La Arquitectura De La Revolucion Mexicana

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Architecture as Revolution

Author : Luis E. Carranza
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292721951
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Architecture as Revolution by : Luis E. Carranza

Download or read book Architecture as Revolution written by Luis E. Carranza and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2010-06-15 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The period following the Mexican Revolution was characterized by unprecedented artistic experimentation. Seeking to express the revolution's heterogeneous social and political aims, which were in a continuous state of redefinition, architects, artists, writers, and intellectuals created distinctive, sometimes idiosyncratic theories and works. Luis E. Carranza examines the interdependence of modern architecture in Mexico and the pressing sociopolitical and ideological issues of this period, as well as the interchanges between post-revolutionary architects and the literary, philosophical, and artistic avant-gardes. Organizing his book around chronological case studies that show how architectural theory and production reflected various understandings of the revolution's significance, Carranza focuses on architecture and its relationship to the philosophical and pedagogic requirements of the muralist movement, the development of the avant-garde in Mexico and its notions of the Mexican city, the use of pre-Hispanic architectural forms to address indigenous peoples, the development of a socially oriented architectural functionalism, and the monumentalization of the revolution itself. In addition, the book also covers important architects and artists who have been marginally discussed within architectural and art historiography. Richly illustrated, Architecture as Revolution is one of the first books in English to present a social and cultural history of early twentieth-century Mexican architecture.

Artifacts of Revolution

Author : Patrice Elizabeth Olsen
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
ISBN 13 : 0742557316
Total Pages : 301 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (425 download)

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Book Synopsis Artifacts of Revolution by : Patrice Elizabeth Olsen

Download or read book Artifacts of Revolution written by Patrice Elizabeth Olsen and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2008-09-11 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This innovative history argues that we can understand important facets of the Mexican Revolution by analyzing the architecture designed and built in Mexico City during the formative years from 1920 to 1940. These artifacts allow us to trace and understand the path of the consolidation of the Mexican Revolution. Each individual building or development, by providing indelible evidence of the process by which the revolution evolved into a government, offers important insights into Mexican history. Seen in aggregate, they reveal an ongoing urban process at work; seen as a "composition," they reveal changes over time in societal values and aspirations and in the direction of the revolution. This book focuses on structure, change, and process for this remarkable city "in the true image of the gigantic heaven." The changes described in Fuentes' narrative are man-made, not wrought by impersonal or natural forces except on the rare occasions of earthquake and flood. Patrice Elizabeth Olsen views Mexico City as an artifact of those who created it—representing their ardor, humanity, and religion, as well as their politics. Individual chapters detail the expression of revolutionary values and aims in the physical form of Mexico City's built environment between 1920 and 1940, examining direction and meaning in terms of who is given license to design and build structures in the capital city, and equally important, who is excluded. Through the reshaping of the capital the revolution was extended and institutionalized; physical traces of the process of negotiation that enabled the revolution to be "fixed" in the Mexican polity appear in the city's skyline, parks, housing developments, and other new construction, as well as in modifications to existing colonial-era buildings. In this manner, the author argues, Mexico City's urban form crystallized as a product of the revolution as well as a part of the revolutionary process, as it has been of other conquests throughout its history.

Modernity and the Architecture of Mexico

Author : Edward R. Burian
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292791666
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Modernity and the Architecture of Mexico by : Edward R. Burian

Download or read book Modernity and the Architecture of Mexico written by Edward R. Burian and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2010-06-28 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the mid 1970s, there has been an extraordinary renewal of interest in early modern architecture, both as a way of gaining insight into contemporary architectural culture and as a reaction to neoconservative postmodernism. This book undertakes a critical reappraisal of the notion of modernity in Mexican architecture and its influence on a generation of Mexican architects whose works spanned the 1920s through the 1960s. Nine essays by noted architects and architectural historians cover a range of topics from broad-based critical commentaries to discussions of individual architects and buildings. Among the latter are the architects Enrique del Moral, Juan O'Gorman, Carlos Obregón Santacilia, Juan Segura, Mario Pani, and the campus and stadium of the Ciudad Universitaria in Mexico City. Relatively little has been published in English regarding this era in Mexican architecture. Thus, Modernity and the Architecture of Mexico will play a groundbreaking role in making the underlying assumptions, ideological and political constructs, and specific architect's agendas known to a wide audience in the humanities. Likewise, it should inspire greater appreciation for this undervalued body of works as an important contribution to the modern movement.

La Revolución

Author : Thomas Benjamin
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292782977
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis La Revolución by : Thomas Benjamin

Download or read book La Revolución written by Thomas Benjamin and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1910 Revolution is still tangibly present in Mexico in the festivals that celebrate its victories, on the monuments to its heroes, and, most important, in the stories and memories of the Mexican people. Yet there has never been general agreement on what the revolution meant, what its objectives were, and whether they have been accomplished. This pathfinding book shows how Mexicans from 1910 through the 1950s interpreted the revolution, tried to make sense of it, and, through collective memory, myth-making, and history writing, invented an idea called "la Revolución." In part one, Thomas Benjamin follows the historical development of different and often opposing revolutionary traditions and the state's efforts to forge them into one unified and unifying narrative. In part two, he examines ways of remembering the past and making it relevant to the present through fiestas, monuments, and official history. This research clarifies how the revolution has served to authorize and legitimize political factions and particular regimes to the present day. Beyond the Mexican case, it demonstrates how history is used to serve the needs of the present.

The Eagle and the Virgin

Author : Mary Kay Vaughan
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822387522
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

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Book Synopsis The Eagle and the Virgin by : Mary Kay Vaughan

Download or read book The Eagle and the Virgin written by Mary Kay Vaughan and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2006-03-13 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When the fighting of the Mexican Revolution died down in 1920, the national government faced the daunting task of building a cohesive nation. It had to establish control over a disparate and needy population and prepare the country for global economic competition. As part of this effort, the government enlisted the energy of artists and intellectuals in cultivating a distinctly Mexican identity. It devised a project for the incorporation of indigenous peoples and oversaw a vast, innovative program in the arts. The Eagle and the Virgin examines the massive nation-building project Mexico undertook between 1920 and 1940. Contributors explore the nation-building efforts of the government, artists, entrepreneurs, and social movements; their contradictory, often conflicting intersection; and their inevitably transnational nature. Scholars of political and social history, communications, and art history describe the creation of national symbols, myths, histories, and heroes to inspire patriotism and transform workers and peasants into efficient, productive, gendered subjects. They analyze the aesthetics of nation building made visible in murals, music, and architecture; investigate state projects to promote health, anticlericalism, and education; and consider the role of mass communications, such as cinema and radio, and the impact of road building. They discuss how national identity was forged among social groups, specifically political Catholics, industrial workers, middle-class women, and indigenous communities. Most important, the volume weighs in on debates about the tension between the eagle (the modernizing secular state) and the Virgin of Guadalupe (the Catholic defense of faith and morality). It argues that despite bitter, violent conflict, the symbolic repertoire created to promote national identity and memory making eventually proved capacious enough to allow the eagle and the virgin to coexist peacefully. Contributors. Adrian Bantjes, Katherine Bliss, María Teresa Fernández, Joy Elizabeth Hayes, Joanne Hershfield, Stephen E. Lewis, Claudio Lomnitz, Rick A. López, Sarah M. Lowe, Jean Meyer, James Oles, Patrice Olsen, Desmond Rochfort, Michael Snodgrass, Mary Kay Vaughan, Marco Velázquez, Wendy Waters, Adriana Zavala

Culture and Revolution

Author : Horacio Legrás
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 1477310754
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis Culture and Revolution by : Horacio Legrás

Download or read book Culture and Revolution written by Horacio Legrás and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2017-01-10 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the twenty years of postrevolutionary rule in Mexico, the war remained fresh in the minds of those who participated in it, while the enigmas of the revolution remained obscured. Demonstrating how textuality helped to define the revolution, Culture and Revolution examines dozens of seemingly ahistorical artifacts to reveal the radical social shifts that emerged in the war’s aftermath. Presented thematically, this expansive work explores radical changes that resulted from postrevolution culture, including new internal migrations; a collective imagining of the future; popular biographical narratives, such as that of the life of Frida Kahlo; and attempts to create a national history that united indigenous and creole elite society through literature and architecture. While cultural production in early twentieth-century Mexico has been well researched, a survey of the common roles and shared tasks within the various forms of expression has, until now, been unavailable. Examining a vast array of productions, including popular festivities, urban events, life stories, photographs, murals, literature, and scientific discourse (including fields as diverse as anthropology and philology), Horacio Legrás shows how these expressions absorbed the idiosyncratic traits of the revolutionary movement. Tracing the formation of modern Mexico during the 1920s and 1930s, Legrás also demonstrates that the proliferation of artifacts—extending from poetry and film production to labor organization and political apparatuses—gave unprecedented visibility to previously marginalized populations, who ensured that no revolutionary faction would unilaterally shape Mexico’s historical process during these formative years.

A Queer Mother for the Nation

Author : Licia Fiol-Matta
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 9781452905747
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis A Queer Mother for the Nation by : Licia Fiol-Matta

Download or read book A Queer Mother for the Nation written by Licia Fiol-Matta and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chilean writer Gabriela Mistral (1889-1957), the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, was a poetic idol for generations of Latin Americans who viewed her as Womanhood incarnate, the national schoolteacher-mother. How this distinctly masculine woman who never gave birth came to occupy this role, and what Mistral's image, poetry, and life have to say about the relations-and realities-of race, gender, and sexual politics in her time, are the questions Licia Fiol-Matta pursues in this book, recreating the story of a woman whose misrepresentation is at least as intriguing, and as instructive, as her fame. A Queer Mother for the Nation weaves a nuanced understanding of how Mistral cooperated with authority and fashioned herself as the figure of Motherhood in collaboration with the state. Drawing on Mistral's little-known political and social essays, her correspondence and photographs, Fiol-Matta reconstructs Mistral's relationship to state politics. Her work questions the notion of queer bodies as outlaws, and insists on the many ways in which queer subjects have participated in and sustained the normative discourses they seem to rebel against. Licia Fiol-Matta is assistant professor in the Department of Spanish and Latin American Cultures at Barnard College.

The Inevitable Bandstand

Author : Charles V. Heath
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 0803269676
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis The Inevitable Bandstand by : Charles V. Heath

Download or read book The Inevitable Bandstand written by Charles V. Heath and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2015-08-01 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An examination of the histories of Mexico and Oaxaca and the creation of the identity of the modern political state through the Banda de Mâusica del Estado de Oaxaca (Music Band of the State of Oaxaca; BME)"

Historia mínima. La cultura mexicana en el siglo XX

Author : Carlos Monsiváis
Publisher : El Colegio de Mexico AC
ISBN 13 : 6074623805
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (746 download)

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Book Synopsis Historia mínima. La cultura mexicana en el siglo XX by : Carlos Monsiváis

Download or read book Historia mínima. La cultura mexicana en el siglo XX written by Carlos Monsiváis and published by El Colegio de Mexico AC. This book was released on 2010-02-09 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: En esta obra póstuma, Carlos Monsiváis, con su estilo y erudición únicos, recorre un siglo de la vida cultural de México, si bien, como él mismo confiesa, ésta es una tarea inacabable a la que además se suma la brevedad de la obra, que le obliga a cerrar su crónica en la década de 1980, dejando fuera los movimientos y creadores de los dos últimos decenios del siglo XX. Su recorrido parte de la época del modernismo y pasa por todas las manifestaciones culturales que se desarrollan a lo largo de las siguientes décadas, como la narrativa de la Revolución, el muralismo, la cultura en los años veinte, los Contemporáneos, la poesía de la generación del 50 hasta llegar al año de la ruptura que representa 1968 y las manifestaciones culturales que de él se desprenden.

Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture

Author : R. Stephen Sennott
Publisher : Taylor & Francis US
ISBN 13 : 9781579584344
Total Pages : 522 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (843 download)

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Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture by : R. Stephen Sennott

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture written by R. Stephen Sennott and published by Taylor & Francis US. This book was released on 2004 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For more information including the introduction, a full list of entries and contributors, a generous selection of sample pages and more, visit the Encyclope dia of 20th Century Architecture website. Focusing on architecture from all regions of the world, this three-volume set profiles the twentieth century's vast chronicle of architectural achievements, both within and well beyond the theoretical confines of modernism. Unlike existing works, this encyclopedia examines the complexities of rapidly changing global conditions that have dispersed modern architectural types, movements, styles, and building practices across traditional geographic and cultural boundaries.

The Architecture and Cities of Northern Mexico from Independence to the Present

Author : Edward Burian
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292771908
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis The Architecture and Cities of Northern Mexico from Independence to the Present by : Edward Burian

Download or read book The Architecture and Cities of Northern Mexico from Independence to the Present written by Edward Burian and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2015-08-15 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The states of Northern Mexico—Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Baja California Norte and Sur—have architecture, urbanism, and landscape design that offer numerous lessons in how to build well, but this constructed environment is largely undervalued or unknown. To make this architecture better known to a wide professional, academic, and public audience, this book presents the first comprehensive overview in either English or Spanish of the architecture, urban landscapes, and cities of Northern Mexico from the country's emergence as a modern nation in 1821 to the present day. Profusely illustrated with color and black-and-white photographs, maps, and analytical drawings of urban cores of major cities, The Architecture and Cities of Northern Mexico systematically examines significant works of architecture in large cities and small towns in each state, from the earliest buildings in the urban core to the newest at the periphery. Edward R. Burian describes the most memorable works of architecture in each city in greater detail in terms of their spatial organization, materials, and sensory experience. He also includes a concise geographical and historical summary of the region that provides a useful background for the discussions of the works of architecture. Burian concludes the book with a brief commentary on lessons learned and possible futures for the architectural culture of the region, as well as the first comprehensive biographical listing of the architects practicing in Northern Mexico during the past two centuries.

Mexico at the World's Fairs

Author : Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520378091
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis Mexico at the World's Fairs by : Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo

Download or read book Mexico at the World's Fairs written by Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2024-06-12 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This intriguing study of Mexico's participation in world's fairs from 1889 to 1929 explores Mexico's self-presentation at these fairs as a reflection of the country's drive toward nationalization and a modernized image. Mauricio Tenorio-Trillo contrasts Mexico's presence at the 1889 Paris fair—where its display was the largest and most expensive Mexico has ever mounted—with Mexico's presence after the 1910 Mexican Revolution at fairs in Rio de Janeiro in 1922 and Seville in 1929. Rather than seeing the revolution as a sharp break, Tenorio-Trillo points to important continuities between the pre- and post-revolution periods. He also discusses how, internationally, the character of world's fairs was radically transformed during this time, from the Eiffel Tower prototype, encapsulating a wondrous symbolic universe, to the Disneyland model of commodified entertainment. Drawing on cultural, intellectual, urban, literary, social, and art histories, Tenorio-Trillo's thorough and imaginative study presents a broad cultural history of Mexico from 1880 to 1930, set within the context of the origins of Western nationalism, cosmopolitanism, and modernism. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1997.

Latin American Popular Culture Since Independence

Author : William H. Beezley
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442212543
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Latin American Popular Culture Since Independence by : William H. Beezley

Download or read book Latin American Popular Culture Since Independence written by William H. Beezley and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2012 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique reader offers an engaging collection of essays that highlight the diversity of Latin America's cultural expressions from independence to the present. Exploring such themes and events as funerals, dance and music, letters and literature, spectacles and monuments, and world's fairs and food, a group of leading historians examines the ways that a wide range of individuals with copious, at times contradictory, motives attempted to forge identity, turn the world upside down, mock their betters, forget their troubles through dance, express love in letters, and altogether enjoy life. The authors analyze case studies from Argentina, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Nicaragua, Peru, and Trinidad-Tobago, tracing as well how their examples resonate in the rest of the region. They show how people could and did find opportunities to escape, if only occasionally, their daily drudgery, making lives for themselves of greater variety than the constant quest for dominance, drive for profits, orknee-jerk resistance to the social or economic order so often described in cultural studies. Instead, this rich text introduces the complexity of motives behind and the diversity of expressions of popular culture in Latin America.

Deco Body, Deco City

Author : Ageeth Sluis
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 0803293909
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis Deco Body, Deco City by : Ageeth Sluis

Download or read book Deco Body, Deco City written by Ageeth Sluis and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2016 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the turbulent decades following the Mexican Revolution, Mexico City saw a drastic influx of female migrants seeking escape and protection from the ravages of war in the countryside. While some settled in slums and tenements, where the informal economy often provided the only means of survival, the revolution, in the absence of men, also prompted women to take up traditionally male roles, created new jobs in the public sphere open to women, and carved out new social spaces in which women could exercise agency. In Deco Body, Deco City, Ageeth Sluis explores the effects of changing gender norms on the formation of urban space in Mexico City by linking aesthetic and architectural discourses to political and social developments. Through an analysis of the relationship between female migration to the city and gender performances on and off the stage, the book shows how a new transnational ideal female physique informed the physical shape of the city. By bridging the gap between indigenismo (pride in Mexico's indigenous heritage) and mestizaje (privileging the ideal of race mixing), this new female deco body paved the way for mestizo modernity. This cultural history enriches our understanding of Mexico's postrevolutionary decades and brings together social, gender, theater, and architectural history to demonstrate how changing gender norms formed the basis of a new urban modernity.

Modern Architecture in Mexico City

Author : Kathryn E. O'Rourke
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Press
ISBN 13 : 0822981629
Total Pages : 461 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Architecture in Mexico City by : Kathryn E. O'Rourke

Download or read book Modern Architecture in Mexico City written by Kathryn E. O'Rourke and published by University of Pittsburgh Press. This book was released on 2017-02-10 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mexico City became one of the centers of architectural modernism in the Americas in the first half of the twentieth century. Invigorated by insights drawn from the first published histories of Mexican colonial architecture, which suggested that Mexico possessed a distinctive architecture and culture, beginning in the 1920s a new generation of architects created profoundly visual modern buildings intended to convey Mexico's unique cultural character. By midcentury these architects and their students had rewritten the country's architectural history and transformed the capital into a metropolis where new buildings that evoked pre-conquest, colonial, and International Style architecture coexisted. Through an exploration of schools, a university campus, a government ministry, a workers' park, and houses for Diego Rivera and Luis Barragan, Kathryn O'Rourke offers a new interpretation of modern architecture in the Mexican capital, showing close links between design, evolving understandings of national architectural history, folk art, and social reform. This book demonstrates why creating a distinctively Mexican architecture captivated architects whose work was formally dissimilar, and how that concern became central to the profession.

Comparative Planning Cultures

Author : Bishwapriya Sanyal
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0415951348
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (159 download)

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Book Synopsis Comparative Planning Cultures by : Bishwapriya Sanyal

Download or read book Comparative Planning Cultures written by Bishwapriya Sanyal and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2005. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Modern Architecture in Latin America

Author : Luis E. Carranza
Publisher : University of Texas Press
ISBN 13 : 0292768184
Total Pages : 425 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Modern Architecture in Latin America by : Luis E. Carranza

Download or read book Modern Architecture in Latin America written by Luis E. Carranza and published by University of Texas Press. This book was released on 2015-01-05 with total page 425 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed as a survey and focused on key examples and movements arranged chronologically from 1903 to 2003, this is the first comprehensive history of modern architecture in Latin America in any language. Runner-up, University Co-op Robert W. Hamilton Book Award, 2015 Modern Architecture in Latin America: Art, Technology, and Utopia is an introductory text on the issues, polemics, and works that represent the complex processes of political, economic, and cultural modernization in the twentieth century. The number and types of projects varied greatly from country to country, but, as a whole, the region produced a significant body of architecture that has never before been presented in a single volume in any language. Modern Architecture in Latin America is the first comprehensive history of this important production. Designed as a survey and focused on key examples/paradigms arranged chronologically from 1903 to 2003, this volume covers a myriad of countries; historical, social, and political conditions; and projects/developments that range from small houses to urban plans to architectural movements. The book is structured so that it can be read in a variety of ways—as a historically developed narrative of modern architecture in Latin America, as a country-specific chronology, or as a treatment of traditions centered on issues of art, technology, or utopia. This structure allows readers to see the development of multiple and parallel branches/historical strands of architecture and, at times, their interconnections across countries. The authors provide a critical evaluation of the movements presented in relationship to their overall goals and architectural transformations.