where the Li-containing compound is soluble in the primary fluor, and where the scintillator exhibits an optical response signature for thermal neutrons that is different than an optical response signature for fast neutrons and gamma rays.
Book Synopsis Plastic Scintillators by : Matthieu Hamel
Download or read book Plastic Scintillators written by Matthieu Hamel and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-07-10 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the physics and chemistry of plastic scintillators (fluorescent polymers) that are able to emit light when exposed to ionizing radiation, discussing their chemical modification in the early 1950s and 1960s, as well as the renewed upsurge in interest in the 21st century. The book presents contributions from various researchers on broad aspects of plastic scintillators, from physics, chemistry, materials science and applications, covering topics such as the chemical nature of the polymer and/or the fluorophores, modification of the photophysical properties (decay time, emission wavelength) and loading of additives to make the material more sensitive to, e.g., fast neutrons, thermal neutrons or gamma rays. It also describes the benefits of recent technological advances for plastic scintillators, such as nanomaterials and quantum dots, which allow features that were previously not achievable with regular organic molecules or organometallics.
Book Synopsis Neutron Scintillation Detectors Based on Polymers Containing Lithium-6 for Radiation Portal Monitor Applications by : Andrew Neil Mabe
Download or read book Neutron Scintillation Detectors Based on Polymers Containing Lithium-6 for Radiation Portal Monitor Applications written by Andrew Neil Mabe and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The work presented herein describes an investigation of four main types of thin film polymer scintillators containing 6Li [lithium-6] for neutron detection: polystyrene containing 6LiF [lithium-6 fluoride] and a preblended fluor mixture comprising 2,5-diphenyloxazole and 1,4-bis(5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene; poly(styrene-co-lithium maleate) containing salicylic acid; poly[styrene-co-lithium maleate-co-2-phenyl-5-(4-vinylphenyl)oxazole]; and poly(styrene-co-lithium 4-vinylbenzoate). A variety of chemical and physical characterizations as well as optical and scintillation characterizations were performed to guide the development of optimized compositions of each type of polymer film. The scintillation performances of optimized compositions of each type of polymer film were calibrated using GS20 lithium glass and evaluated against neutron detection and neutron/gamma-ray discrimination criteria established for radiation portal monitors. Thin films were fabricated 2 inches in diameter over a variety of thicknesses using solution-casting methods. Investigation of polystyrene-based films by photoluminescence and scintillation indicated that the optimum concentration of fluor was 5.00%. Optimum neutron/gamma-ray discrimination was achieved for 50 micrometer thick films containing 10% 6LiF [lithium-6 fluoride]. Two transparent lithium-containing polymers were successfully synthesized: poly(styrene-co-lithium maleate) containing salicylic acid and poly[styrene-co-lithium maleate-co-2-phenyl-5-(4-vinylphenyl)oxazole]. To the author's knowledge, the latter polymer represents the first polymer comprising the matrix, the thermal neutron capture nuclide 6Li [lithium-6], and the fluor that has been synthesized for the purpose of thermal neutron detection. The polymer poly(styrene-co-lithium 4-vinylbenzoate) could not be solvated and decomposed below its melting temperature and was thus considered not useful for this application. The polystyrene-based materials had the greatest light yields whereas the poly[styrene-co-lithium maleate-co-2-phenyl-5-(4-vinylphenyl)oxazole] material had the best neutron/gamma-ray discrimination properties. All three classes of materials can be used to satisfy the detection criteria in the current radiation portal monitor footprint by implementing a multilayer format.
Book Synopsis Lithium Iodide Neutron Detector by : A. W. Schardt
Download or read book Lithium Iodide Neutron Detector written by A. W. Schardt and published by . This book was released on 1953 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting by : J. B. Birks
Download or read book The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting written by J. B. Birks and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Theory and Practice of Scintillation Counting is a comprehensive account of the theory and practice of scintillation counting. This text covers the study of the scintillation process, which is concerned with the interactions of radiation and matter; the design of the scintillation counter; and the wide range of applications of scintillation counters in pure and applied science. The book is easy to read despite the complex nature of the subject it attempts to discuss. It is organized such that the first five chapters illustrate the fundamental concepts of scintillation counting. Chapters 6 to 10 detail the properties and applications of organic scintillators, while the next four chapters discuss inorganic scintillators. The last two chapters provide a review of some outstanding problems and a postscript. Nuclear physicists, radiation technologists, and postgraduate students of nuclear physics will find the book a good reference material.
Book Synopsis Liquid Scintillator Radiation Rate Meters for the Measurement of Gamma and Fast Neutron Rates in Mixed Radiation Fields by : D. L. Williams
Download or read book Liquid Scintillator Radiation Rate Meters for the Measurement of Gamma and Fast Neutron Rates in Mixed Radiation Fields written by D. L. Williams and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Novel [gamma]-ray and Thermal-neutron Scintillators by : Muhammad Danang Birowosuto
Download or read book Novel [gamma]-ray and Thermal-neutron Scintillators written by Muhammad Danang Birowosuto and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, bromide and iodide scintillators, which have been investigated for the past four years, are presented. Three major groups of compounds were studied; lanthanide trihalides LnX3, (pseudo)-elpasolites M2ALnX6 and ternary halides AmLnnXo. Where M and A are alkali cations, Ln is a rare earth cation and X is a halide anion. Some materials show interesting -scintillation properties. LuI3: Ce3+, one of lanthanide trihalides, has a record high light output of 98,000 photons/MeV and a fast response of 35 ns. Two other groups, (pseudo)-elpasolites and ternary halides, show relatively low light yields. For thermal neutron scintillator, the focus was on (pseudo)-elpasolites M2LiLnX6 and ternary halides LimLnnXo groups. Rb2LiYBr6: Ce3+ shows an excellent neutron peak resolution of 3.6 %. This is the best neutron peak resolution ever reported. Together with the large / ratio of 0.74, Rb2LiYBr6: Ce3+ offers the possibility of excellent neutron/ discrimination. The highest thermal neutron scintillation light yield of 83,000 photons/neutron is also reported for Rb2LiYBr6: Ce3+. The analysis for all halide scintillators is also presented. Limitation in their light yields and response times is discussed.
Book Synopsis Polyvinyl Toluene and Lithium Glass Composites for Neutron Detection by : Albert Foster
Download or read book Polyvinyl Toluene and Lithium Glass Composites for Neutron Detection written by Albert Foster and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neutron detectors are required for effective detection of special nuclear materials (SNM). In the past, gaseous neutron detectors, such as He-3, were utilized as the primary means of SNM detection. The expansive deployment of the detectors for Radiation Portal Monitors (RPM) has put a strain on the He-3 stockpile. Since the start of the He-3 shortage, there has been a renewed effort by researchers to identify or fabricate novel alternates to combat this pressing issue. Composite detectors offer a promising avenue to address this crisis and have the potential for added functionalization to detect a wide range of radiation types and energies.In this dissertation, two types of composite detectors are fabricated using polyvinyl toluene as the matrix and Li-glass fillers in the form of rods and shards. Both materials are scintillators, which means light is emitted after radiation interactions. The polymer has a shorter decay time and sensitivity to gammas and fast neutrons, while the glass has a longer decay time and is sensitive to thermal neutrons. The coupling of the different decay times allow for discrimination between gammas, thermal neutrons, and fast neutrons which is necessary for neutron detection. Additionally, the hydrogenous polymer matrix thermalizes the incident neutrons to realize a wider range of neutron energy. When two materials are coupled in a single detector, challenges arise due to the dissimilar material properties. The mismatched optical properties result in increased light scattering as the scintillated light propagates through the composite. This lowers the optical transmission of the composite, which could be detrimental to detection efficiency. Three main objectives are considered to address the realization of composite detectors and the effect of light scattering due to added material interfaces. First, a fabrication process is developed for the rods and shards-based composite designs. The composites are then characterized using optical and nuclear techniques. The effect of interfacial surface area on detector performance is quantified experimentally, along with the role that glass volume content plays on light output of the detectors. Second, the role of dopants on the matrix properties is examined using thermal, mechanical and optical characterization techniques. The higher the dopant concentration, the more sensitive the polymer is to fast neutrons. The fabricated detectors in the first objectives only have sensitivities to thermal neutrons and gammas. This highly doped polymer is then used as the matrix to realize triple-pulse-shape discrimination capable composites. Third, an optical light simulation software is utilized to better understand the effect of interfacial surface area of light on light transport. The transmission is modeled for composites with varying glass contents, sizes, shapes, and composite thicknesses.In this study, all three objectives were addressed and studied to achieve a better understanding of using polyvinyl toluene and Li-glass composites for neutron detection. A facile and scalable fabrication method for rods and shards detector was developed. Additionally composites with high interfacial surface area were found to detrimentally affect both the light transmission and the figure of merit of the composite. These results informed the design of the triple-pulse-shape discrimination capable composite detector. The dopants used to realize fast neutron sensitivity in the polymer matrix were found to act as plasticizers, creating a mechanical soft material at 25C. Crosslinking molecules were added to mitigate the plasticizer effect, and storage modulus of matrix with the same dopant concentration increased by an order of magnitude. Therefore a more structurally sound polymer was synthesized without a decrease in detection performance. Finally, the optical light transport model was successfully validated which allowed for accurate simulation of transmission through the composite. The goal of the model was to better understand the relationship of the glass filler parameters, such as interfacial surface area, glass content, and detector thickness, with the propagation of optical light. The model could eventually be used for predicting the transmission through a theoretical composite without the need of a physical sample. It could also be used to guide the experimental fabrication of the composite to maximize nuclear and optical performance. Findings from the model confirmed that interfacial surface area and glass content had an inverse relationship on the composites light transmission in a roughly linear trend. The thickness of the composite also had an inverse relationship, and followed an exponential decay.The important findings of this work to the neutron detection community are wide ranging. First we have identified that filler size and shape have a measureable effect on the gamma rejection and light transmission, which informs future composite detector design. Second, the PSD capable crosslinked PVT resin offers an avenue for the fabrication of a scalable triple PSD composite detector. Third, the ability to model light transport through a composite provides researchers with a tool to simulate optical light transmission without fabricating a physical detector. The model can accurately simulate the light transmission through a composite detector for a wide range of detection parameter such as filler size, shape, content, and composite thickness. Additionally this model can be used in conjunction with nuclear simulations to quantify effect of filler parameters on detection performance.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Particle Detection and Imaging by : Claus Grupen
Download or read book Handbook of Particle Detection and Imaging written by Claus Grupen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-08 with total page 1251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The handbook centers on detection techniques in the field of particle physics, medical imaging and related subjects. It is structured into three parts. The first one is dealing with basic ideas of particle detectors, followed by applications of these devices in high energy physics and other fields. In the last part the large field of medical imaging using similar detection techniques is described. The different chapters of the book are written by world experts in their field. Clear instructions on the detection techniques and principles in terms of relevant operation parameters for scientists and graduate students are given.Detailed tables and diagrams will make this a very useful handbook for the application of these techniques in many different fields like physics, medicine, biology and other areas of natural science.
Book Synopsis Elements of Slow-Neutron Scattering by : J. M. Carpenter
Download or read book Elements of Slow-Neutron Scattering written by J. M. Carpenter and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-09-24 with total page 539 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to the fundamental theory and applications of slow-neutron scattering.
Download or read book RbGd2Br-- written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper, we report on gamma ray and thermal neutron detection with RbGd2Br7:Ce scintillators. RbGd2Br7:Ce (RGB) is a new scintillator material, which shows high light output (56,000 photons/MeV) and has a fast principal decay constant (45 ns) when doped with 10 percent Ce. These properties make RGB an attractive scintillator for g-ray detection. Also, due to the presence of Gd as a constituent, RGB has a high cross section for thermal neutron absorption and can achieve close to 100 percent stopping efficiency with 0.5 mm thick RGB crystals. Crystals of RGB with three different Ce concentrations (0.1, 5, and 10 percent) have been grown and their basic scintillation properties such as light output, decay time, and emission spectrum have been measured. In addition, high efficiency thermal neutron detection has been confirmed in our studies.
Book Synopsis Radiation Detection for Nuclear Physics by : David Gareth Jenkins
Download or read book Radiation Detection for Nuclear Physics written by David Gareth Jenkins and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Radiation detection is key to experimental nuclear physics as well as underpinning a wide range of applications in nuclear decommissioning, homeland security and medical imaging. This book presents the state-of-the-art in radiation detection of light and heavy ions, beta particles, gamma rays and neutrons. The underpinning physics of different detector technologies is presented, and their performance is compared and contrasted. Detector technology likely to be encountered in contemporary international laboratories is also emphasized. There is a strong focus on experimental design and mapping detector technology to the needs of a particular measurement problem. This book will be invaluable to PhD students in experimental nuclear physics and nuclear technology, as well as undergraduate students encountering projects based on radiation detection for the first time. Part of IOP Series in Nuclear Spectroscopy and Nuclear Structure." -- Prové de l'editor.
Book Synopsis Remote Compositional Analysis by : Janice L. Bishop
Download or read book Remote Compositional Analysis written by Janice L. Bishop and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-11-28 with total page 655 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprehensive overview of the spectroscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical techniques used in planetary remote sensing.
Book Synopsis Neutron Generators for Analytical Purposes by : International Atomic Energy Agency
Download or read book Neutron Generators for Analytical Purposes written by International Atomic Energy Agency and published by IAEA Radiation Technology Repo. This book was released on 2012 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication addresses recent developments in neutron generator (NG) technology. It presents information on compact instruments with high neutron yield to be used for neutron activation analysis (NAA) and prompt gamma neutron activation analysis in combination with high count rate spectrometers. Traditional NGs have been shown to be effective for applications including borehole logging, homeland security, nuclear medicine and the on-line analysis of aluminium, coal and cement. Pulsed fast thermal neutron analysis, as well as tagged and timed neutron analysis, are additional techniques which can be applied using NG. Furthermore, NG can effectively be used for elemental analysis and is also effective for analysis of hidden materials by neutron radiography. Useful guidelines for developing NG based research laboratories are also provided in this publication.
Book Synopsis Gamma-Free Neutron Detector Based Upon Lithium Phosphate Nanoparticles by :
Download or read book Gamma-Free Neutron Detector Based Upon Lithium Phosphate Nanoparticles written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A gamma-free neutron-sensitive scintillator is needed to enhance radiaition sensing and detection for nonproliferation applications. Such a scintillator would allow very large detectors to be placed at the perimeter of spent-fuel storage facilities at commercial nuclear power plants, so that any movement of spontaneously emitted neutrons from spent nuclear fuel or weapons grade plutonium would be noted in real-time. This task is to demonstrate that the technology for manufacturing large panels of fluor-doped plastic containing lithium-6 phosphate nanoparticles can be achieved. In order to detect neutrons, the nanoparticles must be sufficiently small so that the plastic remains transparent. In this way, the triton and alpha particles generated by the capture of the neutron will result in a photon burst that can be coupled to a wavelength shifting fiber (WLS) producing an optical signal of about ten nanoseconds duration signaling the presence of a neutron emitting source.
Book Synopsis High-efficiency Scintillation Detector for Combined of Thermal and Fast Neutrons and Gamma Radiation by :
Download or read book High-efficiency Scintillation Detector for Combined of Thermal and Fast Neutrons and Gamma Radiation written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A scintillation based radiation detector for the combined detection of thermal neutrons, high-energy neutrons and gamma rays in a single detecting unit. The detector consists of a pair of scintillators sandwiched together and optically coupled to the light sensitive face of a photomultiplier tube. A light tight radiation pervious housing is disposed about the scintillators and a portion of the photomultiplier tube to hold the arrangement in assembly and provides a radiation window adjacent the outer scintillator through which the radiation to be detected enters the detector. The outer scintillator is formed of a material in which scintillations are produced by thermal-neutrons and the inner scintillator is formed of a material in which scintillations are produced by high-energy neutrons and gamma rays. The light pulses produced by events detected in both scintillators are coupled to the photomultiplier tube which produces a current pulse in response to each detected event. These current pulses may be processed in a conventional manner to produce a count rate output indicative of the total detected radiation even count rate. Pulse discrimination techniques may be used to distinguish the different radiations and their energy distribution.
Book Synopsis The Development of Lithium Tetraborate Compounds for Thermal Neutron Detection by : John David Auxier (II)
Download or read book The Development of Lithium Tetraborate Compounds for Thermal Neutron Detection written by John David Auxier (II) and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the shortage of 3He [helium-3], the goal of this project was to develop replacement materials for slow neutron detection in mixed radiation fields. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) indicated that replacement materials should have an absolute neutron efficiency of 2.5 cps/ng of 252Cf (Californium-252) and a neutron/gamma discrimination intrinsic efficiency of 1 x 10−6 [one gamma-ray response in a million counts]. In this work, the use of amorphous lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7:Ce) is analyzed as a thermal neutron detector. Also discussed is the synthesis of the lithium tetraborate, using 6Li [lithium-6], to form a crystalline powder that is heated simultaneously with cerium oxide (CeO2) and excess boric acid to produce an optically clear glass. In this study, the structure of glass was probed, the abnormal reduction of Ce4+ [tetravalent cerium] to Ce3+ [trivalent cerium] observed in the fluorescence peak at 360 nm, and irradiation studies with alpha particles, beta particles, gamma-rays, and neutrons were performed. The resulting material was shown to have a light yield of 550 photons/neutron, which is 8% the light output of GS-20, a lithiated glass.
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