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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)
Download or read book Key Issues in the Design of NOx Emission Trading Programs to Reduce Ground-level Ozone written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1428904522
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (289 download)
Download or read book Evaluating Ozone Control Programs in the Eastern United States written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Tammy Marie Thompson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (85 download)
Download or read book Evaluating the Design of Emissions Trading Programs Using Air Quality Models written by Tammy Marie Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to meet the US EPA's National Ambient Air Quality Standards as set under the provisions of the Clean Air Act, states and regions throughout the United States are designing cap and trade programs aimed at reducing the emissions of the two dominant precursors for ozone, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). While emission cap and trade programs are becoming more common, relatively few analyses have examined the air quality implications of moving emissions from one location to another (due to trading of emissions between facilities), from one sector to another (due to the use of technologies such as Plug-in Electric Hybrid Vehicles - PHEVs), and changing the temporal distribution of emissions (through emissions trading among facilities with different temporal profiles). This thesis will examine, in detail, the air quality implications of two emission cap and trade programs. The first program is a NOx trading program that covers Electricity Generating Units (EGUs) in the Northeastern United States. Results show that refining the temporal limits on this cap and trade program, by charging facilities more to emit NOx on days when ozone is most likely to form, has the potential to significantly reduce NOx emissions and ozone concentrations. Additionally, this research also shows that, for this region, the spatial redistribution of NOx emissions due to trading leads to greater ozone reductions than similar amounts of NOx emission reductions applied evenly across all facilities. Analyses also indicate that displacing emissions from the on-road mobile sector (vehicles) to the EGU sector through the use of PHEVs decreases ozone in most areas, but some highly localized areas show increases in ozone concentration. The second trading program examined in this thesis is limited to Houston, Texas, where a VOC trading program is focused on a sub-set of four Highly Reactive Volatile Organic Compounds (HRVOCs), which have been identified as having substantial ozone formation potential. Work presented in this thesis examined whether this trading program, in its current form or in an expanded form, could lead to air pollution hot spots, due to spatial reallocation of emissions. Results show that the program as currently designed is unlikely to lead to ozone hot spots, so no further spatial limitations are required for this program. Expanding the trading to include Other VOCs, fugitive emissions and chlorine emissions, based on reactivity weighted trading, is also unlikely to lead to the formation of ozone hot spots, and could create more flexibility in a trading market that is currently not very active. Based on these air quality modeling results, policy suggestions are provided that may increase participation in the trading market. These case studies demonstrate that use of detailed air analyses can provide improved designs for increasingly popular emission cap and trade programs, with improved understanding of the impacts of modifying spatial and temporal distributions of emissions.
Author : United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 62 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (298 download)
Download or read book NOx Budget Trading Program written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Air and Radiation and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NOx Budget Trading Program (NBP) is a market-based cap and trade program created to reduce the regional transport of emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from power plants and other large combustion sources that contribute to ozone nonattainment in the eastern United States. NOx is a major precursor to the formation of ground-level ozone, a pervasive air pollution problem - also known as "smog" - in many areas in the East. The NBP was designed to reduce NOx emissions during the warm summer months, referred to as the ozone season, when ground-level ozone concentrations are highest. This report evaluates progress under the NBP in 2007 by examining emission reductions, reviewing compliance results and market activity, and comparing changes in emissions to changes in ozone concentrations.
Author : Richard Kosobud
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135990301
Total Pages : 219 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (359 download)
Download or read book Cost-Effective Control of Urban Smog written by Richard Kosobud and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2006-11-22 with total page 219 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Containing rigorous hard evidence, this book is of immense practical use to postgraduates, researchers and business communities affected by or working in environmental regulation. The author, a leading name in the environmental economics community, examines the problem of urban smog in cityscapes and the difficulty of achieving cost-effective controls. Analyzing the key areas of urban smog, low-level ozone and volatile organic compound emissions and their impact on health and welfare of communities this text assesses and evaluates the performance of emissions trading systems and suggests alternative market designs for incentive control of pollution. Taking a well-reasoned approach to the contentious area of the use of market incentives to achieve environmental goals, it provides a study of the pioneering cap-and-trade market, particularly focusing on its poor performance in Chicago. A perfect supplementary text postgraduates and researchers, this is also an essential read for all those interested in environmental economics.
Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1428902805
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (289 download)
Download or read book Nitrogen oxides (NOx) why and how they are controlled written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 1999 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Modeling and Analysis of Nox Emission Trading to Achieve Ozone Standards written by and published by . This book was released on 1905 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emission trading programs are incentive-based policy instruments implemented to achieve environmental targets cost-effectively. In these programs, also known as transferable discharge permit (TDP), emission-reduction trading, and cap and trade programs, participants are required to meet established emission reductions goals through control measures or by acquiring TDPs from sources in the market that over-control. TDP programs encourage development and application of innovative control technologies and allow pollution sources more flexibility in complying with regulations. One potential drawback to a market-driven policy such as TDP is that the geographical distribution of emissions resulting from trades could locally degrade air quality if the market is not designed properly. Since such an outcome is generally undesirable, the ability for regulators to predict environmental impacts of trading prior to implementation is very important. The goal of this thesis is to present a general framework for using mathematical optimization to model and analyze different market design features for TDP programs including the potential use of trading restrictions to control the geographic distribution of permits. This framework will provide regulators with a way to identify effective market designs and implement more robust and reliable TDP programs. An important component of this framework is the use of Modeling to Generate Alternatives (MGA) to identify the range of trading outcomes that may occur in response to a TDP program. A case study using this framework was conducted for NOx emission trading in the Charlotte, North Carolina region. The study analyzed alternative trading outcomes generated using MGA, investigated limitations on source size and type in the trading program, and tested the use of zoning restrictions as a way to control the geographical distribution of permits. Trading outcomes were evaluated with respect to cost, air quality, robustness, and reliability. Resul.
Author : Congressional budget office (u s congress) washington dc
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 43 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (455 download)
Download or read book Factors Affecting the Relative Success of EPA's NOx CAP-and-Trade Program written by Congressional budget office (u s congress) washington dc and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a rule that requires 22 eastern states and the District of Columbia to reduce their emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), the principal component of smog. The aim of that rule--sometimes referred to as the Ozone Transport Rule-is to help areas meet the Clean Air Act's National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ground-level ozone in a cost-effective way. Wind patterns frequently carry ozone and its precursor chemicals (including NOx) long distances, a process called ozone transport. Thus, reductions in NOx emissions throughout the multistate region could help reduce ozone concentrations in many counties and metropolitan areas that violate the standard. EPA estimates that the proposed Ozone Transport Rule will cost sources of NOx emissions approximately $1.8 billion a year. The electric power industry is expected to bear 75 percent of that cost and other stationary sources the remaining 25 percent. The estimated cost to the electric power industry assumes that the required cuts in NOx emissions are made through a regionwide program in which states distribute emission allowances to sources Of NOx emissions, and those sources can buy, sell, or trade the allowances among themselves. The total number of allowances is subject to a limit, or cap. States decide whether to participate in the program and also select the NOx sources they want to include in it.
Author : Zachary Stines
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (951 download)
Download or read book Reducing the Impact of the Power Sector on Ozone Pollution written by Zachary Stines and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is a common air pollutant that has impacts on human health and is a precursor to the formation of tropospheric (ground-level) ozone. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency therefore regulates the emissions of nitrogen oxides through the Clean Air Act and the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Approximately 14% of all NOx emissions are produced by the electric power sector and as a result, regulations are often applied directly to the sector. However despite the success of regulations at reducing the amount of NOx emissions over the last several decades, areas not meeting the ozone NAAQS still persist. Further reductions of emissions using current approaches result in rapidly increasing marginal costs. As a product, new research is needed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of alternative regulatory designs in reducing ground-level ozone. This thesis seeks to evaluate and compare three regulatory designs: undifferentiated pricing, time differentiated pricing, and time and space differentiated pricing. Undifferentiated pricing is used to represent the current Cross-state Air Pollution Rule with constant emissions prices. Time differentiated pricing sets a higher emission price on days designated as having increased ozone formation. Time and space differentiated pricing would operate similarly to time differentiated pricing, except that different emission prices are applied to different regions. A unit commitment model is used to simulate the different regulatory designs for a study region based on the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) and to evaluate the cost and emissions impacts on the system. The short-term impacts result from the redispatching of resources to lower emitting generators and to generators not located within a region marked by higher permit prices. The results show that of the scenarios analyzed, time and space differentiated pricing is cost effective at reducing NOx emission prices in the nonattainment region on high ozone days, while time differentiation was the most cost-effective method at reducing system-wide emissions on high ozone days. The study also demonstrates the importance of the relative price differential between the emission prices of regions when utilizing time and space differentiated pricing. In particular, smaller differentials result in the greatest reduction in both the nonattainment and system-wide emissions. Very large differentials induce a shift of lower emitting gas generation in nonattainment regions to higher emitting coal generation in attainment regions, which increases the net NOx emissions for the system as a whole.
Author : Terry Dinan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (227 download)
Download or read book Factors Affecting the Relative Success of EPA's NOx Cap-and-trade Program written by Terry Dinan and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has proposed a rule that requires 22 eastern states and the District of Columbia to reduce their emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), the principal component of smog. The aim of that rule--sometimes referred to as the Ozone Transport Rule-is to help areas meet the Clean Air Act's National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ground-level ozone in a cost-effective way. Wind patterns frequently carry ozone and its precursor chemicals (including NOx) long distances, a process called ozone transport. Thus, reductions in NOx emissions throughout the multistate region could help reduce ozone concentrations in many counties and metropolitan areas that violate the standard. EPA estimates that the proposed Ozone Transport Rule will cost sources of NOx emissions approximately $1.8 billion a year. The electric power industry is expected to bear 75 percent of that cost and other stationary sources the remaining 25 percent. The estimated cost to the electric power industry assumes that the required cuts in NOx emissions are made through a regionwide program in which states distribute emission allowances to sources Of NOx emissions, and those sources can buy, sell, or trade the allowances among themselves. The total number of allowances is subject to a limit, or cap. States decide whether to participate in the program and also select the NOx sources they want to include in it.
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 6 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (932 download)
Download or read book Potential Gains from Using Emissions Trading to Manage Emissions of NOx and Other Ozone Precursors written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environment Canada commissioned a study to assess the feasibility of using emission trading to meet the ground-level ozone objectives, with particular focus on potential applicability to nitrogen oxide sources located in southern Ontario, which experiences the most frequent and severe exceedences of Canada's one hour ozone objective of 82 parts per billion. The emission trading plan integrated trading into the basic regulatory scheme from the start, avoiding problems that have plagued prior emissions trading programs. The plan would cover all large, stationary sources of nitrogen oxides in the area. Cost savings and environmental effects of the proposed plan to allow nitrogen oxide trading among Ontario Hydro's power plants are discussed and the results of the Environment Canada feasibility study are presented.
Author : Michael Timothy Craig
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 104 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)
Download or read book Reducing the Contribution of the Power Sector to Ground-level Ozone Pollution written by Michael Timothy Craig and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is a prevalent air pollutant across the United States and a requisite precursor for tropospheric (ground-level) ozone formation. Both pollutants significantly impact human health and welfare, so National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been established for each. As of 2013, over 100 million people in the U.S. lived in areas with ozone concentrations above the NAAQS. NOx emissions from the power sector, roughly 12% of total NOx emissions, are and will be significant contributors to ozone concentrations in the U.S. As such, states have reduced peak ozone concentrations through technology-based standards and cap-and-trade programs on NOx emissions from the power sector. These policies have largely treated NOx emissions uniformly. But marginal damages from NOx emissions are greatest on hot sunny days when meteorological conditions favor high ozone formation rates and, consequently, peak ozone concentrations. This thesis informs what type of policy is the most efficient for reducing peak ozone concentrations on high ozone days by assessing the cost-effectiveness of three policies for reducing NOx emissions on high ozone days. Emissions and costs under a relatively-novel differentiated policy, time-differentiated pricing, are compared for the first time to two currently-implemented undifferentiated policies, cap-and-trade and technology-based standards. Two power systems are studied, Texas and the Mid-Atlantic. A unique two-phase model is developed to capture the short- (re-dispatching) and long-term (control technology installation) effects of pricing schemes on power plants. The two-phase model dispatches generators with a unit commitment model, which, unlike past studies, captures real-world operational constraints of generators that may strongly influence emissions and costs under time-differentiated pricing. Technology-based standards are simulated via Monte Carlo analysis to capture the uncertain rule-making process. For reducing NOx emissions on high ozone days in both power systems, time-differentiated pricing is shown to be the most cost-effective policy with regards to producer and consumer costs. Most emissions reductions are due to substitution of gas- for coal-fired generators, as control technology installations are only observed at very high time-differentiated prices. For reducing summer-wide NOx emissions, undifferentiated pricing is the most cost-effective. In a minority of allocations, technology-based standards also achieve more cost-effective summer-wide reductions than time-differentiated pricing, but such allocations cannot be guaranteed ex ante. These results suggest that time-differentiated pricing is the most efficient policy for reducing peak ozone concentrations, depending on ozone formation rates.
Author : Canada. Environment Canada
Publisher : Canadian Government Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 80 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)
Download or read book Tools of the Trade written by Canada. Environment Canada and published by Canadian Government Publishing. This book was released on 2005 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This guidebook is intended as a reference for policymakers and regulators considering cap and trade as a policy tool to control pollution. It is intended to be sufficiently generic to apply to various pollutants and environmental concerns; however, it emphasizes cap and trade to control emissions produced from stationary source combustion."--Page 1-1, Introduction.
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309144019
Total Pages : 248 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Global Sources of Local Pollution written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-02-15 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in air pollution monitoring and modeling capabilities have made it possible to show that air pollution can be transported long distances and that adverse impacts of emitted pollutants cannot be confined to one country or even one continent. Pollutants from traffic, cooking stoves, and factories emitted half a world away can make the air we inhale today more hazardous for our health. The relative importance of this "imported" pollution is likely to increase, as emissions in developing countries grow, and air quality standards in industrial countries are tightened. Global Sources of Local Pollution examines the impact of the long-range transport of four key air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants) on air quality and pollutant deposition in the United States. It also explores the environmental impacts of U.S. emissions on other parts of the world. The book recommends that the United States work with the international community to develop an integrated system for determining pollution sources and impacts and to design effective response strategies. This book will be useful to international, federal, state, and local policy makers responsible for understanding and managing air pollution and its impacts on human health and well-being.
Author :
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)
Download or read book Automotive Air Pollution written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1990 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Automotive air pollution will intensify with increasing urbanization and the rapid pace of motorization in developing countries. Without effective measures to curb air pollution, some 300-400 million city dwellers in developing countries will become exposed to unhealthy and dangerous levels of air pollution by the end of the century. Administratively simple policies that encourage clean fuels and better traffic management are the most promising approach to controlling vehicle pollutant emissions in developing countries.
Author : C. Jeanrenaud
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3034890125
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)
Download or read book Environmental Policy Between Regulation and Market written by C. Jeanrenaud and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-03-07 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental policies have traditionally relied on direct controls and on government investment to protect natural resources. Today, the drawbacks and impediments to this approach are evident: heavy burdens borne by companies and the community, complex regulations, a danger of legislative inflation, difficulties in meeting the goals set, to name a few. In response, the environmental authorities in many countries have begun to reassess the efficacy of their programs, with the result that market incentives and voluntary agreements with companies or branches of industry have been added to the arsenal of traditional environmental protection measures. There are great expectations for new economic instruments, which offer the twofold advantage of giving companies more freedom in the choice of means, and of increasing the chances for meeting goals in a more cost-effective way. The authors of this book analyse these instruments - green taxes, tradeable permits, covenants, joint implementation, internationally tradeable quotas - from the point of view of costeffectiveness, their ability to achieve environmental goals, and public and corporate acceptability. They endeavour to determine on the basis of experience to date, whether these instruments are living up to the hopes placed in them.
Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309167868
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)
Download or read book Air Quality Management in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-08-30 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing the nation's air quality is a complex undertaking, involving tens of thousands of people in regulating thousands of pollution sources. The authors identify what has worked and what has not, and they offer wide-ranging recommendations for setting future priorities, making difficult choices, and increasing innovation. This new book explores how to better integrate scientific advances and new technologies into the air quality management system. The volume reviews the three-decade history of governmental efforts toward cleaner air, discussing how air quality standards are set and results measured, the design and implementation of control strategies, regulatory processes and procedures, special issues with mobile pollution sources, and more. The book looks at efforts to spur social and behavioral changes that affect air quality, the effectiveness of market-based instruments for air quality regulation, and many other aspects of the issue. Rich in technical detail, this book will be of interest to all those engaged in air quality management: scientists, engineers, industrial managers, law makers, regulators, health officials, clean-air advocates, and concerned citizens.
