Lahav Ii Households And The Use Of Domestic Space At Iron Ii Tell Halif

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Lahav II: Households and the Use of Domestic Space at Iron II Tell Halif

Author : James W. Hardin
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575066106
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Lahav II: Households and the Use of Domestic Space at Iron II Tell Halif by : James W. Hardin

Download or read book Lahav II: Households and the Use of Domestic Space at Iron II Tell Halif written by James W. Hardin and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2010-06-23 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume focuses on the reconstruction of household organization during the Iron II period at Tell Halif. It centers in particular on one four-room, pillared-type building located in Area F7 of Field IV and on its remains, which were sealed in a massive destruction that eclipsed the site in the late eighth century B.C.E. This study was first prepared as a Ph.D. dissertation for the Department of Near Eastern Studies at the University of Arizona (Hardin 2001) and has since been amplified and embellished by further research. Published here are the results of research deliberately designed by the author to provide for more complete recovery and detailed recording in the field of all artifacts and other remains within a special refined three-dimensional grid matrix. These data in turn established a framework for studying the formation processes active on the materials and for conducting a spatial analysis of the assemblages in the building. Along with developing ethnographic and ethnoarchaeological inferences, these techniques are used to identify activities, activity areas, and social organization related to the building, ultimately defining an “archaeological household” consisting of the pillared dwelling and its occupants. Finally, these conclusions are also related to reconstructions of the Iron II-period household suggested by Hebrew Bible sources.

Growing Up in Ancient Israel

Author : Kristine Henriksen Garroway
Publisher : SBL Press
ISBN 13 : 0884142965
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (841 download)

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Book Synopsis Growing Up in Ancient Israel by : Kristine Henriksen Garroway

Download or read book Growing Up in Ancient Israel written by Kristine Henriksen Garroway and published by SBL Press. This book was released on 2018-11-16 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first expansive reference examining the texts and material culture related to children in ancient Israel Growing Up in Ancient Israel uses a child-centered methodology to investigate the world of children in ancient Israel. Where sources from ancient Israel are lacking, the book turns to cross-cultural materials from the ancient Near East as well as archaeological, anthropological, and ethnographic sources. Acknowledging that childhood is both biologically determined and culturally constructed, the book explores conception, birth, infancy, dangers in childhood, the growing child, dress, play, and death. To bridge the gap between the ancient world and today’s world, Kristine Henriksen Garroway introduces examples from contemporary society to illustrate how the Hebrew Bible compares with a Western understanding of children and childhood. Features: More than fifty-five illustrations illuminating the world of the ancient Israelite child An extensive investigation of parental reactions to the high rate of infant mortality and the deaths of infants and children An examination of what the gendering and enculturation process involved for an Israelite child

Jewish Studies on Premodern Periods

Author : Carl S. Ehrlich
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110418983
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (14 download)

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Book Synopsis Jewish Studies on Premodern Periods by : Carl S. Ehrlich

Download or read book Jewish Studies on Premodern Periods written by Carl S. Ehrlich and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-05-22 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines new developments in the fields of premodern Jewish studies over the last thirty years. The essays in this volume, written by leading experts, are grouped into four overarching temporal areas: the First Temple, Second Temple, Rabbinic, and Medieval periods. These time periods are analyzed through four thematic methodological lenses: the social scientific (history and society), the textual (texts and literature), the material (art, architecture, and archaeology), and the philosophical (religion and thought). Some essays offer a comprehensive look at the state of the field, while others look at specific examples illustrative of their temporal and thematic areas of inquiry. The volume presents a snapshot of the state of the field, encompassing new perspectives, directions, and methodologies, as well as the questions that will animate the field as it develops further. It will be of interest to scholars and students in the field, as well as to educated readers looking to understand the changing face of Jewish studies as a discipline advancing human knowledge

The Archaeology of Israelite Society in Iron Age II

Author : Avraham Faust
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575066734
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Israelite Society in Iron Age II by : Avraham Faust

Download or read book The Archaeology of Israelite Society in Iron Age II written by Avraham Faust and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2012-05-25 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Referring to several important introductory books written about the archaeology of the land of Israel, William Dever once stated: “However adequate these may be as introductions to the basic data, none makes any attempt to organize the data in terms of social structure. . . . This is a serious deficiency in Syro-Palestinian and biblical archaeology, when one considers that the general field of archaeology has been moving toward social archaeology for 20 years or more. (Dever, “Social Structure in Palestine in the Iron Age II Period on the Eve of Destruction,” in The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land [ed. T. E. Levy, London, 1995, p. 416]). Lack of discussion of social questions has characterized the archaeology of the land of Israel for some time, even though around the world these questions constitute an important component of archaeological research (see, for instance, the work of Renfrew, Flannery, Gibbon, Blanton, Dark, Bahn, Hodder, Trigger, and many others). The Archaeology of Israelite Society in Iron Age II fills this gap and analyzes the structure of society in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah from an archaeological viewpoint. It also applies models and theories from the field of social and cognitive archaeology, using the tools of various social-science disciplines (anthropology, sociology, economics, geography, and so on). Due to his ability to use what is probably the largest archaeological data set in the world—hundreds of planned excavations, thousands of salvage excavations, and extensive surveys, all from the small region that was ancient Israel—Avi Faust contributes not only to the study of ancient Israelite society but to the most fundamental questions about ancient societies. These questions include the identification of socioeconomic stratification in the archaeological record, the study of family and community organization, the significance of pottery, small finds and architecture as indicators of wealth, and more. This groundbreaking monograph is one of the first attempts at a large-scale study of Israelite society based primarily on the archaeological evidence. The following acknowledgments were inadvertently omitted from the front matter of the volume: Amihai Mazar: figure 31 Amnon Ben-Tor: figures 40, 41 Israel Antiquities Authority: figures 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30., 32, 33, 36, and Photo 5 Israel Exploration Society: figures 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19, 27, 42 Israel Finkelstein: figure 28 Izhak Beit Arieh: figures 34, 35 Shimon Dar: figures 22, 23 The Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University: figures 7, 8 The Institute of Archaeology, the Hebrew University: figures 40, 41 Zeev Herzog: figures 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20

Lahav IV: The Figurines of Tell Halif

Author : Paul F. Jacobs
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575063646
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Lahav IV: The Figurines of Tell Halif by : Paul F. Jacobs

Download or read book Lahav IV: The Figurines of Tell Halif written by Paul F. Jacobs and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2015-04-23 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume appears as the fourth in a series of reports on the investigations of the Lahav Research Project (LRP) at Tell Halif, located near Kibbutz Lahav in southern Israel. The book and CD, also titled The Figurines of Tell Halif, contain the publication of the terra-cotta and stone figurine assemblage discovered in the Phase III excavations by LRP. The book presents the text of the report, including relevant archaeological contexts, while the CD is the primary source for detailed information about the figurines. It presents color photographs of each artifact, as well as artist’s drawings and QuickTime movies, along with descriptions and a working typology of the mixed Iron II, Persian, and Hellenistic period terra-cottas. Together, book and CD offer the entire corpus of 794 figurine and statue fragments and provide an invaluable addition to the corpus of Levantine figurines.

The Shephelah during the Iron Age

Author : Oded Lipschits
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575064871
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis The Shephelah during the Iron Age by : Oded Lipschits

Download or read book The Shephelah during the Iron Age written by Oded Lipschits and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2017-03-17 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The area of the Judean Foothills – the biblical Shephelah – has in recent years become one of the most intensively excavated regions in the world. Numerous projects, at sites of different types and utilizing various methodological approaches, are actively excavating in this region. Of particular importance are the discoveries dating to the Iron Age, a period when this region was a transition zone between various cultures—Philistine, Canaanite, Judahite, and Israelite. The current volume includes reports from eight of the excavations currently being conducted in the region (Azekah, Beth Shemesh, Gezer, Khirbet Qeiyafa, Tel Burna, Tel Halif, Tell es-Safi/Gath, and Tel Zayit), as well as a general study of the region by Ido Koch. The importance of this volume lies not only in the fact that it collects up-to-date reports on most of the current excavations in the region but also demonstrates the lively, at times even boisterous, scholarly discussions taking place on various issues relating to the archaeology and history of the Iron Age Shephelah and its immediate environs. This volume serves as an excellent introduction to current research on the Iron Age in this crucial zone and also serves as a reflection of current trends, methodologies, and approaches in the archaeology of the Southern Levant.

Lahav V: The Iron, Persian, and Hellenistic Occupations within the Walls at Tell Halif

Author : Dan P. Cole
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575063662
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Lahav V: The Iron, Persian, and Hellenistic Occupations within the Walls at Tell Halif by : Dan P. Cole

Download or read book Lahav V: The Iron, Persian, and Hellenistic Occupations within the Walls at Tell Halif written by Dan P. Cole and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2015-04-23 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the fifth volume in the series of reports on investigations by the Lahav Research Project (LRP) at Tell Halif in southern Israel. It focuses on the Project’s efforts in Field II during three excavation seasons between 1977 and 1980. Field II was opened on the central summit of the tell in order to examine the ancient city’s intramural stratigraphy. The excavations uncovered twelve phases and sub-phases of occupation, stretching from the end of the Late Bronze Age to the late Roman period. Included were six phases of Iron Age domestic architecture (Strata VIIB-A and VID-A) revealing especially the vitality of the Iron II Judahite settlement during the 9th and 8th centuries B.C.E. In addition were remains of a substantial 6th- to 5th-century Persian fort or residence (Stratum V), as well as successive phases of 4th- to 2nd-century Hellenistic occupation (Stratum IV). Surface traces provide evidence of resettlement at the site during the late Roman period in the 2nd century C.E.

Feasting in the Archaeology and Texts of the Bible and the Ancient Near East

Author : Peter Altmann
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 157506894X
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Feasting in the Archaeology and Texts of the Bible and the Ancient Near East by : Peter Altmann

Download or read book Feasting in the Archaeology and Texts of the Bible and the Ancient Near East written by Peter Altmann and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2014-10-14 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together the work of scholars using various methodologies to investigate the prevalence, importance, and meanings of feasting and foodways in the texts and cultural-material environments of the Hebrew Bible and the ancient Near East. Thus, it serves as both an introduction to and explication of this emerging field. The offerings range from the third-millennium Early Dynastic period in Mesopotamia to the rise of a new cuisine in the Islamic period and transverse geographical locations such as southern Iraq, Syria, the Aegean, and especially the southern Levant. The strength of this collection lies in the many disciplines and methodologies that come together. Texts, pottery, faunal studies, iconography, and anthropological theory are all accorded a place at the table in locating the importance of feasting as a symbolic, social, and political practice. Various essays showcase both new archaeological methodologies—zooarchaeological bone analysis and spatial analysis—and classical methods such as iconographic studies, ceramic chronology, cultural anthropology, and composition-critical textual analysis.

T&T Clark Handbook of Food in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel

Author : Janling Fu
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0567679802
Total Pages : 641 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (676 download)

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Book Synopsis T&T Clark Handbook of Food in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel by : Janling Fu

Download or read book T&T Clark Handbook of Food in the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel written by Janling Fu and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-04 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food and feasting are key themes in the Hebrew Bible and the culture it represents. The contributors to this handbook draw on a multitude of disciplines to offer an overview of food in the Hebrew Bible and ancient Israel. Archaeological materials from biblical lands, along with the recent interest in ethnographic data, a new focus in anthropology, and emerging technologies provide valuable information about ancient foodways. The contributors examine not only the textual materials of the Hebrew Bible and related epigraphic works, but also engage in a wider archaeological, environmental, and historical understanding of ancient Israel as it pertains to food. Divided into five parts, this handbook examines and considers environmental and socio-economic issues such as climate and trade, the production of raw materials, and the technology of harvesting and food processing. The cultural role of food and meals in festivals, holidays, and biblical regulations is also discussed, as is the way food and drink are treated in biblical texts, in related epigraphic materials, and in iconography.

Defining the Sacred

Author : Nicola Laneri
Publisher : Oxbow Books
ISBN 13 : 1782976833
Total Pages : 200 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (829 download)

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Book Synopsis Defining the Sacred by : Nicola Laneri

Download or read book Defining the Sacred written by Nicola Laneri and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2015-05-08 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Religion is a phenomenon that is inseparable from human society. It brings about a set of emotional, ideological and practical elements that are pervasive in the social fabric of any society and characterizable by a number of features. These include the establishment of intermediaries in the relationship between humans and the divine; the construction of ceremonial places for worshipping the gods and practicing ritual performances; and the creation ritual paraphernalia. Investigating the religious dimensions of ancient societies encounters problems in defining such elements, especially with regard to societies that lack textual evidences and has tended to lead towards the identification of differentiation between the mental dimension, related to religious beliefs, and the material one associated with religious practices, resulting in a separation between scholars able to investigate, and possibly reconstruct, ritual practices (i.e., archaeologists), and those interested in defining the realm of ancient beliefs (i.e., philologists and religious historians). The aim of this collection of papers is to attempt to bridge these two dimensions by breaking down existing boundaries in order to form a more comprehensive vision of religion among ancient Near Eastern societies. This approach requires that a higher consideration be given to those elements (either artificial -- buildings, objects, texts, etc. -- or natural -- landscapes, animals, trees, etc.) that are created through a materialization of religious beliefs and practices enacted by members of communities. These issues are addressed in a series of specific case-studies covering a broad chronological framework that from the Pre-pottery Neolithic to the Iron Age. (Cover illustration © German Archaeological Institute, photo N. Becker)

In Pursuit of Visibility: Essays in Archaeology, Ethnography, and Text in Honor of Beth Alpert Nakhai

Author : Jennie Ebeling
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1803272325
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis In Pursuit of Visibility: Essays in Archaeology, Ethnography, and Text in Honor of Beth Alpert Nakhai by : Jennie Ebeling

Download or read book In Pursuit of Visibility: Essays in Archaeology, Ethnography, and Text in Honor of Beth Alpert Nakhai written by Jennie Ebeling and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2022-06-09 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fifteen diverse essays honour the distinguished career of Beth Alpert Nakhai, a scholar of Canaan and ancient Israel; in this volume, Professor Nakhai’s students and colleagues celebrate her important contributions to the field of Near Eastern Archaeology and tireless efforts to acknowledge and support women in the profession.

The Ancient Israelite World

Author : Kyle H. Keimer
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000773248
Total Pages : 823 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ancient Israelite World by : Kyle H. Keimer

Download or read book The Ancient Israelite World written by Kyle H. Keimer and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-11-21 with total page 823 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents a collection of studies by international experts on various aspects of ancient Israel’s society, economy, religion, language, culture, and history, synthesizing archaeological remains and integrating them with discussions of ancient Near Eastern and biblical texts. Driven by theoretically and methodologically informed discussions of the archaeology of the Iron Age Levant, the 47 chapters in The Ancient Israelite World provide foundational, accessible, and detailed studies in their respective topics. The volume considers the history of interpretation of ancient Israel, studies on various aspects of ancient Israel’s society and history, and avenues for present and future approaches to the ancient Israelite world. Accompanied by over 150 maps and figures, it allows the reader to gain an understanding of key issues that archaeologists, historians and biblical scholars have faced and are currently facing as they attempt to better understand ancient Israelite society. The Ancient Israelite World is an essential reference work for students and scholars of ancient Israel and its history, culture, and society, whether they are historians, archaeologists or biblical scholars.

Economics and Empire in the Ancient Near East

Author : Matthew J. M. Coomber
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1532658001
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (326 download)

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Book Synopsis Economics and Empire in the Ancient Near East by : Matthew J. M. Coomber

Download or read book Economics and Empire in the Ancient Near East written by Matthew J. M. Coomber and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2023-02-28 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past few decades biblical economics has developed into an important subfield of biblical studies. Through examining the economic realities that lay behind Hebrew biblical texts and archaeological findings, biblical economics has led to greater understandings of the cultures and experiences of ancient Hebrew communities, the legal and religious texts they produced, and of how those texts may or may not relate to the experiences of communities who continue to receive them, today. Economics and Empire in the Ancient Near East has brought together ten scholars of biblical economics and one economic anthropologist to create a repository of what is understood about the economic realities of Southwest Asia in the late second and first millennia BCE. In addition to furthering the research and teaching interests of biblical scholars, this volume has also been created for the benefit of economic historians, anthropologists, and sociologists.

Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines

Author : Erin Darby
Publisher : Mohr Siebeck
ISBN 13 : 9783161524929
Total Pages : 624 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (249 download)

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Book Synopsis Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines by : Erin Darby

Download or read book Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines written by Erin Darby and published by Mohr Siebeck. This book was released on 2014-09-11 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Judean Pillar Figurines regularly appear in discussions about Israelite religion, monotheism, and female practice. Erin Darby uses Near Eastern texts, iconography, the Hebrew Bible, and the archeology of Jerusalem to explore figurine function, the gender of figurine users, and the relationship between Judean figurines and the Assyrian Empire"--Back cover.

Memory and the City in Ancient Israel

Author : Diana V. Edelman
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 1575067129
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (75 download)

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Book Synopsis Memory and the City in Ancient Israel by : Diana V. Edelman

Download or read book Memory and the City in Ancient Israel written by Diana V. Edelman and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2014-10-31 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ancient cities served as the actual, worldly landscape populated by “material” sites of memory. Some of these sites were personal and others were directly and intentionally involved in the shaping of a collective social memory, such as palaces, temples, inscriptions, walls, and gates. Many cities were also sites of social memory in a very different way. Like Babylon, Nineveh, or Jerusalem, they served as ciphers that activated and communicated various mnemonic worlds as they integrated multiple images, remembered events, and provided a variety of meanings in diverse ancient communities. Memory and the City in Ancient Israel contributes to the study of social memory in ancient Israel in the late Persian and early Hellenistic periods by exploring “the city,” both urban spaces and urban centers. It opens with a study that compares basic conceptualizing tendencies of cities in Mesopotamia with their counterparts in ancient Israel. Its essays then explore memories of gates, domestic spaces, threshing floors, palaces, city gardens and parks, natural and “domesticated” water in urban settings, cisterns, and wells. Finally, the studies turn to particular cities of memory in ancient Israel: Jerusalem, Samaria, Shechem, Mizpah, Tyre, Nineveh, and Babylon. The volume, which emerged from meetings of the European Association of Biblical Studies, includes the work of Stéphanie Anthonioz, Yairah Amit, Ehud Ben Zvi, Kåre Berge, Diana Edelman, Hadi Ghantous, Anne Katrine Gudme, Philippe Guillaume, Russell Hobson, Steven W. Holloway, Francis Landy, Daniel Pioske, Ulrike Sals, Carla Sulzbach, Karolien Vermeulen, and Carey Walsh.

Hebrew Lexical Semantics and Daily Life in Ancient Israel

Author : Kurtis Peters
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004325980
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Hebrew Lexical Semantics and Daily Life in Ancient Israel by : Kurtis Peters

Download or read book Hebrew Lexical Semantics and Daily Life in Ancient Israel written by Kurtis Peters and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2016-07-11 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Hebrew Lexical Semantics Kurtis Peters provides a new way to incorporate linguistics in Biblical Hebrew studies, and does so applied to verbal lexemes of cooking.

New Insights into the Iron Age Archaeology of Edom, Southern Jordan

Author : Erez Ben-Yosef
Publisher : Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press
ISBN 13 : 1938770935
Total Pages : 1079 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (387 download)

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Book Synopsis New Insights into the Iron Age Archaeology of Edom, Southern Jordan by : Erez Ben-Yosef

Download or read book New Insights into the Iron Age Archaeology of Edom, Southern Jordan written by Erez Ben-Yosef and published by Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. This book was released on 2014-12-31 with total page 1079 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Situated south of the Dead Sea, near the famous Nabatean capital of Petra, the Faynan region in Jordan contains the largest deposits of copper ore in the southern Levant. The Edom Lowlands Regional Archaeology Project (ELRAP) takes an anthropological-archaeology approach to the deep-time study of culture change in one of the Old World's most important locales for studying technological development. Using innovative digital tools for data recording, curation, analyses, and dissemination, the researchers focused on ancient mining and metallurgy as the subject of surveys and excavations related to the Iron Age (ca. 1200-500 BCE), when the first local, historical state-level societies appeared in this part of the eastern Mediterranean basin. This comprehensive and important volume challenges the current scholarly consensus concerning the emergence and historicity of the Iron Age polity of biblical Edom and some of its neighbors, such as ancient Israel. Excavations and radiometric dating establish a new chronology for Edom, adding almost 500 more years to the Iron Age, including key periods of biblical history when David, Solomon, and the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I are alleged to have interacted with Edom. Included is a 7 gigabyte DVD with over 55,000 files of additional data and photographs from the project.