The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts

Download The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Jazzybee Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3849650383
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (496 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts by : Jasper Danckaerts

Download or read book The Journal of Jasper Danckaerts written by Jasper Danckaerts and published by Jazzybee Verlag. This book was released on 2017 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jasper Danckaerts was the founder of a colony of Labadists along the Bohemia River, located in the present US state of Maryland. The narrative of his journey in 1679 and 1680 offers a description of the landscape and the lifestyle of inhabitants of the region in the late 17th century. The diary is one of the earliest description of the region that had been part of New Netherland, now New York, New Jersey and Delaware.

Journal of Jasper Danckaerts

Download Journal of Jasper Danckaerts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Applewood Books
ISBN 13 : 1429000015
Total Pages : 354 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Journal of Jasper Danckaerts by : Jasper Danckaerts

Download or read book Journal of Jasper Danckaerts written by Jasper Danckaerts and published by Applewood Books. This book was released on 2007 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book has no illustrations or index. Purchasers are entitled to a free trial membership in the General Books Club where they can select from more than a million books without charge. Subjects: Labadists; United States; New York (State); History / United States / Colonial Period (1600-1775); History / United States / State

Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679-1680

Download Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679-1680 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Good Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (57 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679-1680 by : Jasper Danckaerts

Download or read book Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679-1680 written by Jasper Danckaerts and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2019-12-02 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The following book is a collection of journals and personal accounts written by Jasper Danckaerts. He was the founder of a colony of Labadists along the Bohemia River in what is now the US state of Maryland. The book journals the travels of Danckaerts and Peter Sluyter, two emissaries of Friesland pietists known as Labadists, journeying to North America to find a location for the establishment of a community. It is one of the earliest descriptions of the region that had been part of New Netherland, now New York, New Jersey and Delaware. Danckaerts and Sluyter eventually met Ephraim George Herman, the son of Augustine Herman, and he introduced them to his father. Initially Herman did not want to grant land to them, only permit their settlement, but eventually, he conveyed a tract to them because of legal issues.

Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679-1680

Download Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679-1680 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781548290733
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (97 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679-1680 by : Jasper Danckaerts

Download or read book Journal of Jasper Danckaerts, 1679-1680 written by Jasper Danckaerts and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-06-24 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTRODUCTION In the year 1864 Mr. Henry C. Murphy, then corresponding secretary of the Long Island Historical Society, had the good fortune to find in an old book-store in Amsterdam a manuscript whose bearings upon the history of the middle group of American colonies made it, when translated and made accessible as a publication in the Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, an historical document of much interest and value. The Journal of two members of the Labadist sect who came over to this country in order to find a location for the establishment of a community has served to throw a flood of light upon what otherwise might have been a lost chapter in the history of Maryland. For so meagre are the sources of ready availability for a knowledge of the Labadist colony which was effected in Maryland that without this account the story of the first communal sect in America might have failed of adequate recording. But while the Journal of Jasper Danckaerts and Peter Sluyter, the two envoys-or of Jasper Danckaerts, who did the actual writing-is of especial interest in relation to an incident in the early settlement of Maryland, the gauge of its value may be applied as well in other directions. This extended narrative, often discursive and circumstantial, contains much that is suggestive upon the beginnings of the middle group of states, and, indeed, the narrative bears upon facts of importance in connection with Massachusetts as well. The original manuscript of the Labadist narrators is now in the possession of the Long Island Historical Society. It was bought by the Society at the Murphy sale in 1884. It is written in a fine, good hand on paper of about 81/2 by 61/2 inches. The pages are numbered with three successive numberings: (A) 1-72, (B) 1-16, 25-192, 217-231, (C) 1-47, the first section corresponding to the voyage to America; the second, to the travels in the middle colonies; the third, to the experiences of the journalist and his companion in New England and on the voyage home. In the second division there is no gap between pages 16 and 25, but after page 192 there is a considerable hiatus. In narrative, this extends over a few days only, June 13-19, but the omitted portion probably also contained a description of the city of New York and the beginning of an account of the Indians. The remaining pages of this section, pages 216-231, proceed with this account, treating of the weapons of the Indians, their treaties with the whites, their intelligence, their burial customs, their virtues and vices, their knowledge of God and their worship, and finally of the beaver and his habits. As the journalist could have had no original contributions to make with regard to the American aborigines, his observations upon this subject have no especial value, and have been omitted. The manuscript when found was accompanied with six sheets of pen-and-ink drawings. The text appears to be a carefully transcribed copy, plainly written in a different handwriting from that of the drawings. The latter, as the marks upon them show, are the original sketches made upon the spot. All are reproduced in Mr. Murphy's edition of the journal. The first shows the figure of an Indian woman and four fishes, two of them rare and two common. The second drawing shows the entrance to New York Bay at Sandy Hook as seen from the house of Jacques Cortelyou at Nayack (Fort Hamilton)....

A Nation of Women

Download A Nation of Women PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 081220199X
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Nation of Women by : Gunlög Fur

Download or read book A Nation of Women written by Gunlög Fur and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2012-02-24 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Nation of Women chronicles changing ideas of gender and identity among the Delaware Indians from the mid-seventeenth through the eighteenth century, as they encountered various waves of migrating peoples in their homelands along the eastern coast of North America. In Delaware society at the beginning of this period, to be a woman meant to engage in the activities performed by women, including diplomacy, rather than to be defined by biological sex. Among the Delaware, being a "woman" was therefore a self-identification, employed by both women and men, that reflected the complementary roles of both sexes within Delaware society. For these reasons, the Delaware were known among Europeans and other Native American groups as "a nation of women." Decades of interaction with these other cultures gradually eroded the positive connotations of being a nation of women as well as the importance of actual women in Delaware society. In Anglo-Indian politics, being depicted as a woman suggested weakness and evil. Exposed to such thinking, Delaware men struggled successfully to assume the formal speaking roles and political authority that women once held. To salvage some sense of gender complementarity in Delaware society, men and women redrew the lines of their duties more rigidly. As the era came to a close, even as some Delaware engaged in a renewal of Delaware identity as a masculine nation, others rejected involvement in Christian networks that threatened to disturb the already precarious gender balance in their social relations. Drawing on all available European accounts, including those in Swedish, German, and English, Fur establishes the centrality of gender in Delaware life and, in doing so, argues for a new understanding of how different notions of gender influenced all interactions in colonial North America.

An Uncommon Cape

Download An Uncommon Cape PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SUNY Press
ISBN 13 : 1438443072
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis An Uncommon Cape by : Eleanor Phillips Brackbill

Download or read book An Uncommon Cape written by Eleanor Phillips Brackbill and published by SUNY Press. This book was released on 2012-09-01 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three mysteries precipitate an investigation into an otherwise ordinary suburban property, revealing a past inextricably woven into four centuries of American history. When Eleanor Phillips Brackbill bought her suburban Westchester house in 2000, three mysteries came with it. First, from the former owner, came the information that the 1930s house was a Sears house or something like that. Thrilled to think it might be a Sears, Roebuck & Co. mail-order house, Brackbill was determined to find evidence to prove it. She found instead a house pedigree of a different sort. Second, and even more provocative, was the discovery of several iron stakes protruding from the propertys enormous granite outcropping, bigger in square footage than the house itself. When queried about them, the former owner told her, Someone a long time ago kept monkeys there, chained to the stakes. Monkeys? Was this some kind of suburban legend? A third mystery came to light at closing, when a building inspectors letter contained a reference to the house having had, at one time, a different address. Why would the house have had another address?Her curiosity aroused, and intent upon finding the facts, Brackbill gradually peeled back layers of history, allowing the house and the land to tell their stories, and uncovering a past inextricably woven into four centuries of American history. At the same time, she found thirty-two owners, across 350 years, who had just one thing in common: ownership of a particular parcel of land. An Uncommon Cape not only tells the story of an eight-year odyssey of fact-finding and speculation but also answers the broader question: What came before? and, through material presented in twenty-two sidebars, offers readers

Original Narratives of Early American History

Download Original Narratives of Early American History PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Original Narratives of Early American History by : John Franklin Jameson

Download or read book Original Narratives of Early American History written by John Franklin Jameson and published by . This book was released on 1913 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Traders and Gentlefolk

Download Traders and Gentlefolk PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 150173153X
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Traders and Gentlefolk by : Cynthia A. Kierner

Download or read book Traders and Gentlefolk written by Cynthia A. Kierner and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-05 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Including among their number a signer of the Declaration of Independence and the founder of an ironworks, the Livingstons were a prominent family in the political, economic, and social life of colonial New York. Drawing on a rich array of sources, Cynthia Kierner vividly recreates the history of four generations of Livingstons and sheds new light on the development of both the elite ideology they represented and of the wider culture of early America. Although New York's colonial elite have been considered self-interested political intriguers, Kierner contends that the Livingstons idealized gentility and public-spiritedness, industry and morality. She shows how New York's most successful traders became gentlefolk without abandoning their entrepreneurial values, how they forged a distinct culture, and how the Revolution ultimately occasioned the rejection of elite political authority. Traders and Gentlefolk focuses on the lives of four members of the family: Robert Livingston, a Scottish emigrant who, with his wife Alida Schuyler, attained substantial political influence and acquired Livingston Manor; their son Philip, whose outstanding commercial talents secured his descendants' financial security; Philip's son, William, an outspoken civic leader and energetic supporter of American independence; and Robert R. Livingston, a jurist and diplomat whose aristocratic temperament prevented him from playing a vital role in post-Revolutionary politics.

The Significance of the Printed Word in Early America

Download The Significance of the Printed Word in Early America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313003416
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Significance of the Printed Word in Early America by : Julie K. Williams

Download or read book The Significance of the Printed Word in Early America written by Julie K. Williams and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 1999-04-30 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The American press played a significant role in the transference of European civilization to America and in the shaping of American society. Settlement entrepreneurs used the press to persuade Europeans to come to America. Immigrants brought religious tracts with them to spread Puritanism and other doctrines to Native Americans and the white population. The colonists used the press to openly debate issues, print advertisements for business, and as a source of entertainment. But what did the colonists actually think about the press? The author has gathered information from primary sources to explore this question. Diaries and journals reveal how the colonists valued local news, often preferring American news to European news. This concentrated focus upon colonial attitudes and thoughts toward the press covers the period of colonial settlement from the 1500s through 1765. This book will appeal to scholars and students of American history and communication history. Primary documents expressing the colonists' thoughts will also be of interest to scholars and students of American thought, American philosophy, and early American literature and writing.

Historic Contact

Download Historic Contact PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 9780806127002
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (27 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historic Contact by : Robert Steven Grumet

Download or read book Historic Contact written by Robert Steven Grumet and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historic Contact divides native northeastern America into three subregions where the histories of thirty-four "Indian Countries" are described and mapped in detail, including all National Historic Landmarks. In the North Atlantic Region are the Eastern and Western Abenaki, Pocumtuck-Squakheag, Nipmuck, Pennacook-Pawtucket, Massachusett, Wampanoag, Narragansett, Mohegan-Pequot, Montauk, Lower Connecticut Valley, and Mahican Indian Countries; in the Middle Atlantic Region, the Munsee, Delaware, Nanticoke, Piscataway-Potomac, Powhatan, Nottoway-Meherrin, Upper Potomac-Shenandoah, Virginian Piedmont, Southern Appalachian Highlands, and Lower Susquehanna Indian Countries; and in the Trans-Appalachian Region, the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Niagara-Erie, Upper Susquehanna, and Upper Ohio Indian Countries.

The Publishers Weekly

Download The Publishers Weekly PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 1136 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Publishers Weekly by :

Download or read book The Publishers Weekly written by and published by . This book was released on 1913 with total page 1136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

How They Lived [2 volumes]

Download How They Lived [2 volumes] PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1610698967
Total Pages : 911 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How They Lived [2 volumes] by : James Ciment

Download or read book How They Lived [2 volumes] written by James Ciment and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2015-12-14 with total page 911 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ideal for history majors, nonhistory majors taking history courses, as well as general readers, this book provides not only the primary documents and artifacts of ordinary people in history, but also annotations that help the reader put them into context and grasp their deeper meaning. This two-volume work explores daily life across human history through primary sources, making use of this primary source material as well as detailed analysis to help readers understand and use these sources as evidence of how life used to be. The diverse selection of sources includes artifacts, inscriptions, histories, letters, and first-hand accounts, ranging from ancient times to the emergence of modern Europe to the present day. This set makes use of an innovative layout: facing pages contain a primary source selection on the left side, with the introduction and analysis on the right side. This facing-pages layout allows readers to access the text information and the primary source itself without any distracting page-turning. Unlike most other books on history that relay key, momentous events in history and tales regarding kings and generals, aristocrats, and the highly educated, How They Lived: An Annotated Tour of Daily Life through History in Primary Sources includes significant coverage of ordinary people and interesting information about everyday life at all levels of society. As a result, this collection helps close the gap in what students of history are typically exposed to through its presentation of both written documents and images of artifacts.

The Profane, the Civil, and the Godly

Download The Profane, the Civil, and the Godly PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 0271075414
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Profane, the Civil, and the Godly by : Richard P. Gildrie

Download or read book The Profane, the Civil, and the Godly written by Richard P. Gildrie and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 1993-11-24 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this prize-winning study of the sacred and profane in Puritan New England, Richard P. Gildrie seeks to understand not only the fears, aspirations, and moral theories of Puritan reformers but also the customs and attitudes they sought to transform. Topics include tavern mores, family order, witchcraft, criminality, and popular religion. Gildrie demonstrates that Puritanism succeeded in shaping regional society and culture for generations not because New Englanders knew no alternatives but because it offered a compelling vision of human dignity capable of incorporating and adapting crucial elements of popular mores and aspirations.

Historical Archaeology of the Delaware Valley, 1600-1850

Download Historical Archaeology of the Delaware Valley, 1600-1850 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ. of Tennessee Press
ISBN 13 : 1621900282
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (219 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historical Archaeology of the Delaware Valley, 1600-1850 by : Richard Veit

Download or read book Historical Archaeology of the Delaware Valley, 1600-1850 written by Richard Veit and published by Univ. of Tennessee Press. This book was released on 2014-02-01 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Delaware Valley is a distinct region situated within the Middle Atlantic states, encompassing portions of Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Maryland. With its cultural epicenter of Philadelphia, its surrounding bays and ports within Maryland and Delaware, and its conglomerate population of European settlers, Native Americans, and enslaved Africans, the Delaware Valley was one of the great cultural hearths of early America. The region felt the full brunt of the American Revolution, briefly served as the national capital in the post-Revolutionary period, and sheltered burgeoning industries amidst the growing pains of a young nation. Yet, despite these distinctions, the Delaware Valley has received less scholarly treatment than its colonial equals in New England and the Chesapeake region. In Historical Archaeology of the Delaware Valley, 1600–1850, Richard Veit and David Orr bring together fifteen essays that represent the wide range of cultures, experiences, and industries that make this region distinctly American in its diversity. From historic-period American Indians living in a rapidly changing world to an archaeological portrait of Benjamin Franklin, from an eighteenth-century shipwreck to the archaeology of Quakerism, this volume highlights the vast array of research being conducted throughout the region. Many of these sites discussed are the locations of ongoing excavations, and archaeologists and historians alike continue to debate the region’s multifaceted identity. The archaeological stories found within Historical Archeology of the Delaware Valley, 1600–1850 reflect the amalgamated heritage that many American regions experienced, though the Delaware Valley certainly exemplifies a richer experience than most: it even boasts the palatial home of a king (Joseph Bonaparte, elder brother of Napoleon and former King of Naples and Spain). This work, thoroughly based on careful archaeological examination, tells the stories of earlier generations in the Delaware Valley and makes the case that New England and the Chesapeake are not the only cultural centers of colonial America.

Beverwijck

Download Beverwijck PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 0791485013
Total Pages : 531 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Beverwijck by : Janny Venema

Download or read book Beverwijck written by Janny Venema and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2010-03-29 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2004 Annual Archives Award for Excellence in Research Using the Holdings of the New York State Archives presented by the Board of Regents and the New State York Archives Beverwijck explores the rich history and Dutch heritage of one of North America's oldest cities—Albany, New York. Drawing on documents translated from the colonial Dutch as well as maps, architectural drawings, and English-language sources, Janny Venema paints a lively picture of everyday life in colonial America. In 1652, Petrus Stuyvesant, director general of New Netherland, established a court at Fort Orange, on the west side of New York State's upper Hudson River. The area within three thousand feet of the fort became the village of Beverwijck. From the time of its establishment until 1664, when the English conquered New Netherland and changed the name of the settlement to Albany, Beverwijck underwent rapid development as newly wealthy traders, craftsmen, and other workers built houses, roads, bridges, and a school, as well as a number of inns. A well-organized system of poor relief also helped less wealthy settlers survive in the harsh colonial conditions. Venema's careful research shows that although Beverwijck resembled villages in the Dutch Republic in many ways, it quickly took on features of the new, "American" society that was already coming into being.

From Privileges to Rights

Download From Privileges to Rights PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812239156
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis From Privileges to Rights by : Simon Middleton

Download or read book From Privileges to Rights written by Simon Middleton and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2006-03-03 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Privileges to Rights connects the changing fortunes of tradesmen in early New York to the emergence of a conception of subjective rights that accompanied the transition to a republican and liberal order in eighteenth-century America. Using hitherto unexamined records from the New York City Mayor's Court, Simon Middleton demonstrates that, rather than merely mastering skilled crafts in workshops, artisans participated in whatever enterprises and markets promised profits with a minimum of risk. Bakers, butchers, and carpenters competed in a bustling urban economy knit together by credit that connected their fortunes to the Atlantic trade.In the early eighteenth century, changes in political and legal practices diminished earlier social distinctions and the grounds for residential and trade privileges. When an economic and a constitutional crisis prompted the importation of radical English republican ideas, artisans were recast as virtuous male property owners whose consent was essential for legitimate government. In this way, the 1730s ushered onto the political stage an artisanal subject whose characteristics not only made sense of the transformation of urban working life in the preceding four decades but also provided a constituency for the development of a populist and egalitarian republican political culture in New York City.

Spaces of Enslavement

Download Spaces of Enslavement PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cornell University Press
ISBN 13 : 150171564X
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Spaces of Enslavement by : Andrea C. Mosterman

Download or read book Spaces of Enslavement written by Andrea C. Mosterman and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-15 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Spaces of Enslavement, Andrea C. Mosterman addresses the persistent myth that the colonial Dutch system of slavery was more humane. Investigating practices of enslavement in New Netherland and then in New York, Mosterman shows that these ways of racialized spatial control held much in common with the southern plantation societies. In the 1620s, Dutch colonial settlers brought slavery to the banks of the Hudson River and founded communities from New Amsterdam in the south to Beverwijck near the terminus of the navigable river. When Dutch power in North America collapsed and the colony came under English control in 1664, Dutch descendants continued to rely on enslaved labor. Until 1827, when slavery was abolished in New York State, slavery expanded in the region, with all free New Yorkers benefitting from that servitude. Mosterman describes how the movements of enslaved persons were controlled in homes and in public spaces such as workshops, courts, and churches. She addresses how enslaved people responded to regimes of control by escaping from or modifying these spaces so as to expand their activities within them. Through a close analysis of homes, churches, and public spaces, Mosterman shows that, over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the region's Dutch communities were engaged in a daily struggle with Black New Yorkers who found ways to claim freedom and resist oppression. Spaces of Enslavement writes a critical and overdue chapter on the place of slavery and resistance in the colony and young state of New York.