Lectures on the Science and Art of Education

Download Lectures on the Science and Art of Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lectures on the Science and Art of Education by : Joseph Payne

Download or read book Lectures on the Science and Art of Education written by Joseph Payne and published by . This book was released on 1880 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Lectures on the Science and Art of Education

Download Lectures on the Science and Art of Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781332808724
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (87 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lectures on the Science and Art of Education by : Joseph Payne

Download or read book Lectures on the Science and Art of Education written by Joseph Payne and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2016-06-27 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Lectures on the Science and Art of Education: With Other Lectures and Essays A word of explanation may be desirable with respect to two short documents, not previously published, included in this volume. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

The Science and Art of Education

Download The Science and Art of Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781330645048
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (45 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Science and Art of Education by : Joseph Payne

Download or read book The Science and Art of Education written by Joseph Payne and published by . This book was released on 2015-07-03 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Science and Art of Education: An Introductory Lecture; And Principles of the Science of Education The following Lecture was delivered at the College of Preceptors, Queen Square, Bloomsbury, on the 20th of January 1874. The Chair was taken by the Rev. Dr. Abbott, Head-Master of the City of London School. In the course of his remarks at the close of the Lecture, besides expressing his general sympathy with the views I had brought forward, Dr. Abbott also expressed his opinion that there was a certain degree of novelty in the plan by which it was proposed that the Science of Education, with its correlative Art, should be studied by Teachers. I have therefore thought it worth while, by the publication of the Lecture, to give those who are interested in Education generally, and Teachers especially, an opportunity of forming their own judgment on the value of my theory; and in order to furnish them with some idea of the nature and scope of the "Training Course of Lectures and Lessons on the Science, Art, and History of Education," which I delivered last year, and am repeating at the present time, I subjoin the "Syllabus." "The object of the entire Course is to show that there are Principles of Education, on which, in order to be truly efficient, Practice must be founded; or, in other words, that there is a Science of Education, in reference to which the Art must be conducted, and the value of its processes tested. "In the First Division of the Course, the Science of Education will be built up on an investigation into the nature of the being to be educated, and into the phenomena which indicate and result in bodily, intellectual, and moral growth. This investigation involves an analysis of the organic life of the child, beginning with his earliest manifestations of Feeling, Will, and Intellect. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Science, Art, and Methods of Teaching

Download Science, Art, and Methods of Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780267445370
Total Pages : 138 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (453 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Science, Art, and Methods of Teaching by : Daniel B. Williams

Download or read book Science, Art, and Methods of Teaching written by Daniel B. Williams and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-02 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Science, Art, and Methods of Teaching: Containing Lectures on the Science, Art, and Methods of Education With the Most Practical Modes of Imparting Instruction in Eleven Common School Branches The principles and methods herein discussed and illustrated are in perfect harmony with the teachings of the most successful educators of Europe and the United States. They have been applied by myself with satisfactory results during twelve years of public and private school service. The success of the work has been such as to warrant the expense of a revised edition. A few corrections and alterations have been made in the present edition which make an improvement on the first publication. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures and Essays

Download Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures and Essays PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 3385320763
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (853 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures and Essays by : Joseph Payne

Download or read book Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures and Essays written by Joseph Payne and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2024-01-19 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reprint of the original, first published in 1883.

Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures

Download Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wentworth Press
ISBN 13 : 9780469733404
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (334 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures by : Joseph Payne

Download or read book Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures written by Joseph Payne and published by Wentworth Press. This book was released on 2019-02-25 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Letters and Lectures on Education (Classic Reprint)

Download Letters and Lectures on Education (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780265272077
Total Pages : 302 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Letters and Lectures on Education (Classic Reprint) by : Johann Friedrich Herbart

Download or read book Letters and Lectures on Education (Classic Reprint) written by Johann Friedrich Herbart and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-10-13 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Letters and Lectures on Education It has been said that all great thinkers and reformers have worked out and enunciated their main ideas, before they had attained the age of thirty. Be this true or not, it applies to Herbart. The Science of Education, published when he was thirty-two, contains all his chief ideas on education, and the application of psychology thereto, either fully developed or in the germ to be worked out later on. These two books we have been comparing, may thus be said to represent the two ends of the thread of Herbart's life-long educational activity. It is a singular testimony to the power and depth as well as to the ripeness of his intellect, that he should have been able at that early age to formulate a body of educational principles which proved to be so true, so well founded, and so practical, that after thirty years' experience and testing, he found little or no thing to alter, beyond elucidating them and extending their ap plication. And no w, for half a century since his death, other men have continuously entered into his labours, have taken up his ideas and principles, are carrying on the work he began, and still find those principles to be sound, those ideas to be true. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Lectures on the Science and Art of Education

Download Lectures on the Science and Art of Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781330590911
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lectures on the Science and Art of Education by : Joseph Payne

Download or read book Lectures on the Science and Art of Education written by Joseph Payne and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2015-06-26 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Lectures on the Science and Art of Education Joseph Payne's writings possess a high value on account of the scientific form which his statements pertaining to education take on. The crystalling process seems to have set in; truths no longer stand separate, but tend to organize. During the latter part of this century the question - Has Education a scientific foundation? began to be asked, doubtfully by most. The Art of Teaching had been learned by imitation; the teacher sought no principles, because he never heard they existed. But great men from time to time became teachers. Rabelais, Montaigne, Locke, the Jesuits, Rosseau, Pestalozzi, Frœbel, and many others, rolled up a rich mass of teaching-facts, and partially arranged them in order. It needed next a philosophic mind to deal with these discoveries, to state their value and explain them. Joseph Payne seemed raised up for this purpose; his cast of mind, education and experience, fitted him to investigate this field of thought. Remember that thousands of teachers had read what Pestalozzi and Frœbel had done. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures - Scholar's Choice Edition

Download Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures - Scholar's Choice Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781297145261
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (452 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures - Scholar's Choice Edition by : Joseph Payne

Download or read book Lectures on the Science and Art of Education, with Other Lectures - Scholar's Choice Edition written by Joseph Payne and published by . This book was released on 2015-02-18 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work was reproduced from the original artifact, and remains as true to the original work as possible. Therefore, you will see the original copyright references, library stamps (as most of these works have been housed in our most important libraries around the world), and other notations in the work. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.As a reproduction of a historical artifact, this work may contain missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE & ART

Download LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE & ART PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Wentworth Press
ISBN 13 : 9781371319854
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (198 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE & ART by : Joseph 1808-1876 Payne

Download or read book LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE & ART written by Joseph 1808-1876 Payne and published by Wentworth Press. This book was released on 2016-08-27 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Art of Education (Classic Reprint)

Download The Art of Education (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780483910096
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (1 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Art of Education (Classic Reprint) by : Ira Woods Howerth

Download or read book The Art of Education (Classic Reprint) written by Ira Woods Howerth and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-01-25 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from The Art of Education The primary end to which the control of interest should be directed is, of course, individual development. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Lectures on Education (Classic Reprint)

Download Lectures on Education (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781330607176
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Lectures on Education (Classic Reprint) by : Horace Mann

Download or read book Lectures on Education (Classic Reprint) written by Horace Mann and published by . This book was released on 2015-09-27 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Lectures on Education The Act creating the Massachusetts Board of Education was passed April 20, 1837. In June following the Board was organized, and its Secretary Chosen. The duties of the Secretary, as expressed in the Act, are, to "collect information of the actual condition and efficiency of the Common Schools, and other means of popular education; and to diffuse as widely as possible, throughout every part of the Commonwealth, information of the most approved and successful methods of arranging the studies, and conducting the education of the young, to the end, that all children in this Commonwealth, who depend upon Common Schools for instruction, may have the best education which those schools can be made to impart. The Board, immediately after its organization, issued an "Address to the Public," inviting the friends of education to assemble in convention, in their respective counties, in the ensuing autumn; and the Secretary was requested to be present at those conventions, both for the purpose of obtaining information in regard to the condition of the schools, and of explaining to the public what were supposed to be the leading motives and objects of the Legislature in creating the Board. The author of the following Lectures was a member of the Legislature when the act establishing the Board was passed; and he was intimately acquainted with the general views of its projectors and advocates. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Science Education Abroad: A Lecture (Classic Reprint)

Download Science Education Abroad: A Lecture (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781397358691
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (586 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Science Education Abroad: A Lecture (Classic Reprint) by : John W. Dawson

Download or read book Science Education Abroad: A Lecture (Classic Reprint) written by John W. Dawson and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2019-03-20 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Science Education Abroad: A Lecture It is certain, however, that if the Government of this country could be induced to sustain a system of elementary technical schools simi lar to those of the Department of Science and Art in England, or similar to those of Prussia, a double benefit would be secured, in so far as the higher science education is concerned, in finding occupation as teachers of science for some of the graduates, and in giving the necessary preliminary training to students. At the same time the effects of such schools would be of incalculable impor tance to the working classes of this country. Local benefactors might do something for such schools; but for a proper system the Legislature must intervene, and it can secure the end only by payment for results on the English system, under proper arrangements for examination and inspection. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects (Classic Reprint)

Download Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780260694348
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (943 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects (Classic Reprint) by : Hermann Von Helmholtz

Download or read book Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects (Classic Reprint) written by Hermann Von Helmholtz and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-11-09 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects The first and second Lectures have already appeared in print; the first in a university programme which, however, was not published. The second appeared in the 'kieler Monatsschrift' for May, 1853, but owing to the restricted circulation of that journal, became but little known; both have, accordingly, been reprinted. The third and fourth Lectures have not previously appeared. These Lectures, called forth as they have been by incidental occasions, have not, of course, been composed in accordance with a rigidly uniform plan. Each of them has been kept perfectly independent of the others. Hence some amount of repetition has been unavoidable, and the first four may perhaps seem somewhat confusedly thrown together. If I may claim that they have any leading thought, it would be that I have endeavoured to illustrate the essence and the import of Natural laws, and their relation to the mental activity of man. This seems to me the chief interest and the chief need in Lectures before a public whose education has been mainly literary. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Handbook to Lectures on the Theory, Art, and History of Education (Classic Reprint)

Download Handbook to Lectures on the Theory, Art, and History of Education (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780259482215
Total Pages : 68 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook to Lectures on the Theory, Art, and History of Education (Classic Reprint) by : Simon Somerville Laurie

Download or read book Handbook to Lectures on the Theory, Art, and History of Education (Classic Reprint) written by Simon Somerville Laurie and published by . This book was released on 2017-05-17 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Handbook to Lectures on the Theory, Art, and History of EducationIT is desirable that the Students of this Class should have some acquaintance with Psychology, or Ethics, or both. But the subject is so treated as to enable those who approach the study of mind for the first time to understand the elements of Psychology in their' specific educational reference.About the PublisherForgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.comThis book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Outlines of Educational Doctrine (Classic Reprint)

Download Outlines of Educational Doctrine (Classic Reprint) PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9780364336823
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (368 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Outlines of Educational Doctrine (Classic Reprint) by : William Harold Payne

Download or read book Outlines of Educational Doctrine (Classic Reprint) written by William Harold Payne and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2018-03-11 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Outlines of Educational Doctrine Syllabus of a Course of Lectures on the Science and Art of Teaching. More recently I have felt the need of an outline in my more advanced course of instruction in this University; and I have accordingly revised, and, to a considerable extent, rewritten the Syllabus, and now present it to the public under a new title. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Teaching, a Science

Download Teaching, a Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Forgotten Books
ISBN 13 : 9781528376440
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (764 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Teaching, a Science by : Baynard Rush Hall

Download or read book Teaching, a Science written by Baynard Rush Hall and published by Forgotten Books. This book was released on 2017-09-17 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excerpt from Teaching, a Science: The Teacher an Artist In preparing the work, certain books were sug gested as containing valuable hints the author, how ever, declined consulting these. A few works on education, in whole or in part, have, in the course of his life, been read, but never with the least view of obtaining materials for his own. His own was to be an experience, and that cannot be transferred. He has, too, always wished to write rather than compile. Works recommended may be better or worse than this; courtesy allows the former. But the value of this book depends not in the least on its comparative merits. Its main value is in the sepa rate and independent testimony; experience and inference are stamped on the pages. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.