Enciclopedia de Lingüística Hispánica

Download Enciclopedia de Lingüística Hispánica PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317498011
Total Pages : 2157 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Enciclopedia de Lingüística Hispánica by : Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach

Download or read book Enciclopedia de Lingüística Hispánica written by Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-01-29 with total page 2157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Enciclopedia de Linguistica Hispánica provides comprehensive coverage of the major and subsidiary fields of Spanish linguistics. Entries are extensively cross-referenced and arranged alphabetically within three main sections: Part 1 covers linguistic disciplines, approaches and methodologies. Part 2 brings together the grammar of Spanish, including subsections on phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Part 3 brings together the historical, social and geographical factors in the evolution of Spanish. Drawing on the expertise of a wide range of contributors from across the Spanish-speaking world the Enciclopedia de Linguistica Hispánica is an indispensable reference for undergraduate and postgraduate students of Spanish, and for anyone with an academic or professional interest in the Spanish language/Spanish linguistics.

History of Universities

Download History of Universities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 019156964X
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of Universities by : Mordechai Feingold

Download or read book History of Universities written by Mordechai Feingold and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2008-12-18 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume XXII/2 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.

History of Universities

Download History of Universities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 019153725X
Total Pages : 244 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of Universities by : Oxford

Download or read book History of Universities written by Oxford and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2005-10-20 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume XX/2 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.

Lingüística cognitiva y español LE/L2

Download Lingüística cognitiva y español LE/L2 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317224221
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lingüística cognitiva y español LE/L2 by : Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano

Download or read book Lingüística cognitiva y español LE/L2 written by Iraide Ibarretxe-Antuñano and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-02 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lingüística cognitiva y español LE/L2 constituye una valiosa aportación al estudio de la adquisición y la enseñanza del español LE/L2 desde la perspectiva teórica de la lingüística cognitiva. Se trata de la primera obra escrita en español en la que se ofrece una introducción a la lingüística cognitiva y su aplicación didáctica a la enseñanza del español LE/L2 desde una óptica internacional. Combina una orientación teórico-práctica que incluye diferentes estudios empíricos con pautas para ayudar a los profesores de español a integrar la lingüística cognitiva en la enseñanza de la lengua. Características principales: Una estructura homogénea y facilitadora de la lectura de los distintos capítulos que sirve para integrar contenidos lingüísticos y gramaticales desde un punto de vista cognitivo; Cuestiones clave en la enseñanza del español LE/L2 desde la óptica de la lingüística cognitiva: aspectos controvertidos de gramática, el desarrollo de la competencia metafórica, el aprendizaje del léxico, la influencia de la lengua materna, el foco en la forma, el uso de la traducción pedagógica; Pautas y sugerencias para aplicar la lingüística cognitiva en la enseñanza de la lengua, así como futuras vías de investigación; Una selección de imágenes, gráficos e ilustraciones para facilitar la comprensión de los temas y conceptos que se abordan en el volumen; Un glosario bilingüe (español e inglés) de términos clave para que cualquier lector pueda familiarizarse con los conceptos fundamentales de la lingüística cognitiva. Escrito en español, de manera clara y accesible, y con abundantes ejemplos, Lingüística cognitiva y español LE/L2 es una obra de referencia para docentes de español como LE/L2, estudiantes graduados y formadores de profesores, así como para cualquier persona que desee adquirir una perspectiva actual sobre las principales aportaciones teóricas y prácticas de la lingüística cognitiva a la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de segundas lenguas.

The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Language Teaching

Download The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Language Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317294181
Total Pages : 866 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (172 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Language Teaching by : Javier Muñoz-Basols

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Language Teaching written by Javier Muñoz-Basols and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-17 with total page 866 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Language Teaching: metodologías, contextos y recursos para la enseñanza del español L2, provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art account of the main methodologies, contexts and resources in Spanish Language Teaching (SLT), a field that has experienced significant growth world-wide in recent decades and has consolidated as an autonomous discipline within Applied Linguistics. Written entirely in Spanish, the volume is the first handbook on Spanish Language Teaching to connect theories on language teaching with methodological and practical aspects from an international perspective. It brings together the most recent research and offers a broad, multifaceted view of the discipline. Features include: Forty-four chapters offering an interdisciplinary overview of SLT written by over sixty renowned experts from around the world; Five broad sections that combine theoretical and practical components: Methodology; Language Skills; Formal and Grammatical Aspects; Sociocultural Aspects; and Tools and Resources; In-depth reflections on the practical aspects of Hispanic Linguistics and Spanish Language Teaching to further engage with new theoretical ideas and to understand how to tackle classroom-related matters; A consistent inner structure for each chapter with theoretical aspects, methodological guidelines, practical considerations, and valuable references for further reading; An array of teaching techniques, reflection questions, language samples, design of activities, and methodological guidelines throughout the volume. The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Language Teaching contributes to enriching the field by being an essential reference work and study material for specialists, researchers, language practitioners, and current and future educators. The book will be equally useful for people interested in curriculum design and graduate students willing to acquire a complete and up-to-date view of the field with immediate applicability to the teaching of the language.

Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography

Download Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 042952109X
Total Pages : 867 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography by : Sergi Torner

Download or read book Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography written by Sergi Torner and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 867 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lexicografía hispánica/The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography presenta una panorámica integrada de la lexicografía del español. Supone un informe del estado actual y una prospectiva de futuro de la lexicografía de esta lengua bajo las posibilidades que hoy ofrece su tratamiento informático. Principales características: Capítulos dedicados a los aspectos semánticos, sintácticos, morfológicos, fonéticos, pragmáticos y ortográficos que recogen y permiten los diccionarios Análisis de rasgos ideológicos y antropológicos y atención a las consultas de los usuarios en busca de información Revisión sobre las tecnologías y los métodos actuales para la elaboración de diccionarios Estado de la cuestión sobre la investigación lexicográfica en la actualidad Análisis detallado de diccionarios generales, especializados y bilingües Lexicografía hispánica/The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography es una obra pensada para tener una visión global de la realidad, de las posibilidades y de las necesidades actuales en un sector vital de la lingüística aplicada y el procesamiento del español. Se trata de un recurso fundamental tanto para profesores como para estudiantes de lexicografía del español y de lingüística. Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography offers an integrated perspective on the lexicography of Spanish. It presents a report on the current state and insight on the future of the lexicography of Spanish relying on the possibilities that computer processing provides. Main features: Chapters that cover the semantic, syntactic, morphological, phonetic, pragmatic and orthographic aspects that are considered in dictionaries. Analyses of ideological and anthropological traits and a focus on the queries of users when searching for information. A revision of the current technology and methods for creating dictionaries. Current state of the art research on lexicography. A detailed analysis of general, specialized and bilingual dictionaries. Lexicografía hispánica / The Routledge Handbook of Spanish Lexicography proposes a global overview of the reality, the possibilities and the needs of today in an essential branch of applied linguistics and the treatment of Spanish. This is an essential resource for instructors and students of Spanish lexicography and of linguistics.

Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española

Download Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Georgetown University Press
ISBN 13 : 1647121736
Total Pages : 1356 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (471 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española by : Juana Gil

Download or read book Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española written by Juana Gil and published by Georgetown University Press. This book was released on 2024-10-01 with total page 1356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 1 of the most up-to-date and comprehensive description of the Spanish language’s phonetic and phonological system Though there has been considerable research on Spanish phonetics and phonology, until now, there has been no in-depth and complete descriptive reference work. Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española, volumes 1 and 2, is a comprehensive reference, written in Spanish, describing the phonetics and phonology of Spanish. Edited by Juana Gil and Joaquim Llisterri, and including contributions from an international group of scholars, these books provide a comprehensive overview for understanding topics across Spanish phonetics and phonology, making clear what further research is needed. Together, these two volumes offer a survey of Spanish descriptive phonetics and phonology. Volume 1 focuses on the segmental—consonant and vowel sound—properties of phonetic units and phonic phenomena. Each topic is examined from three angles: its phonetic description, its phonological analysis, and the characterization of its variation. The phonetic description is given from the perspectives of production, acoustic analysis, and perception. The phonological analysis includes the different treatments to which a certain phenomenon has been subjected and considers the different theoretical perspectives that have been used to address it. With state-of-the-art information on all topics related to the sounds of Spanish, Fonética y fonología descriptivas de la lengua española will be a valuable resource for researchers, students, and scholars of Spanish linguistics who wish to deepen their understanding of the phonetic and phonological characteristics of all the varieties of the Spanish language.

Publicidad 360º

Download Publicidad 360º PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Ediciones Universidad San Jorge
ISBN 13 : 8494119818
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (941 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Publicidad 360º by : Alejandro Álvarez Nobell

Download or read book Publicidad 360º written by Alejandro Álvarez Nobell and published by Ediciones Universidad San Jorge. This book was released on 2014-03-14 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Esta publicación es fruto de la reflexión de, fundamentalmente, docentes del ámbito de la comunicación y de la publicidad basada en la necesidad de aunar fuerzas para ofrecer una obra de conjunto que intenta ver la publicidad como un hecho global y no solo aislado de la comunicación comercial. La presente obra profundiza en el valor de la publicidad y su importancia contemporánea, desde una perspectiva holística y con el objetivo de querer ser una publicación didáctica y de reflexión.

Guía práctica de pragmática del español

Download Guía práctica de pragmática del español PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351109219
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Guía práctica de pragmática del español by : María Elena Placencia

Download or read book Guía práctica de pragmática del español written by María Elena Placencia and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-07-16 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Guía práctica de pragmática del español es un texto introductorio en español. Ofrece introducciones accesibles a una importante variedad de teorías y conceptos imprescindibles en el campo de la pragmática del español. El libro contiene 22 capítulos divididos en seis secciones que cubren: actos de habla, formas de tratamiento, cortesía y descortesía, comunicación y persuasión, discurso digital, metodología en pragmática. Los diferentes capítulos incluyen ejemplos tomados de la comunicación cara a cara y en línea, lecturas (recomendadas y complementarias), y preguntas y actividades que toman como punto de partida diferentes variedades del español y diferentes contextos sociales, culturales y/o políticos en el mundo hispanohablante. Constituye un recurso valioso para estudiantes de pragmática y lingüística hispánica, tanto hablantes nativos como estudiantes de español avanzado.

José Celestino Mutis and Newtonianism in New Granada, 1762–1808

Download José Celestino Mutis and Newtonianism in New Granada, 1762–1808 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031287681
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis José Celestino Mutis and Newtonianism in New Granada, 1762–1808 by : Sebastián Molina-Betancur

Download or read book José Celestino Mutis and Newtonianism in New Granada, 1762–1808 written by Sebastián Molina-Betancur and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-17 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the process of circulation and adoption of Newtonianism in the Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern-day Colombia) in the eighteenth century by examining José Celestino Mutis’s lectures at the Colegio del Rosario between the 1760s and 1770s. Mostly famous for his botanical activities as director of the botanical expedition, Mutis lectured the first course of mathematics ever created in New Granada on his arrival in Bogota in 1762, in which he included several lectures on physics that encompassed multiple aspects of his interpretation of Newton’s experimental physics.

Roots of Sustainability in the Iberian Empires

Download Roots of Sustainability in the Iberian Empires PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000892093
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Roots of Sustainability in the Iberian Empires by : Koldo Trapaga Monchet

Download or read book Roots of Sustainability in the Iberian Empires written by Koldo Trapaga Monchet and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-06-05 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims to shed light on the roots of sustainability in the Iberian Peninsula that lie in the interrelations between shipbuilding and forestry from the 14th to the 19th centuries, combining various geographical scales (local, regional and national) and different timespans (short-term and long-term studies). Three main themes are discussed in depth here: firstly, the roots of current conservationism in the Iberian Peninsula; the evolution of the forest policies set in motion at the local, regional and national levels to meet the demand for wood and timber; and the long-standing impact of naval empirical forestry on the conservation and transformation of the forest landscape. Therefore, the book attempts, on the one hand, to unravel the forest policies and empirical forestry implemented in the Iberian Peninsula as the roots or origins of what we refer to nowadays as "sustainability", and to assess the contribution of imperial forestry to landscape planning and the conservation of forest resources, on the other, and, finally, to break away from the prevailing theological narrative that shipbuilding was the main agent of forest destruction in the Early Modern Iberian Peninsula, for which both quantitative and qualitative analyses will be conducted. This book could be of maximum interest to environmental and social historians and researchers, and anyone devoted to conducting research on the emergence and evolution of the concept of "sustainability" with respect to the governance and the historical transformation of woodlands around the world.

Líneas de investigación sobre universidades hispánicas

Download Líneas de investigación sobre universidades hispánicas PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Universidad de Salamanca
ISBN 13 : 8474815789
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (748 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Líneas de investigación sobre universidades hispánicas by : Luis Enrique Rodríguez San Pedro-Bézares

Download or read book Líneas de investigación sobre universidades hispánicas written by Luis Enrique Rodríguez San Pedro-Bézares and published by Universidad de Salamanca. This book was released on 2018-07-27 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Dove Va la Storia Economica?

Download Dove Va la Storia Economica? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Firenze University Press
ISBN 13 : 8864532870
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (645 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dove Va la Storia Economica? by : Francesco Ammannati

Download or read book Dove Va la Storia Economica? written by Francesco Ammannati and published by Firenze University Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Introducción a la sociolingüística hispánica

Download Introducción a la sociolingüística hispánica PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470657987
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (76 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introducción a la sociolingüística hispánica by : Manuel Diaz-Campos

Download or read book Introducción a la sociolingüística hispánica written by Manuel Diaz-Campos and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-01-28 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introducción a la Sociolingüística Hispánica es un libro de texto imprescindible para los estudiantes de pregrado que cursan sociolingüística hispánica. Cada capítulo está redactado en un lenguaje sencillo y accesible. Sobre la base de un enfoque pedagógico, cada capítulo incluye una introducción, una lista de los temas a ser discutidos, el desarrollo de tales temas, un resumen, una lista de términos claves, un glosario de la terminología clave, una sección de ejercicios y preguntas de comprensión al final de cada sección temática de cada capítulo. Provee una introducción actualizada sobre los temas más relevantes de la versátil sociolingüística española contemporánea tales como la variación fonológica, el bilingüismo, la lengua y las leyes, las actitudes lingüísticas, entre otros Incluye una variedad de actividades para apoyar y extender el aprendizaje de los estudiantes Ofrece un enfoque pedagógico único que incluye ejercicios de análisis de datos. Estas actividades estimulan la investigación por parte de los estudiantes a través del uso de las bases de datos, la música popular y otros recursos audiovisuales El libro incluye ejemplos de las variedades de español habladas en el mundo hispanohablante con secciones especiales dedicadas a las variedades habladas en los EEUU Introducción a la Sociolingüística Hispánica is a much-needed undergraduate introduction to the study of sociolinguistics in the Spanish-speaking world. Written in accessible Spanish, each chapter includes an overview, a review of topics, a section of key terms, exercises and questions. Provides up-to-date coverage of the main topics of sociolinguistics – such as phonological variation, bilingualism, and language attitudes – in relation to the Hispanic world Incorporates a variety of activities to support and extend student’s learning Offers a unique pedagogical approach, in which data analysis exercises encourage students to conduct research by using electronic databases, popular music, and audiovisual material Features examples that apply to Spanish varieties spoken around the world, with special sections dedicated to the Spanish varieties of the US

Dinero, moneda y crédito en la monarquía hispánica

Download Dinero, moneda y crédito en la monarquía hispánica PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Marcial Pons Historia
ISBN 13 : 9788495379108
Total Pages : 924 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (791 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dinero, moneda y crédito en la monarquía hispánica by : Antonio-Miguel Bernal

Download or read book Dinero, moneda y crédito en la monarquía hispánica written by Antonio-Miguel Bernal and published by Marcial Pons Historia. This book was released on 2000 with total page 924 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Moneda, dinero y crédito en España en su apertura a Europa; El oro y la plata de América; Remesas indianas y política imperial; Moneda y crédito; Banca pública, banqueros privados; Crédito y deuda pública.

El medio ambiente en el nuevo universo audiovisual

Download El medio ambiente en el nuevo universo audiovisual PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Editorial UOC
ISBN 13 : 849116300X
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis El medio ambiente en el nuevo universo audiovisual by : León Anguiano, Bienvenido (coord.)

Download or read book El medio ambiente en el nuevo universo audiovisual written by León Anguiano, Bienvenido (coord.) and published by Editorial UOC. This book was released on 2016-11-20 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: El nuevo ecosistema audiovisual, en el que las televisiones tratan de convivir con Internet, ofrece grandes posibilidades para informar, sensibilizar y educar al público sobre los retos ambientales a los que se enfrenta nuestra sociedad. Sin embargo, la investigación pone de manifiesto que los medios no han estado a la altura del envite, debido a la complejidad de las cuestiones ambientales, la siempre difícil relación de la ciencia con los medios de comunicación y la creciente tendencia hacia el infoentretenimiento. El medio ambiente en el nuevo universo audiovisual es el resultado tangible de un rico debate generado en la octava edición del foro «Transformar la televisión», reunido en La Casa Encendida, centro social y cultural de Fundación Montemadrid. En las páginas de este volumen, una decena de expertos en la materia analizan, con rigor y valentía, la representación audiovisual del medio ambiente en este nuevo paradigma comunicativo, en el que los formatos televisivos tradicionales han perdido peso y el vídeo en línea ha alcanzado un notable desarrollo, impulsado por las redes sociales.

Hercules and the King of Portugal

Download Hercules and the King of Portugal PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 1496212150
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (962 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hercules and the King of Portugal by : Dian Fox-Hindley

Download or read book Hercules and the King of Portugal written by Dian Fox-Hindley and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2019 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hercules and the King of Portugal investigates how representations of masculinity figure in the fashioning of Spanish national identity, scrutinizing ways that gender performances of two early modern male icons--Hercules and King Sebastian--are structured to express enduring nationhood. The classical hero Hercules features prominently in Hispanic foundational fictions and became intimately associated with the Hapsburg monarchy in the early sixteenth century. King Sebastian of Portugal (1554-78), both during his lifetime and after his violent death, has been inserted into his own land's charter myth, even as competing interests have adapted his narratives to promote Spanish power. The hybrid oral and written genre of poetic Spanish theater, as purveyor and shaper of myth, was well situated to stage and resolve dilemmas relating both to lineage determined by birth and performance of masculinity, in ways that would ideally uphold hierarchy. Dian Fox's ideological analysis exposes how the two icons are subject to political manipulations in seventeenth-century Spanish theater and other media. Fox finds that officially sanctioned and sometimes popularly produced narratives are undercut by dynamic social and gendered processes: "Hercules" and "Sebastian" slip outside normative discourses and spaces to enact nonnormative behaviors and unreproductive masculinities.