Life and Letters in the Italian Renaissance (Classic Reprint)

Download Life and Letters in the Italian Renaissance (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781334338564
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (385 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Life and Letters in the Italian Renaissance (Classic Reprint) by : Christopher Hare

Download or read book Life and Letters in the Italian Renaissance (Classic Reprint) written by Christopher Hare and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-11-20 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Life and Letters in the Italian Renaissance The poet, the humanist, the Novelle writer, the historian, the diplomatist, and the gifted letter-writer, all pass before us in magnificent procession; from Lorenzo the Magnificent to Machiavelli and Baldas sare Castiglione. As we read their glowing pages, we see arise before us a clear and Vivid picture of the sumptuous life of the Golden Age, With all its start ling lights and shadows. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

The Social Life of the Italian Renaissance (Classic Reprint)

Download The Social Life of the Italian Renaissance (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780666282576
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (825 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Social Life of the Italian Renaissance (Classic Reprint) by : Mary Eliza Gully Cole

Download or read book The Social Life of the Italian Renaissance (Classic Reprint) written by Mary Eliza Gully Cole and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-24 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Social Life of the Italian Renaissance The dress of a nation, as of an indi vidual, gives indication of its general cul ture; earnest and deliberate study entered into every department of life, and the Ital ians pursued the idea of dress with per sistent and artistic purpose. But the idea of dress was not confined to women; even serious men considered it an important element in the perfection of the individ ual. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Life and Letters in the Italian Renaissance ... With Illustrations in Half-tone

Download Life and Letters in the Italian Renaissance ... With Illustrations in Half-tone PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (56 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Life and Letters in the Italian Renaissance ... With Illustrations in Half-tone by : Christopher HARE (pseud.)

Download or read book Life and Letters in the Italian Renaissance ... With Illustrations in Half-tone written by Christopher HARE (pseud.) and published by . This book was released on 1915 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Baldassare Castiglione, the Perfect Courtier, Vol. 1 of 2

Download Baldassare Castiglione, the Perfect Courtier, Vol. 1 of 2 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781334089671
Total Pages : 542 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (896 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Baldassare Castiglione, the Perfect Courtier, Vol. 1 of 2 by : Julia Cartwright

Download or read book Baldassare Castiglione, the Perfect Courtier, Vol. 1 of 2 written by Julia Cartwright and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-10-28 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Baldassare Castiglione, the Perfect Courtier, Vol. 1 of 2: His Life and Letters, 1478-1529 The modern revival of interest in the Italian Renaissance has naturally led students to turn once more to Castiglione's Courtier, ' in whom they justly recognise the ideal representative of that great age. N 0 less than three new versions of the Cortegiano have appeared in English during the last few years. In 1900 Hoby's translation was reprinted in N utt's 'tudor Classics, ' with an excellent Introduction by Professor Raleigh, and another handsome edition, with woodcuts by Mr. Ashbee, was issued by the Essex House Press, to be followed in 1903, by a new translation, richly illustrated and carefully annotated from the pen of Mr. Opdyke. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

What Life was Like at the Rebirth of Genius

Download What Life was Like at the Rebirth of Genius PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Time Life Medical
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What Life was Like at the Rebirth of Genius by : Time-Life Books

Download or read book What Life was Like at the Rebirth of Genius written by Time-Life Books and published by Time Life Medical. This book was released on 1999 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renaissance Italy.

A Corresponding Renaissance

Download A Corresponding Renaissance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 9780199342433
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (424 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Corresponding Renaissance by : Lisa Kaborycha

Download or read book A Corresponding Renaissance written by Lisa Kaborycha and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women's vibrant presence in the Italian Renaissance has long been overlooked, with attention focused mainly on the artistic and intellectual achievements of their male counterparts. During this period, however, Italian women excelled especially as writers, and nowhere were they more expressive than in their letters. In A Corresponding Renaissance: Letters Written by Italian Women, 1375-1650 Lisa Kaborycha considers the lives and cultural contributions revealed by these women in their own words, through their correspondence. By turns highly personal, didactic, or devotional, these letters expose the daily realities of women's lives and their feelings, ideas, and reactions to the complex world in which they lived. Through their letters women emerge not merely as bystanders, but as true cultural protagonists in the Italian Renaissance. A Corresponding Renaissance is divided into eight thematic chapters, featuring fifty-five letters that are newly translated into English-many for the first time ever. Each of the letters is annotated and includes a brief biographical introduction and bibliographic references. The women come from all walks of life--saints, poets, courtesans and countesses--and from every geographic area of Italy; chronologically they span the entire Renaissance, with the majority representing the sixteenth century. Approximately one third of the selections are well-known letters, such as those of Catherine of Siena, Veronica Franco, and Isabella d'Este; the rest are lesser known, previously un-translated, or otherwise inaccessible.

The Book of the Courtier (Classic Reprint)

Download The Book of the Courtier (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780331881851
Total Pages : 744 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (818 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Book of the Courtier (Classic Reprint) by : Baldesar Castiglione

Download or read book The Book of the Courtier (Classic Reprint) written by Baldesar Castiglione and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-11-24 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Book of the Courtier The popularity long enjoyed by this Old book, the place that it holds in Italian literature, and the fact that it is almost inaccessible to English readers, seem to furnish sufficient reason for a new translation. The art Of the Italian Renaissance delights us by its delicate and gentle beauty, and yet we know that life during this period was Often gross and violent. TO understand this, we must remember that art is more the expres sion Of the ideal than Of the actual, and that men's ideals are loftier than their practice. Castiglione gives utterance to the finest aspirations of his time. His pages will lack interest only when mankind ceases to be interesting to man, and will reward study so long as the past shall continue to instruct the present and the future. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, Vol. 2

Download The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, Vol. 2 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780267993161
Total Pages : 668 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (931 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, Vol. 2 by : M. Young

Download or read book The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, Vol. 2 written by M. Young and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-07 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, Vol. 2: Or a History of the Italian Reformers in the Sixteenth Century; Illustrated by Original Letters and Unedited Documents Rome, where poets recited their verses and improvisatori com posed impromptu rhymes Ou given subjects. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

The Italian Renaissance in England Studies (Classic Reprint)

Download The Italian Renaissance in England Studies (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780332566078
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (66 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Italian Renaissance in England Studies (Classic Reprint) by : Lewis Einstein

Download or read book The Italian Renaissance in England Studies (Classic Reprint) written by Lewis Einstein and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-12-08 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Italian Renaissance in England Studies These studies have been divided into two groups. The first is concerned mainly with the Englishman as affected by Italy in scholarship, court life and travel, and later with the movement against Italian influence. The second treats rather of the Italians in England, - merchants and artists, reformers and adventurers. Allusions of many kinds must necessarily creep into any work attempting to cover so wide a range. Such. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Renaissance in Italy, Vol. 2

Download Renaissance in Italy, Vol. 2 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780656001873
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Renaissance in Italy, Vol. 2 by : John Addington Symonds

Download or read book Renaissance in Italy, Vol. 2 written by John Addington Symonds and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02-07 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Renaissance in Italy, Vol. 2: Italian Literature; In Two Parts The Italians lose their Language - Prejudice against the Mother Tongue - Problem of the Dialects - Want of a Metropolis - The Tuscan Classics - Petrarch and Boccaccio - Dante Rejected False Attitude of the Petrarchisti - Renaissance Sense of Beauty unexpressed in Lyric - False Attitude of Boccaccio's Followers Ornamental Prose - Speron Sperone - The Dictator Bembo His Conception of the Problem - The A lard - Grammatical Essay - Treatise on the Language Poems - Letters - Bembo's Place in the Cortq'ano - Castiglione on Italian Style - His Good Sense - Controversies on the Language - Academical Spirit Innumerable Poetasters - La Casa - His Life 11 Porno - Peculiar Melancholy - His Sonnets - Guidiccioni's Poems on Italy - Court Life - Caro and Castelvetro - Their Controversies - Castelvetro accused of Heresy - Literary Ladies - Veronica Gambara - Vit toria Colonna - Her Life - Her Friendship for Michelangelo Life of Bernardo Tasso - His Amadzfgi and other Works - Life of Giangiorgio Trissino - His Quarrel with his Son Giulio - His Critical Works - The Ilalio Liberate. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Life and Letters of Henry James Piggott, B.A., Of Rome (Classic Reprint)

Download Life and Letters of Henry James Piggott, B.A., Of Rome (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781334328572
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (285 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Life and Letters of Henry James Piggott, B.A., Of Rome (Classic Reprint) by : Theodore Caro Piggott

Download or read book Life and Letters of Henry James Piggott, B.A., Of Rome (Classic Reprint) written by Theodore Caro Piggott and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-11-18 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Life and Letters of Henry James Piggott, B.A., Of Rome The other quarry from which material has been hewn is a manuscript of Recollections written in 1912 for the historical purposes of his Society. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

A Short History of the Italian Renaissance

Download A Short History of the Italian Renaissance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
ISBN 13 : 1442600144
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (426 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Short History of the Italian Renaissance by : Kenneth R. Bartlett

Download or read book A Short History of the Italian Renaissance written by Kenneth R. Bartlett and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Award-winning lecturer Kenneth R. Bartlett applies his decades of experience teaching the Italian Renaissance to this beautifully illustrated overview. In his introductory Note to the Reader, Bartlett first explains why he chose Jacob Burckhardt's classic narrative to guide students through the complex history of the Renaissance and then provides his own contemporary interpretation of that narrative. Over seventy color illustrations, genealogies of important Renaissance families, eight maps, a list of popes, a timeline of events, a bibliography, and an index are included.

The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, Or a History of the Italian Reformers in the Sixteenth Century, Vol. 1

Download The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, Or a History of the Italian Reformers in the Sixteenth Century, Vol. 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780483299597
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (995 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, Or a History of the Italian Reformers in the Sixteenth Century, Vol. 1 by : M. Young

Download or read book The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, Or a History of the Italian Reformers in the Sixteenth Century, Vol. 1 written by M. Young and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-01-18 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Life and Times of Aonio Paleario, or a History of the Italian Reformers in the Sixteenth Century, Vol. 1: Illustrated by Original Letters and Unedited Documents Volumes would not suffice to give a just idea of the various influences brought into play by this constant change of irre sponsible rulers, each of a different temper and character. The continual change of Officials and parties allows the leaven of corruption to spread throughout the land, and impedes the advancement of moral progress. Such are the disadvantages of an elective and ecclesiastical princedom. The temptations offered to private ambition in all elective governments are reasons sufficient for preferring an hereditary monarchy subject to constitutional laws; for without some hope of durability nothing great or stable can be attained. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Street Life in Renaissance Italy

Download Street Life in Renaissance Italy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300175434
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Street Life in Renaissance Italy by : Fabrizio Nevola

Download or read book Street Life in Renaissance Italy written by Fabrizio Nevola and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2020-11-24 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A radical new perspective on the dynamics of urban life in Renaissance Italy The cities of Renaissance Italy comprised a network of forces shaping both the urban landscape and those who inhabited it. In this illuminating study, those complex relations are laid bare and explored through the lens of contemporary urban theory, providing new insights into the various urban centers of Italy’s transition toward modernity. The book underscores how the design and structure of public space during this transformative period were intended to exercise a certain measure of authority over its citizens, citing the impact of architecture and street layout on everyday social practices. The ensuing chapters demonstrate how the character of public space became increasingly determined by the habits of its residents, for whom the streets served as the backdrop of their daily activities. Highlighting major hubs such as Rome, Florence, and Bologna, as well as other lesser-known settings, Street Life in Renaissance Italy offers a new look at this remarkable era.

Italian Renaissance Art

Download Italian Renaissance Art PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780500293348
Total Pages : 722 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (933 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Italian Renaissance Art by : Stephen J. Campbell

Download or read book Italian Renaissance Art written by Stephen J. Campbell and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new edition--now in two volumes--of the largest and most comprehensive textbook about Italian Renaissance art. Now in its second edition, Italian Renaissance Art presents an updated and even more accessible history. The book has been split into two volumes: the first, covering the period 1300 to 1510; the second, 1490 to 1600. The volumes retain the same innovative decade-by-decade structure as the first edition, and a number of chapters have been revised by the authors to reflect the latest scholarship. The coverage of the Trecento has been expanded, and a new appendix section explains all the key Renaissance art-making techniques, with illustrations and step-by-steps for such processes as lost-wax casting. This book tells the story of art in the great cities of Rome, Florence, and Venice while profiling a range of other centers throughout Italy--including in this edition art from Naples, Padua, and Palermo.

Florentine Life During the Renaissance (Classic Reprint)

Download Florentine Life During the Renaissance (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781330975176
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (751 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Florentine Life During the Renaissance (Classic Reprint) by : Walter Bell Scaife

Download or read book Florentine Life During the Renaissance (Classic Reprint) written by Walter Bell Scaife and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2015-07-08 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Florentine Life During the Renaissance What wonder then that to him who loves modern history Florence is the most inspiring of all European cities, and a visit there, the acme of his desire. Here the air is full of those melodious sounds in which Dante gave to the world his sub limest thought, in which Petrarch sang his lovely sonnets. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

The Life of Giorgio Vasari

Download The Life of Giorgio Vasari PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780260971036
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Life of Giorgio Vasari by : Robert Walter Carden

Download or read book The Life of Giorgio Vasari written by Robert Walter Carden and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Life of Giorgio Vasari: A Study of the Later Renaissance in Italy Vasari may be considered as the most prominent artist of this period of decadence. Both architect and painter, heliyed in jobs; midst of courts; he conversed with Alessandro, Cosimo and Francesco de' Medici; and was as familiar as commoner clay might be with the Popes from Clement VII to Gregory XIII. He knew all the great painters who were slowly passing away around him, and the notices of them in the Lives are largely supplied from his own eye-witness. More than two hundred and sixty of his letters have already been published and a great many more have recently been discovered, though they are not as yet available for the purposes of this work. In addition to this we have the Auto biography, together with a number of his poems, so that there is ample material for the present work. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.