John Capgrave's Fifteenth Century

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Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812203836
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis John Capgrave's Fifteenth Century by : Karen A. Winstead

Download or read book John Capgrave's Fifteenth Century written by Karen A. Winstead and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2013-04-23 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Britain of the fifteenth century was rife with social change, religious dissent, and political upheaval. Amid this ferment lived John Capgrave—Austin friar, doctor of theology, leading figure in East Anglian society, and noted author. Nowhere are the tensions and anxieties of this critical period, spanning the close of the medieval and the dawn of early modern eras, more eloquently conveyed than in Capgrave's works. John Capgrave's Fifteenth Century is the first book to explore the major themes of Capgrave's writings and to relate those themes to fifteenth-century political and cultural debates. Focusing on Capgrave's later works, especially those in English and addressed to lay audiences, it teases out thematic threads that are closely interwoven in Capgrave's Middle English oeuvre: piety, intellectualism, gender, and social responsibility. It refutes the still-prevalent view of Capgrave as a religious and political reactionary and shows, rather, that he used traditional genres to promote his own independent viewpoint on some of the most pressing controversies of his day, including debates over vernacular theology, orthodoxy and dissent, lay (and particularly female) spirituality, and the state of the kingdom under Henry VI. The book situates Capgrave as a figure both in the vibrant literary culture of East Anglia and in European intellectual history. John Capgrave's Fifteenth Century offers a fresh view of orthodoxy and dissent in late medieval England and will interest students of hagiography, religious and cultural history, and Lancastrian politics and society.

The Life of Saint Katherine of Alexandria

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780268210069
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis The Life of Saint Katherine of Alexandria by : John Capgrave

Download or read book The Life of Saint Katherine of Alexandria written by John Capgrave and published by . This book was released on 2024-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fifteenth-century scholar and Augustinian friar John Capgrave took as his subject the virgin martyr Katherine of Alexandria, who was an anomalous cultural icon, a scholar, and a sovereign whose story unsettled traditional gender stereotypes yet was widely popular throughout Western Europe. Capgrave's Life of Saint Katherine of Alexandria (ca. 1445) stands out among the hundreds of surviving vernacular and Latin narrations about the saint by its intricate plotting, its moral complexity, its obtrusive Chaucerian narrator, and its attention to psychology, history, and theology. The Life of Saint Katherine is a bold literary experiment that transforms the genre of the saint's life by infusing it with conventions and techniques more often associated with chronicles, mystery plays, fabliaux, and romances. In Capgrave's hands, Katherine emerges as a sensitive and studious young woman torn between social responsibilities and personal desires. Her story unfolds in a vividly realized world of political turmoil and religious repression that, as Capgrave's readers were bound to suspect, had everything to do with the England they inhabited and its recent past. Katherine's debate with her lords anticipates arguments for and against female rule that would be made in Tudor England, when the ascensions of Mary I and then Elizabeth I made gynecocracy a political reality, while her debate with the philosophers is a daring exercise in vernacular theology that flouts the censorship then current. Winstead's translation--the first into idiomatic modern English--brings to life Capgrave's sharply drawn characters, compelling plot, and complex, unsettling moral. Its promotion of an informed, intellectualized Christianity during a period known for censorship and repression illuminates the struggle over the definition of orthodoxy that was excited by the perceived threat of Lollard heresy during the fifteenth century. This volume also includes an appendix with passages of Capgrave's original Middle English and literal translations into modern English, providing a valuable tool for teachers and students.

Fifteenth-Century Lives

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Publisher : University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN 13 : 0268108552
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (681 download)

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Book Synopsis Fifteenth-Century Lives by : Karen A. Winstead

Download or read book Fifteenth-Century Lives written by Karen A. Winstead and published by University of Notre Dame Pess. This book was released on 2020-11-30 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Fifteenth-Century Lives, Karen A. Winstead identifies and explores a major shift in the writing of Middle English saints’ lives. As she demonstrates, starting in the 1410s and ’20s, hagiography became more character-oriented, more morally complex, more deeply embedded in history, and more politically and socially engaged. Further, it became more self-consciously literary and began to feature women more prominently—and not only traditional virgin martyrs but also matrons and contemporary holy women. Winstead shows that this literature placed a premium on scholarship and teaching. Hagiography celebrated educators and scholars to a greater extent than ever before and became a vehicle for educating readers about Christian dogma. Focusing both on authors well known, such as John Lydgate and Margery Kempe, and on others less known, such as Osbern Bokenham and John Capgrave, Winstead argues that the values promoted by fifteenth-century hagiography helped to shape the reformist impulses that eventually produced the Reformation. Moreover, these values continued to influence post-Reformation hagiography, both Protestant and Catholic, well into the seventeenth century. In exploring these trends in fifteenth-century hagiography, identifying the factors that contributed to their emergence, and tracing their influence in later periods, Fifteenth-Century Lives marks an important contribution to revisionary scholarship on fifteenth-century literature. It will appeal to students and scholars of late medieval English literature and late medieval religion.

The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume 1. The Middle Ages

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Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192550926
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume 1. The Middle Ages by : Karen A. Winstead

Download or read book The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume 1. The Middle Ages written by Karen A. Winstead and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-06 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume 1: The Middle Ages explores the richness and variety of life-writing from late Antiquity to the threshold of the Renaissance. During the Middle Ages, writers from Bede to Chaucer were thinking about life and experimenting with ways to translate lives, their own and others', into literature. Their subjects included career religious, saints, celebrities, visionaries, pilgrims, princes, philosophers, poets, and even a few 'ordinary people.' They relay life stories not only in chronological narratives, but also in debates, dialogues, visions, and letters. Many medieval biographers relied on the reader's trust in their authority, but some espoused standards of evidence that seem distinctly modern, drawing on reliable written sources, interviewing eyewitnesses, and cross-checking their facts wherever possible. Others still professed allegiance to evidence but nonetheless freely embellished and invented not only events and dialogue but the sources to support them. The first book devoted to life-writing in medieval England, The Oxford History of Life-Writing: Volume 1: The Middle Ages covers major life stories in Old and Middle English, Latin, and French, along with such Continental classics as the letters of Abelard and Heloise and the autobiographical Vision of Christine de Pizan. In addition to the life stories of historical figures, it treats accounts of fictional heroes, from Beowulf to King Arthur to Queen Katherine of Alexandria, which show medieval authors experimenting with, adapting, and expanding the conventions of life writing. Though Medieval life writings can be challenging to read, we encounter in them the antecedents of many of our own diverse biographical forms-tabloid lives, literary lives, brief lives, revisionist lives; lives of political figures, memoirs, fictional lives, and psychologically-oriented accounts that register the inner lives of their subjects.

Cultural Politics in Fifteenth-Century England: The Case of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester

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Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9047404904
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis Cultural Politics in Fifteenth-Century England: The Case of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester by : Alessandra Petrina

Download or read book Cultural Politics in Fifteenth-Century England: The Case of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester written by Alessandra Petrina and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2004-04-01 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is an analysis of the development of cultural politics in Lancastrian England. It focusses on Duke Humphrey of Gloucester, brother of Henry V and Protector of England during Henry VI's minority. Humphrey's intellectual activity conformed itself to the Duke's own position in the kingdom: the book explores Humphrey's commission of biographies, translations of Latin texts, political pamphlets and poems, as well as his collection of manuscripts acquired both in England and from Italian humanists. Particular attention is dedicated to Humphrey's donations to the University of Oxford and to his relations with English poets and translators, such as John Lydgate and Thomas Hoccleve, highlighting his contribution towards the making of the nation's cultural autonomy.

Relics and Writing in Late Medieval England

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Publisher : University of Toronto Press
ISBN 13 : 144266326X
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (426 download)

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Book Synopsis Relics and Writing in Late Medieval England by : Robyn Malo

Download or read book Relics and Writing in Late Medieval England written by Robyn Malo and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2013-12-06 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Relics and Writing in Late Medieval England uncovers a wide-ranging medieval discourse that had an expansive influence on English literary traditions. Drawing from Latin and vernacular hagiography, miracle stories, relic lists, and architectural history, this study demonstrates that, as the shrines of England’s major saints underwent dramatic changes from c. 1100 to c. 1538, relic discourse became important not only in constructing the meaning of objects that were often hidden, but also for canonical authors like Chaucer and Malory in exploring the function of metaphor and of dissembling language. Robyn Malo argues that relic discourse was employed in order to critique mainstream religious practice, explore the consequences of rhetorical dissimulation, and consider the effect on the socially disadvantaged of lavish expenditure on shrines. The work thus uses the literary study of relics to address issues of clerical and lay cultures, orthodoxy and heterodoxy, and writing and reform.

Image, Text, and Religious Reform in Fifteenth-Century England

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139492055
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis Image, Text, and Religious Reform in Fifteenth-Century England by : Shannon Gayk

Download or read book Image, Text, and Religious Reform in Fifteenth-Century England written by Shannon Gayk and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-09-30 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the period between the Wycliffite critique of images and Reformation iconoclasm, Shannon Gayk investigates the sometimes complementary and sometimes fraught relationship between vernacular devotional writing and the religious image. She examines how a set of fifteenth-century writers, including Lollard authors, John Lydgate, Thomas Hoccleve, John Capgrave, and Reginald Pecock, translated complex clerical debates about the pedagogical and spiritual efficacy of images and texts into vernacular settings and literary forms. These authors found vernacular discourse to be a powerful medium for explaining and reforming contemporary understandings of visual experience. In its survey of the function of literary images and imagination, the epistemology of vision, the semiotics of idols, and the authority of written texts, this study reveals a fifteenth century that was as much an age of religious and literary exploration, experimentation, and reform as it was an age of regulation.

Form and Reform

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Publisher : Interventions: New Studies Med
ISBN 13 : 9780814211632
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Form and Reform by : Shannon Noelle Gayk

Download or read book Form and Reform written by Shannon Noelle Gayk and published by Interventions: New Studies Med. This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Form and Reform: Reading across the Fifteenth Century challenges the idea of any definitive late medieval moment and explores instead the provocatively diverse, notably untidy, and very rich literary culture of the age. These essays from leading medievalists, edited by Shannon Gayk and Kathleen Tonry, both celebrate and complicate the reemergence of the fifteenth century in literary studies. Moreover, this is the first collection to concentrate on the period between 1450 and 1500--the crucial five decades, this volume argues, that must be understood to comprehend the entire century's engagement with literary form in shifting historical contexts. The three parts of the collection read the categories of form and reform in light of both aesthetic and historical contexts, taking up themes of prose and prosody, generic experimentation, and shifts in literary production. The first section considers how attention to material texts might revise our understanding of form; the second revisits devotional writing within and beyond the context of reform; and the final section plays out different perspectives on the work of John Skelton that each challenge and test notions of the fifteenth century in literary history.

The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118396987
Total Pages : 2102 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (183 download)

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Book Synopsis The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set by : Sian Echard

Download or read book The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain, 4 Volume Set written by Sian Echard and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-08-07 with total page 2102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain vereint erstmals wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zu Multilingualität und Interkulturalität im mittelalterlichen Britannien und bietet mehr als 600 fundierte Einträge zu Schlüsselpersonen, Zusammenhängen und Einflüssen in der Literatur vom fünften bis sechzehnten Jahrhundert. - Einzigartiger multilingualer, interkultureller Ansatz und die neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse. Das gesamte Mittelalter und die Bandbreite literarischer Sprachen werden abgedeckt. - Über 600 fundierte, verständliche Einträge zu Schlüsselpersonen, Texten, kritischen Debatten, Methoden, kulturellen Zusammenhängen sowie verwandte Terminologie. - Repräsentiert die gesamte Literatur der Britischen Inseln, einschließlich Alt- und Mittelenglisch, das frühe Schottland, die Anglonormannen, Nordisch, Latein und Französisch in Britannien, die keltische Literatur in Wales, Irland, Schottland und Cornwall. - Beeindruckende chronologische Darstellung, von der Invasion der Sachsen bis zum 5. Jahrhundert und weiter bis zum Übergang zur frühen Moderne im 16. Jahrhundert. - Beleuchtet die Überbleibsel mittelalterlicher britischer Literatur, darunter auch Manuskripte und frühe Drucke, literarische Stätten und Zusammenhänge in puncto Herstellung, Leistung und Rezeption sowie erzählerische Transformation und intertextuelle Verbindungen in dieser Zeit.

Gender, Poetry, and the Form of Thought in Later Medieval Literature

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1611463335
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (114 download)

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Book Synopsis Gender, Poetry, and the Form of Thought in Later Medieval Literature by : Jennifer Jahner

Download or read book Gender, Poetry, and the Form of Thought in Later Medieval Literature written by Jennifer Jahner and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2022-02-09 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the course of her career, Elizabeth Robertson has pursued innovative scholarship that investigates the overlapping domains of medieval philosophy, literature, and gender studies. This collection of essays, dedicated to her work, examines gender as a construct of language, a mode of embodiment, and a critical framework for thinking about the past. Its eleven contributors approach the figure of the gendered body in medieval English writing along several axes: poetic, philosophical, material-textual, and historical. The volume focuses on the ways that the medieval body becomes a site of inquiry and agency, whether in the form of the idealized feminine body of secular and religious lyric, the sexually permissive and permeable body of fabliau, or the intercessory body of religious devotional writing. The essays span a broad range of medieval literary works, from the lais of Marie de France to Pearl to Piers Plowman and the poetry of Geoffrey Chaucer, and a broad range of methodological approaches, from philosophy to affect and manuscript studies. Taken together, they celebrate the scholarly career of Elizabeth Robertson while also presenting a coherent and multifaceted investigation of the intersections of gender and medieval literary practice.

Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134454538
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

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Book Synopsis Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England by : Katherine Lewis

Download or read book Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England written by Katherine Lewis and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-05 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England explores the dynamic between kingship and masculinity in fifteenth century England, with a particular focus on Henry V and Henry VI. The role of gender in the rhetoric and practice of medieval kingship is still largely unexplored by medieval historians. Discourses of masculinity informed much of the contemporary comment on fifteenth century kings, for a variety of purposes: to praise and eulogise but also to explain shortcomings and provide justification for deposition. Katherine J. Lewis examines discourses of masculinity in relation to contemporary understandings of the nature and acquisition of manhood in the period and considers the extent to which judgements of a king’s performance were informed by his ability to embody the right balance of manly qualities. This book’s primary concern is with how these two kings were presented, represented and perceived by those around them, but it also asks how far Henry V and Henry VI can be said to have understood the importance of personifying a particular brand of masculinity in their performance of kingship and of meeting the expectations of their subjects in this respect. It explores the extent to which their established reputations as inherently ‘manly’ and ‘unmanly’ kings were the product of their handling of political circumstances, but owed something to factors beyond their immediate control as well. Consideration is also given to Margaret of Anjou’s manipulation of ideologies of kingship and manhood in response to her husband’s incapacity, and the ramifications of this for perceptions of the relational gender identities which she and Henry VI embodied together. Kingship and Masculinity in Late Medieval England is an essential resource for students of gender and medieval history.

The Shadow King

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Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1643131656
Total Pages : 555 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (431 download)

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Book Synopsis The Shadow King by : Lauren Johnson

Download or read book The Shadow King written by Lauren Johnson and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2019-05-07 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thrilling new account of the tragic story and troubled times of Henry VI, who inherited the crowns of both England and France and lost both. Firstborn son of a warrior father who defeated the French at Agincourt, Henry VI of the House of Lancaster inherited the crown not only of England but also of France, at a time when Plantagenet dominance over the Valois dynasty was at its glorious height. And yet, by the time he died in the Tower of London in 1471, France was lost, his throne had been seized by his rival, Edward IV of the House of York, and his kingdom had descended into the violent chaos of the Wars of the Roses. Henry VI is perhaps the most troubled of English monarchs, a pious, gentle, well-intentioned man who was plagued by bouts of mental illness. In The Shadow King, Lauren Johnson tells his remarkable and sometimes shocking story in a fast-paced and colorful narrative that captures both the poignancy of Henry’s life and the tumultuous and bloody nature of the times in which he lived.

The life of Saint Katherine : from the royal ms. 17 A. XXVII, with its Latin original

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781580440530
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis The life of Saint Katherine : from the royal ms. 17 A. XXVII, with its Latin original by : Eugen Einenkel

Download or read book The life of Saint Katherine : from the royal ms. 17 A. XXVII, with its Latin original written by Eugen Einenkel and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Medieval Autographies

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Publisher : University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN 13 : 026809280X
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Medieval Autographies by : A. C. Spearing

Download or read book Medieval Autographies written by A. C. Spearing and published by University of Notre Dame Pess. This book was released on 2012-11-15 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Medieval Autographies, A. C. Spearing develops a new engagement of narrative theory with medieval English first-person writing, focusing on the roles and functions of the “I” as a shifting textual phenomenon, not to be defined either as autobiographical or as the label of a fictional speaker or narrator. Spearing identifies and explores a previously unrecognized category of medieval English poetry, calling it "autography.” He describes this form as emerging in the mid-fourteenth century and consisting of extended nonlyrical writings in the first person, embracing prologues, authorial interventions in and commentaries on third-person narratives, and descendants of the dit, a genre of French medieval poetry. He argues that autography arose as a means of liberation from the requirement to tell stories with preordained conclusions and as a way of achieving a closer relation to lived experience, with all its unpredictability and inconsistencies. Autographies, he claims, are marked by a cluster of characteristics including a correspondence to the texture of life as it is experienced, a montage-like unpredictability of structure, and a concern with writing and textuality. Beginning with what may be the earliest extended first-person narrative in Middle English, Winner and Waster, the book examines instances of the dit as discussed by French scholars, analyzes Chaucer’s Wife of Bath’s Prologue as a textual performance, and devotes separate chapters to detailed readings of Hoccleve’s Regement of Princes prologue, his Complaint and Dialogue, and the witty first-person elements in Osbern Bokenham’s legends of saints. An afterword suggests possible further applications of the concept of autography, including discussion of the intermittent autographic commentaries on the narrative in Troilus and Criseyde and Capgrave’s Life of Saint Katherine.

Pastoral Care in Medieval England

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317083407
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Pastoral Care in Medieval England by : Peter Clarke

Download or read book Pastoral Care in Medieval England written by Peter Clarke and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-08-06 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pastoral Care, the religious mission of the Church to minister to the laity and care for their spiritual welfare, has been a subject of growing interest in medieval studies. This volume breaks new ground with its broad chronological scope (from the early eleventh to the late fifteenth centuries), and its interdisciplinary breadth. New and established scholars from a range of disciplines, including history, literary studies, art history and musicology, bring their specialist perspectives to bear on textual and visual source materials. The varied contributions include discussions of politics, ecclesiology, book history, theology and patronage, forming a series of conversations that reveal both continuities and divergences across time and media, and exemplify the enriching effects of interdisciplinary work upon our understanding of this important topic.

Henry VI

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Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131748259X
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Henry VI by : David Grummitt

Download or read book Henry VI written by David Grummitt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-05-08 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this new assessment of Henry VI, David Grummitt synthesizes a wealth of detailed research into Lancastrian England that has taken place throughout the last three decades to provide a fresh appraisal of the house’s last King. The biography places Henry in the context of Lancastrian political culture and considers how his reign was shaped by the times in which he lived. Henry VI is one of the most controversial of England’s medieval kings. Coming to the throne in 1422 at the age of only nine months and inheriting the crowns of both England and France, he reigned for 39 years before losing his position to the Yorkist king, Edward IV, in the early stages of the Wars of the Roses. Almost a decade later, in 1470, he briefly regained the throne, only for his cause to be decisively defeated in battle the following year, after which Henry himself was almost certainly murdered. Henry continues to perplex and fascinate the modern reader, who struggles to understand how such an obviously ill-suited king could continue to reign for nearly forty years and command such loyalty, even after his cause was lost. From his coronation at nine months old, to the legacy of his reign in the centuries after his death, this is a balanced, detailed and engaging biography of one of England’s most enigmatic kings and will be essential reading for all students of late medieval England, and the Wars of the Roses.

The Language of Heresy in Late Medieval English Literature

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Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 1501512188
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis The Language of Heresy in Late Medieval English Literature by : Erin K. Wagner

Download or read book The Language of Heresy in Late Medieval English Literature written by Erin K. Wagner and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-04-22 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vernacular writers of late medieval England were engaged in global conversations about orthodoxy and heresy. Entering these conversations with a developing vernacular required lexical innovation. The Language of Heresy in Late Medieval English Literature examines the way in which these writers complemented seemingly straightforward terms, like heretic, with a range of synonyms that complicated the definitions of both those words and orthodoxy itself. This text proposes four specific terms that become collated with heretic in the parlance of medieval English writers of the 14th and 15th centuries: jangler, Jew, Saracen, and witch. These four labels are especially important insofar as they represent the way in which medieval Christianity appropriated and subverted marginalized or vulnerable identities to promote a false image of unassailable authority.