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Labor Force Participation Elasticities Of Women And Secondary Earners Within Married Couples
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Book Synopsis Labor Force Participation Elasticities of Women and Secondary Earners Within Married Couples by : Congressional Budget Congressional Budget Office
Download or read book Labor Force Participation Elasticities of Women and Secondary Earners Within Married Couples written by Congressional Budget Congressional Budget Office and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-01-15 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Labor supply elasticities are often used to evaluate the effect of changes in tax rates on the total hours worked in the economy. Historically, married women have tended to have larger labor supply elasticities than their spouses because they were the secondary earners in a couple. However, those elasticities have fallen sharply in recent decades-a decline that has been attributed to greater labor force participation rates and increased career orientation among married women. Indeed, a growing share of wives earn more than their husbands, raising the question whether a person's sex or relative earnings is the relevant factor affecting the sensitivity of participation to wage and tax rates. In this book, we use administrative data to examine whether women or lower-earning spouses have larger labor supply elasticities. We present descriptive evidence on the share of women who are the primary earner and the frequency of transitions into and out of employment by sex and relative earnings. We find that lower earning spouses are more likely to start and stop working than women, except when a couple starts a family. We then model an individual's work decision using a dynamic probit model to isolate the labor supply response to changes in tax rates. We estimate that the participation elasticity with respect to the net-of-tax rate of the secondary earner-the spouse who typically has lower earnings-is about 0.03, slightly higher than that for women, though both of these overall elasticities are small. Participation elasticities with respect to income for both women and secondary earners are effectively zero. Our estimates are robust to several alternative models, including alternative specifications of secondary earner.
Book Synopsis Labor Force Participation Elasticities of Women and Secondary Earners Within Married Couples by : Robert McClelland
Download or read book Labor Force Participation Elasticities of Women and Secondary Earners Within Married Couples written by Robert McClelland and published by . This book was released on 2014-11-15 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Labor supply elasticities are often used to evaluate the effect of changes in tax rates on the total hours worked in the economy. Historically, married women have tended to have larger labor supply elasticities than their spouses because they were the secondary earners in a couple. However, those elasticities have fallen sharply in recent decades -- a decline that has been attributed to greater labor force participation rates and increased career orientation among married women. Indeed, a growing share of wives earn more than their husbands, raising the question whether a person's sex or relative earnings is the relevant factor affecting the sensitivity of participation to wage and tax rates. This study examines whether women or lower-earning spouses have larger labor supply elasticities. Figures and tables. This is a print on demand report.
Book Synopsis Taxation and Labor Supply of Married Women by : Nada Eissa
Download or read book Taxation and Labor Supply of Married Women written by Nada Eissa and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses the Tax Reform Act of 1986 as a natural experiment to identify the labor supply responsiveness of married women to changes in the tax rate. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 reduced the top marginal tax rate by 44 percent (from 50 percent to 28 percent), but changed less the marginal tax rate for those further down the income distribution. I analyze the response of married women at or above the 99th percentile of the income distribution, using as a control group women from the 75th percentile of the income distribution. I therefore identify the tax effect as the difference between the change in labor supply of women with large tax rate reductions and the change in labor supply of women with small tax rate reductions. I find evidence that the labor supply of high-income, married women increased due to the Tax Reform Act of 1986. The increase in total labor supply of married women at the top of the income distribution (relative to married women at the 75th percentile of the income distribution) implies an elasticity with respect to the after- tax wage of approximately 0.8. At least half of this elasticity is due to labor force participation. Use of a second control group supports the participation response but is inconclusive on the hours of work response.
Book Synopsis On Labor Force Participation of Married Women by : Michael Bar
Download or read book On Labor Force Participation of Married Women written by Michael Bar and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Married women in the labor force by : Glen George Cain
Download or read book Married women in the labor force written by Glen George Cain and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Labor Supply of Married Couples by : Nada Eissa
Download or read book The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Labor Supply of Married Couples written by Nada Eissa and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over 18 million taxpayers are projected to receive the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) in tax year 1997, at a total cost to the federal government of about 25 billion dollars. The EITC is refundable, so that any amount of the credit exceeding the family's tax liability is returned in the form of a cash refund. Advocates of the credit argue that this redistribution occurs with much less distortion to labor supply than that caused by other elements of the welfare system. This popular view that the credit is unlikely to hold among married couples. Theory suggests that primary earners (typically men) would increase labor force participation, but secondary earners would reduce their labor supply in response to an EITC. We study the labor supply response of married couples to several EITC expansions between 1984 and 1996. While our primary interest is the response to changes in the budget set induced by the EITC, our estimation strategy takes account of budget set changes caused by federal tax policy, and by cross-sectional variation in wages, income, and family size. We use both quasi-experimental and reduced form labor supply models to estimate the impact of EITC induced tax changes. The results suggest that EITC expansions between 1984 and 1996 increased married men's labor force participation only slightly but reduced married women's labor force participation by over a full percentage point. Overall, the evidence suggests that family labor supply and pre-tax family earnings fell among married couples. Our results imply that the EITC is effectively subsidizing married mothers to stay at home, and therefore have implications for the design of the program.
Book Synopsis Determinants of Labor Force Participation of Married Women, 30 to 44 Years of Age by : Su-gon Kim
Download or read book Determinants of Labor Force Participation of Married Women, 30 to 44 Years of Age written by Su-gon Kim and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Are Marriage-Related Taxes and Social Security Benefits Holding Back Female Labor Supply? by : Margherita Borella
Download or read book Are Marriage-Related Taxes and Social Security Benefits Holding Back Female Labor Supply? written by Margherita Borella and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the U.S., both taxes and old age Social Security benefits depend on one's marital status and tend to discourage the labor supply of the secondary earner. To what extent are these provisions holding back female labor supply? We estimate a rich life-cycle model of labor supply and savings for couples and singles using the Method of Simulated Moments (MSM) on the 1945 and 1955 birth-year cohorts and we use it to evaluate what would happen without these provisions. Our model matches well the life cycle profiles of labor market participation, hours, and savings for married and single people and generates plausible elasticities of labor supply. Eliminating marriage-related provisions drastically increases the participation of married women over their entire life cycle, reduces the participation of married men after age 55, and increases the savings of couples in both cohorts, including the later one, which has similar participation to that of more recent generations. If the resulting government surplus were used to lower income taxation, there would be large welfare gains for the vast majority of the population.
Book Synopsis The Responsiveness of Married Women's Labor Force Participation to Income and Wages by : Katharine Bradbury
Download or read book The Responsiveness of Married Women's Labor Force Participation to Income and Wages written by Katharine Bradbury and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One contributor to the twentieth century rise in married women's labor force participation was declining responsiveness to husbands' wages and other family income. Now that the rapid rise in married women's participation has slowed and even begun to reverse, this paper asks whether married women's cross-wage elasticities have continued to fall. Using the outgoing rotation group of the monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) and estimating coefficients separately for each year from 1994 through 2006, we find that the decline in responsiveness to husbands' wages has come to an end -- at least for the time being -- and even find evidence of rising responsiveness to husbands' wages. This increase in the cross-wage elasticity of participation occurs largely between 1997 and 2002 and is concentrated among younger women and women with children.
Book Synopsis Labor Force Participation Rate of Married Women by : Leon Karol
Download or read book Labor Force Participation Rate of Married Women written by Leon Karol and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Marriage-Related Taxes and Social Security Benefits by : Margherita Borella
Download or read book The Effects of Marriage-Related Taxes and Social Security Benefits written by Margherita Borella and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the U.S., both taxes and old age Social Security benefits depend on one's marital status and tend to discourage the labor supply of the secondary earner. We study the effects of eliminating these marriage-related provisions on the labor supply and savings of two different cohorts. To do so, we estimate a rich life-cycle model of couples and singles using the Method of Simulated Moments (MSM) on the 1945 and 1955 birth-year cohorts. Our model matches well the life cycle profiles of labor market participation, hours, and savings for married and single people and generates plausible elasticities of labor supply. We find that these marriage-related provisions reduce the participation of married women over their life cycle, the participation of married men after age 55, and the savings of couples. These effects are large for both the 1945 and 1955 cohorts, even though the latter had much higher labor market participation of married women to start with.
Book Synopsis Couple's Labor Supply, Taxes, and the Division of Housework in a Gender-neutral Lab by : Melanie Schröder
Download or read book Couple's Labor Supply, Taxes, and the Division of Housework in a Gender-neutral Lab written by Melanie Schröder and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Essays in Female Labor Supply and Marriage in Developing Countries by : Neha Agarwal
Download or read book Essays in Female Labor Supply and Marriage in Developing Countries written by Neha Agarwal and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents three chapters on female labor supply and marital stability in developing countries. The first two chapters focus on female labor supply in India. In the first chapter, I study the relationship between husband's earning and female labor supply of married women in India. Despite economic growth, fertility reductions, and improvement in education, female labor force participation in India declined from 35% to 27% between 1999 and 2012. This chapter examines the degree to which the decline can be attributed to an increase in the earnings of married males. Using two datasets and three sources of variation in married male earnings, I find a robust and negative elasticity of married female labor supply with respect to married male earnings. Subgroup and robustness analyses indicate the presence of a household-level income effect. Back-of-the-envelope calculations suggest that this relationship can account for over 40% of the above decline in married female labor supply. Continuing with this investigation in the second chapter, I study the role of other spatial and individual characteristics behind the changes in female labor supply in India during the same period. Based on the decomposition analysis of changes in labor supply for paid versus unpaid work in rural areas, I find that geographical characteristics, such as the capital intensity of agriculture, are important drivers of changes in married female labor force participation in paid jobs but not in unpaid jobs. Individual-level variables, such as age, education, caste, and religion, are significant determinants of both paid and unpaid labor jobs of married women in rural India. In the third chapter, we study the effect of fertility challenges faced by couples on divorce in developing countries. Using the Demographic and Health Surveys from 66 countries over 23 years, we find that, infertility, the first-born child being a daughter, and death of the first-born child significantly increase the likelihood of divorce in a marriage. These findings lend support for the implications of theoretical analysis by Becker (1977), which says that unanticipated shocks increase marital instability by generating greater differences between the expected and actual utility from a union.
Book Synopsis Taxing Women by : Edward J. McCaffery
Download or read book Taxing Women written by Edward J. McCaffery and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-12-01 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taxing Women comprises both an insightful, critical analysis of the gender biases in current tax laws and a wake-up call for all those concerned with gender justice to pay more attention to the pervasive impact of such laws. Providing real-life examples, Edward McCaffery shows how tax laws are actually written to punish married couples who file jointly. No dual-income household can afford not to read this book before filing their taxes. "Taxing Women is a must-have primer for any woman who wants to understand how our current tax system affects her family's economic condition. In plain English, McCaffery explains how the tax code stacks the deck against women and why it's in women's economic interest to lead the next great tax rebellion."—Patricia Schroeder "McCaffery is an expert on the interplay between taxes and social policy. . . . Devastating in his analysis. . . . Intriguing."—Harris Collingwood, Working Women "A wake-up call regarding the inequalities of an archaic system that actually penalizes women for working."—Publishers Weekly
Book Synopsis Introduction to Sociology by : George Ritzer
Download or read book Introduction to Sociology written by George Ritzer and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2015-08-28 with total page 1678 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Join the conversation with one of sociology’s best-known thinkers. The Third Edition of Introduction to Sociology, thoroughly revised and updated, continues to show students the relevance of the introductory sociology course to their lives. While providing a rock-solid foundation, George Ritzer illuminates traditional sociological concepts and theories, as well as some of the most compelling contemporary social phenomena: globalization, consumer culture, the Internet, and the “McDonaldization” of society. As technology flattens the globe, students are challenged to apply a sociological perspective to their world, and to see how “public” sociologists are engaging with the critical issues of today.
Book Synopsis Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth by : Stanley L. Engerman
Download or read book Long-Term Factors in American Economic Growth written by Stanley L. Engerman and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2007-11-01 with total page 898 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These classic studies of the history of economic change in 19th- and 20th-century United States, Canada, and British West Indies examine national product; capital stock and wealth; and fertility, health, and mortality. "A 'must have' in the library of the serious economic historian."—Samuel Bostaph, Southern Economic Journal
Book Synopsis Essentials of Sociology by : George Ritzer
Download or read book Essentials of Sociology written by George Ritzer and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2015-12-10 with total page 473 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Join the conversation with one of sociology’s best-known thinkers. Essentials of Sociology, Second Edition adapted from George Ritzer’s Introduction to Sociology, Third Edition, provides the same rock-solid foundation in a shorter and more streamlined format. Like the original Ritzer text, Essentials of Sociology illuminates traditional sociological concepts and theories, and focuses on some of the most compelling contemporary social phenomena: globalization, consumer culture, the Internet, and the “McDonaldization” of society. As technology flattens the globe, students are challenged to apply a sociological perspective to their world, and to see how “public” sociologists are engaging with the critical issues of today.
