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La Contribution Musulmane A La Renaissance
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Author :Ahmed Essa Publisher :International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) ISBN 13 :156564591X Total Pages :33 pages Book Rating :4.5/5 (656 download)
Book Synopsis Books-In-Brief: Studies in Islamic Civilization by : Ahmed Essa
Download or read book Books-In-Brief: Studies in Islamic Civilization written by Ahmed Essa and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, “Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations.” Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a “golden age” that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird’s eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Book Synopsis La contribution musulmane à la Renaissance by : Ahmed Essa
Download or read book La contribution musulmane à la Renaissance written by Ahmed Essa and published by Editions L'Harmattan. This book was released on 2013-09-01 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pendant plus de sept cents ans, l'arabe fut la langue internationale de la science. Il est étrange alors que son héritage ait été en grande partie enfoui dans la mémoire collective occidentale. Selon les termes d'Aldous Huxley : "Grande est la vérité, mais plus grand encore du point de vue pratique est le silence au sujet de la vérité. En ne mentionnant simplement pas certains sujets...".
Author :Ahmed Essa Publisher :International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) ISBN 13 :9781642052664 Total Pages :66 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (526 download)
Book Synopsis Books-In-Brief: Studies in Islamic Civilization (French Language) by : Ahmed Essa
Download or read book Books-In-Brief: Studies in Islamic Civilization (French Language) written by Ahmed Essa and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2019 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, “Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations.” Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a “golden age” that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird’s eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Book Synopsis Studies in Islamic Civilization by : Ahmed Essa
Download or read book Studies in Islamic Civilization written by Ahmed Essa and published by Iiit. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, "Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations." Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a "golden age" that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird's eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Author :Ahmed Essa & Othman Ali Publisher :International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) ISBN 13 :1642057347 Total Pages :306 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (42 download)
Book Synopsis Russian: Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the by : Ahmed Essa & Othman Ali
Download or read book Russian: Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the written by Ahmed Essa & Othman Ali and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2022-01-01 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, “Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations.” Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a “golden age” that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird’s eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Author :Ahmed Essa Publisher :International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) ISBN 13 :1642053759 Total Pages :312 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (42 download)
Book Synopsis Studies in Islamic Civilization (Bulgarian Language) by : Ahmed Essa
Download or read book Studies in Islamic Civilization (Bulgarian Language) written by Ahmed Essa and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2019-01-01 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, “Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations.” Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a “golden age” that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird’s eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Author :Ahmed Essa Publisher :International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) ISBN 13 :1642056898 Total Pages :284 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (42 download)
Book Synopsis Studies in Islamic Civilization (Albanian Language) by : Ahmed Essa
Download or read book Studies in Islamic Civilization (Albanian Language) written by Ahmed Essa and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2019-01-01 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, “Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations.” Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a “golden age” that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird’s eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Author :Ahmed Essa & Othman Ali Publisher :International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) ISBN 13 :1642057649 Total Pages :298 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (42 download)
Book Synopsis Bosnian: Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance by : Ahmed Essa & Othman Ali
Download or read book Bosnian: Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance written by Ahmed Essa & Othman Ali and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2016-01-01 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, “Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations.” Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a “golden age” that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird’s eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Author :Ahmed Essa & Othman Ali Publisher :International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) ISBN 13 :1642057762 Total Pages :304 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (42 download)
Book Synopsis Serbian: Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance by : Ahmed Essa & Othman Ali
Download or read book Serbian: Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance written by Ahmed Essa & Othman Ali and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2019-01-01 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, “Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations.” Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a “golden age” that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird’s eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Author :Ahmed Essa Publisher :International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) ISBN 13 :164205609X Total Pages :32 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (42 download)
Book Synopsis Books-In-Brief: Studies in Islamic Civilization (Italian Langauge) by : Ahmed Essa
Download or read book Books-In-Brief: Studies in Islamic Civilization (Italian Langauge) written by Ahmed Essa and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2016-01-01 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, “Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations.” Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a “golden age” that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird’s eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Author :Associated Institution for the Study and Presentation of Arab Cultural Values, Cairo Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :374 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (31 download)
Book Synopsis Islamic and Arab Contribution to the European Renaissance by : Associated Institution for the Study and Presentation of Arab Cultural Values, Cairo
Download or read book Islamic and Arab Contribution to the European Renaissance written by Associated Institution for the Study and Presentation of Arab Cultural Values, Cairo and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Ahmed Essa Publisher :International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) ISBN 13 :1642054097 Total Pages :48 pages Book Rating :4.6/5 (42 download)
Book Synopsis Books-In-Brief: Studies in Islamic Civilization (Swahili Language) by : Ahmed Essa
Download or read book Books-In-Brief: Studies in Islamic Civilization (Swahili Language) written by Ahmed Essa and published by International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT). This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies in Islamic Civilization draws upon the works of Western scholars to make the case that without the tremendous contribution of the Muslim world there would have been no Renaissance in Europe. For almost a thousand years Islam was arguably one of the leading civilizations of the world spanning a geographic area greater than any other. It eliminated social distinctions between classes and races, made clear that people should enjoy the bounties of the earth provided they did not ignore morals and ethics, and rescued knowledge that would have been lost, if not forever, then at least for centuries. The genius of its scholars triggered the intellectual tradition of Europe and for over seven hundred years its language, Arabic, was the international language of science. Strange then that its legacy lies largely ignored and buried in time. In the words of Aldous Huxley, “Great is truth, but still greater, from a practical point of view, is silence about truth. By simply not mentioning certain subjects... propagandists have influenced opinion much more effectively than they could have by the most eloquent denunciations.” Studies in Islamic Civilization is a compelling attempt to redress this wrong and restore the historical truths of a “golden age” that ushered in the Islamic renaissance, and as a by-product that of the West. In doing so it gives a bird’s eye view of the achievements of a culture that at its height was considered the model of human progress and development. (2010).
Book Synopsis Islam and the Italian Renaissance by : Anna Contadini
Download or read book Islam and the Italian Renaissance written by Anna Contadini and published by Warburg Institute. This book was released on 1999 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume considers aspects of the reciprocal influences between Italian Renaissance culture and that of the Islamic world. The papers on science and philosophy reflect Western scholars' interest in Arabic texts while those on the visual and decorative arts describe the impact of Islamic artefacts, techniques and models on Europe as much as the effects of European influences on Islam. The natural focus of the volume is on Venice and Turkey, but other Italian centres are brought into view and, on the Islamic side, the investigation also encompasses Egypt and Syria under the Mamluks, Persia under the Mongols, Timurids and Safavids, and Mughal India.
Book Synopsis Réforme de l'homme musulman et Renaissance islamique by : Malek Bennabi
Download or read book Réforme de l'homme musulman et Renaissance islamique written by Malek Bennabi and published by Héritage. This book was released on with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: En 1949, Malek Bennabi publie Les Conditions de la renaissance. C'est une sorte de commentaire prolongé et approfondi du verset 13 : 11, qui subordonne le changement d'une communauté aux transformations de l'âme des individus qui la composent. En 1950, cette réflexion est poursuivie dans Vocation de l'Islam qui, selon les éditions du Seuil, où il est publié en 1954, « n'est ni une étude historique, ni une analyse sociologique, ni une prise de position politique. Participant à la fois de ces trois aspects, mais les dépassant tous trois. ce livre constitue avant tout une saisie par l'intérieur du monde musulman, de ses faiblesses, de ses ressources profondes et de ses possibilités de renaissance...» Dans des recensions souvent élogieuses, des commentateurs exigeants voient dans Vocation de l'Islam un « programme de réforme de l'homme musulman moderne ». Tous les chapitres de cette « analyse extrêmement pertinente » (selon Jacques Berque) sont étayés par des versets coraniques. Par ces citations, Bennabi entend rappeler que toutes ses appréciations d'ordre sociologique, ou ayant trait à la philosophie de l'histoire, renvoient au Coran. La réédition de ces deux livres en un seul volume avait été envisagée par l'auteur lui-même. Réforme de l'homme musulman et renaissance islamique réalise ce projet à un moment où s'exprime une importante demande de connaissance de l'oeuvre de Bennabi. Cette étude sur les aspects psychologique, sociologique et métaphysique de la renaissance islamique peut nourrir une réflexion actualisée sur les « problèmes musulmans » d'aujourd'hui. Une lecture attentive montre que, dans sa recherche des solutions à ces problèmes, Bennabi a eu recours aux apports des sciences sociales modernes, tout en poursuivant la méditation du Coran, conçu par lui comme un « outil de civilisation ». Ce faisant, il confirme la grande importance qu'il accordait au Phénomène coranique, fruit de sa première méditation du Livre.
Book Synopsis Challenge Of Islamic Renaissance by : Syed Abdul Quddus
Download or read book Challenge Of Islamic Renaissance written by Syed Abdul Quddus and published by . This book was released on 1989-01-01 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Book Is A Definite Contribution Towards Understanding The Challenge Of Islamic Renaissance By An International Readership All Over The World. It Presents Not Only A Rational Interpretation Of Islamic Resurgence In The Present Day World, But It Also Brings Islam In Juxta¬Position To Other Religions With A Choice For The Reader To Determine His Course; For Islam Is A Progressive, Dynamic, Enlightened, Peaceful And Forward-Mov¬Ing Force, Which Threatens No One And, On The Contrary, Welcomes Cooperation With All Those Willing To Do So.The Fundamentalism Of This Work Vitalized The Claim That Islam Is The Only Choice While Its Orthodoxy Leavened The Doctrine Of This Great Religion. Accord¬Ing To Professor Giuseppe Buricchi Of Rome, The Author Is A Muslim Fundamentalist, A Muslim By Birth, And A Great Muslim Scholar Through A Life Dedicated To Studies . In This Study And Such Other Works Of His As Islam The Kingdom Of Allah, Islamic Polity In Modern Times And Islam The Only Choice, His Scholarly Approach To The Subject Reached Its Culminating Point.The Author Tried To Highlight The Axiom That Islam Reformed Is Islam No Longer. The Logical Derivation That En¬Sures Will Be To Regard Islam As The Norm By Which The World Is To Be Judged : An Enterprise Which Is Intricately Linked With The Drive For And The Achievements Of The Islamic Resurgence. The Impact Of The Call For The Revival Of Islam Is Felt All Over The World, For Islam Is Not Mili¬Tant But Peaceful And, Above All, A Defi¬Nite Force For Establishing World-Wide Lasting Peace. Islamic Renaissance, There¬Fore, Has A Positive Role In Promoting The Cause Of International Peace.
Book Synopsis Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam by : Joel L. Kraemer
Download or read book Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam written by Joel L. Kraemer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 1992 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Under the enlightened rule of the Buyid dynasty (945-1055 A.D.) the Islamic world witnessed an unequalled cultural renaissance. This book is an investigation into the nature of the environment in which the cultural transformation took place and into the cultural elite who were its bearers. After an extensive introductory section setting the stage, the book deals with the main schools and circles and with the outstanding individual representatives of this renaissance. The main expression of this renaissance was a philosophical humanism that embraced the scientific and philosophical heritage of Classical Antiquity as a cultural and educational ideal. Along with this philosophical humanism, a literary humanism was cultivated by litterateurs, poets, and government secretaries. This renaissance was marked by a powerful assertion of individualism in the domains of literary creativity and political action. It thrived in a remarkably cosmopolitan atmosphere - Baghdad, the center of the 'Abb?sid empire and of Buyid rule.
Book Synopsis The Muslim Contribution to Mathematics by : Ali Abdullah Al-Daffa'
Download or read book The Muslim Contribution to Mathematics written by Ali Abdullah Al-Daffa' and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-09-10 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, first published in 1977, discusses the Muslim contribution to mathematics during the golden age of Muslim learning from the seventh to the thirteenth century. It was during this period that Muslim culture exerted powerful economic, political and religious influence over a large part of the civilised world. The work of the Muslim scholars was by no means limited to religion, business and government. They researched and extended the theoretical and applied science of the Greeks and Romans of an earlier era in ways that preserved and strengthened man’s knowledge in these important fields. Although the main object of this book is to trace the history of the Muslim contribution to mathematics during the European Dark Ages, some effort is made to explain the progress of mathematical thought and its effects upon present day culture. Certain Muslim mathematicians are mentioned because of the important nature of their ideas in the evolution of mathematical thinking during this earlier era. Muslim mathematicians invented the present arithmetical decimal system and the fundamental operations connected with it – addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to a power, and extracting the square root and the cubic root. They also introduced the ‘zero’ symbol to Western culture which simplified considerably the entire arithmetical system and its fundamental operations; it is no exaggeration if it is said that this specific invention marks the turning point in the development of mathematics into a science.
