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Author : Marie Karlsson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789176684993
Total Pages : 75 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (849 download)
Download or read book Levels of Brominated Flame Retardants in Humans and Their Environment written by Marie Karlsson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Layla Salih Al-Omran
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book Physiochemical Properties and Environmental Levels of Legacy and Novel Brominated Flame Retardants written by Layla Salih Al-Omran and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and ,Äònovel,Äô brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are synthetic chemicals widely used in consumer products to enhance their ignition resistance. Since in most applications, these chemicals are used additively, they can transfer from such products into the environment. PBDEs have been classified as significant pollutants in the environment. Knowledge of PBDE and NBFR physicochemical properties provides information about their potential environmental fate and behaviour. This chapter highlights the most important physiochemical properties such as molecular weight, vapour pressure, octanol/air partitioning coefficient, octanol/water partition coefficient, water solubility and organic carbon/water partitioning coefficient that influence the distribution pattern of these contaminants in the environment. In addition, this chapter provides an evaluation of the concentrations of these chemicals in various environmental media such as indoor and outdoor air, indoor dust, soil and sediment, sewage sludge, biota and food, and human tissues.
Author : Cornelis A. M. van Gestel
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439830096
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)
Download or read book Mixture Toxicity written by Cornelis A. M. van Gestel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade and a half, great progress has been made in the development of concepts and models for mixture toxicity, both in human and environmental toxicology. However, due to their different protection goals, developments have often progressed in parallel but with little integration. Arguably the first book to clearly link ecotoxicology an
Author : Ethel Eljarrat
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642192696
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)
Download or read book Brominated Flame Retardants written by Ethel Eljarrat and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-04-15 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brominated flame retardants are one of the last classes of halogenated compounds that are still being produced worldwide and used in large quantities in many applications. They are used in plastics, textiles, electronic circuitry, and other materials to prevent fires. This volume covers the state-of-the-art of the analysis, fate and behaviour of brominated flame retardants. Experts in the field provide an overview of the compounds’ physico-chemical properties and uses, their occurrence in the environment and biota, advanced chemical analytical methods, degradation studies, toxicological effects and human exposure. This book is a valuable and comprehensive source of information for environmental scientists interested in brominated flame retardant issues, and for authorities and producers.
Author : Martin Schlabach
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789289330701
Total Pages : 86 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (37 download)
Download or read book Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR) in the Nordic Environment written by Martin Schlabach and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 86 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present report describe the results of screening analyses of the occurrence of "new" brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in environmental samples from the Nordic countries. The aim of the screening was to establish whether, and if then to what extent, the non-polybrominated diphenyl eters BFRs are present at detectable levels in the environment. If the substances subjected for screening are found in amounts which are potentially harmful for the environment this will be followed up on national level. The Nordic screening project is run by a project group with representatives from the National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus Denmark, the Finnish Environment Institute, the Environment and Food Agency of Iceland, the Environment Agency of the Faroe Islands, the Norwegian Climate and Pollution Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The project is supported by the Nordic Chemicals Group and the Aquatic Ecosystems Group as well as the participating institutions. The chemical analyses have been carried out jointly by the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) and the Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL).
Author :
Publisher : Am Cncl on Science, Health
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Brominated Flame Retardants: A Burning Issue written by and published by Am Cncl on Science, Health. This book was released on with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : C.J. van Leeuwen
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402061013
Total Pages : 706 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Risk Assessment of Chemicals: An Introduction written by C.J. van Leeuwen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-18 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At last – a second edition of this hugely important text that reflects the progress and experience gained in the last decade and aims at providing background and training material for a new generation of risk assessors. The authors offer an introduction to risk assessment of chemicals as well as basic background information on sources, emissions, distribution and fate processes for the estimation of exposure of plant and animal species in the environment and humans exposed via the environment, consumer products, and at the workplace. The coverage describes the basic principles and methods of risk assessment within their legislative frameworks (EU, USA, Japan and Canada).
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309171938
Total Pages : 534 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-06 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.
Author : Jeong-Eun Oh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0444643397
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (446 download)
Download or read book Analysis and Fate of Emerging Brominated and Fluorinated Organic Pollutants written by Jeong-Eun Oh and published by . This book was released on 2020-01-10 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analysis and Fate of Emerging Brominated and Fluorinated Organic Pollutants, Volume 87 in the Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry series, contains a wide range of topics on flame retardants in the environment, specifically focusing on halogenated flame retardants. New chapters in this release include an Introduction of emerging halogenated flame retardants in the environment, Analysis of emerging halogenated flame Retardants in environment, Toxicity of emerging halogenated organic chemicals, Occurrence and fate of emerging halogenated flame retardants in environment, Emerging halogenated flame retardants in indoor environment, Food contamination on emerging halogenated flame retardants, Human exposure to emerging halogenated flame retardants, and much more. Provides the current research results on emerging halogenated flame retardants Contains all research subjects about emerging halogenated flame retardants, from analysis to human exposure Presents critical information on halogenated flame retardants
Author : Randall S. Wentsel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781423574514
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (745 download)
Download or read book Tri-Service Procedural Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessments written by Randall S. Wentsel and published by . This book was released on 1996-05-01 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this report is to provide guidance for conducting ERAs for use by risk assessors at Navy, Air Force, and Army installations. Each of the three services has a support center which is available to provide guidance and programatic services. The three members are: U.S. Army Environmental Center (AEC), Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, and the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence. Using this approach will provide the Tri- Service Centers with cost-effective, tiered procedures with which to direct and coordinate the scientific and technical efforts of contractors involved in ERA. Employing a common framework across sites will assure that the requirements of state and federal regulators are satisfied. The process described in this report follows the paradigm put forward in the 1992 Environmental Protection Agency Report entitled 'Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment.' Volume 2 contains information on more than 100 environmental models and test methods.
Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309491215
Total Pages : 103 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)
Download or read book A Class Approach to Hazard Assessment of Organohalogen Flame Retardants written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-07-19 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1970s, flame retardants began to be added to synthetic materials to meet strict flammability standards. Over the years, diverse flame retardants have been manufactured and used in various products. Some flame retardants have migrated out of the products, and this has led to widespread human exposure and environmental contamination. There also is mounting evidence that many flame retardants are associated with adverse human health effects. As a result, some flame retardants have been banned, restricted, or voluntarily phased out of production and use. This publication develops a scientifically based scoping plan to assess additive, nonpolymeric organohalogen flame retardants as a class for potential chronic health hazards under the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, including cancer, birth defects, and gene mutations.
Author : Jaakko Paasivirta
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3540489150
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (44 download)
Download or read book New Types of Persistent Halogenated Compounds written by Jaakko Paasivirta and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-01-26 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental Chemistry is a relatively young science. Interest in this subject, however, is growing very rapidly and, although no agreement has been reached as yet about the exact content and limits of this interdisciplinary discipline, there appears to be increasing interest in seeing environmental topics which are based on chemistry embodied in this subject. One of the first objectives of Environ mental Chemistry must be the study of the environment and of natural chemical processes which occur in the environment. A major purpose of this series on Environmental Chemistry, therefore, is to present a reasonably uniform view of various aspects of the chemistry of the environment and chemical reactions occurring in the environment. The industrial activities of man have given a new dimension to Environ mental Chemistry. We have now synthesized and described over five million chemical compounds and chemical industry produces about hundred and fifty million tons of synthetic chemicals annually. We ship billions of tons of oil per year and through mining operations and other geophysical modifications, large quantities of inorganic and organic materials are released from their natural deposits. Cities and metropolitan areas of up to 15 million inhabitants produce large quantities of waste in relatively small and confined areas. Much of the chemical products and waste products of modern society are released into the environment either during production, storage, transport, use or ultimate disposal. These released materials participate in natural cycles and reactions and frequently lead to interference and disturbance of natural systems.
Author : Suzanne M. Snedeker
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1447165004
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (471 download)
Download or read book Toxicants in Food Packaging and Household Plastics written by Suzanne M. Snedeker and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-13 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book serves as a comprehensive resource on toxicants that can be released from food packaging materials and household plastics. Chapters include sources and levels of chemical exposure, known and suspected health effects and the identification of data gaps with recommendations for further research. In addition, regulatory approaches and risk assessment challenges in the United States and Europe are discussed. Chapters cover both the more widely known chemicals that can migrate from food packaging (bisphenol A, perfluorinated chemicals), and household plastics (lead, phthalates, brominated flame retardants), as well as chemicals that are just entering use in food packaging (nanomaterials in polymer food packaging) and chemicals recently identified as migrating from food packaging to food stuffs (phthalates, benzophenones, antimony, methylnaphthalene and the alkylphenols nonylphenol and octylphenol). Chapters on phthalates and brominated flame retardants discuss challenges that arise with the use of replacement chemicals. The health effect sections of chapters have drawn on a wide variety of toxicological endpoints and recommend approaches to better assess toxicological risks in vulnerable human populations. Reflecting the global nature of our food supply and household consumer goods, contributions have been drawn from international experts. A wide range of scientists will find this book to be useful, including toxicologists, environmental health scientists, food scientists, and regulators.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780026355827
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (558 download)
Download or read book Composition enrichment written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Andersson
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN 13 : 9289322217
Total Pages : 89 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (893 download)
Download or read book Brominated Flame Retardants (BFR) in the Nordic Environment written by Andersson and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Constantine D. Papaspyrides
Publisher : Newnes
ISBN 13 : 0444538097
Total Pages : 943 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (445 download)
Download or read book Polymer Green Flame Retardants written by Constantine D. Papaspyrides and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2014-08-14 with total page 943 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Polymer Green Flame Retardants covers key issues regarding the response of polymers during fire, the mechanisms of their flame retardation, the regulations imposed on their use, and the health hazards arising from their combustion. Presenting the latest research developments, the book focuses in particular on nanocomposites, believed to be the most promising approach for producing physically superior materials with low flammability and ecological impact. The fire properties of nanocomposites of various matrixes and fillers are discussed, the toxicological characteristics of these materials are analyzed, addressing also their environmental sustainability. Edited by distinguished scientists, including an array of international industry and academia experts, this book will appeal to chemical, mechanical, environmental, material and process engineers, upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines, and generally to researchers developing commercially attractive and environmentally friendly fire-proof products. Provides recent findings on the manufacture of environmentally sustainable flame retardant polymeric materials Covers legislation and regulations concerning flame retarded polymeric material use Includes tables containing the fire properties of the most common polymeric materials
Author : Philip J. Landrigan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190662646
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (96 download)
Download or read book Children and Environmental Toxins written by Philip J. Landrigan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 80,000 new chemicals have been developed and released into the global environment during the last four decades. Today the World Health Organization attributes more than one-third of all childhood deaths to environmental causes, and as rates of childhood disease skyrocket -- autism, asthma, ADHD, obesity, diabetes, and even birth defects -- it raises serious, difficult questions around how the chemical environment is impacting children's health. Children and Environmental Toxins: What Everyone Needs to Know(R) offers an accessible guide to understanding and identifying the potential sources of harm in a child's environment. Written by experts in pediatrics and environmental health and formatted in an easy to follow question-and-answer format, it offers parents, care providers, and activists a reliable introduction to a hotly debated topic. As the burdens of environmental toxins and disease continue to defy borders, this book provides a new benchmark to understanding the potential threats in our environment and food. No parent or care provider should be without it.
